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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

The Indonesian transmigration program in historical perspective.

"The purpose of this paper is to look at what has been achieved by the transmigration program [in Indonesia], to examine the major problems that have arisen and to consider the present constraints which now cast some doubt upon the future of the program." A historical overview of government policies from 1905 to 1988 is provided, and problems of land supply, land use, and lack of funds are discussed. Data are from the 1961 and 1980 Indonesian censuses. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

The Victorian population projection framework.

"The Victorian Department of the Treasury has responsibility for preparation of demographic forecasts for use by state government departments and agencies. This paper provides a detailed description of the projection system and models developed by Treasury to produce population and household forecasts for the state, statistical divisions and Statistical Local Areas of Victoria [Australia]. Particular emphasis is given to use of a 'tops down' approach to integrate projections at different geographic levels, methods of reconciling forecasts of household growth with land supply and techniques used to project the inter-SLA migration flows in a multi-regional cohort-component framework."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

[Agrarian overpopulation and household structure in Saguenay (1881-1931)].

"Our paper investigates the effect of land shortage in the Saguenay region [of Quebec, Canada,] upon the household structures, more precisely on the frequency of a) complex structures, b) celibacy, c) cohabitation with strangers (non-relatives). The data come from 28 parish censuses of the period 1881-1931. For each of these three indicators, findings show that the saturation of arable land did not entail significant changes." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

Population pressure, intensification of agriculture, and rural-urban migration.

"In this paper I provide an analytical basis for why labor absorption [in agriculture] may improve with higher population density. My argument is in two parts. First, analysing agriculture in isolation, I use the Boserup insight to show that higher population density is associated with more intensive techniques of land use. Second, using a two-sector model, I show that the rate of labor absorption (defined as the rate of natural population growth minus the rate of rural-urban migration) increases with the intensity of land use." Cross-sectional data for Iran are used to illustrate the model.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1989

Land and landlessness among rural-to-rural migrants in Nepal's Terai region.

"Nepal has been experiencing a permanent rural-to-rural migration of households from the central hill zone to the Terai region. Migrant households, due to the structure of the Terai economy, are impelled to acquire control of land for subsistence agriculture by squatting, purchasing, or receiving a grant. A household's ability to maximize subsistence opportunities is partly a function of the means by which land is acquired and whether land is acquired at all. Factors which determine the chances of acquiring land reflect the role of institutional rigidities such as the distribution of wealth and the caste structure, state-imposed land reform policies, and such household characteristics as family size and risk aversion. A multinomial logit model is used to empirically assess the importance of these elements in the outcomes of migrant households' resource acquisition decisions."

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nitrate and chloride loading to groundwater from an irrigated north-central U.S. sand-plain vegatable field.

Groundwater pollution and associated effects on drinking water have increased with the expansion of irrigated agriculture in north-central U.S. sand plains. Controlling this pollution requires an ability to measure and predict pollutant loading by specific agricultural systems. We measured NO3 and Cl loading to groundwater beneath a Wisconsin central sand plain irrigated vegetable field using both a budget method and a new monitoring-based method. By relying on frequent monitoring of shallow groundwater, the new method overcomes some limitations of other methods. Monitoring-based and budget methods agreed well, and indicated that loading to groundwater was 165 kg ha(-1) NO3-N and 111 kg ha(-1) Cl for sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in 1992, and 228 kg ha(-1) NO3-N and 366 kg ha(-1) Cl for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in 1993. Nitrate N loading was 56 to 60% of available N, or 66 to 70% of fertilizer N. Sweet corn NO3 loading was about typical for this region, but potato NO3 loading was probably 50% greater than typical because heavy rains provoked extra fertilizer application. Our results imply that typical NO3-N loading would be 119 kg ha(-1) for sweet corn and 203 kg ha(-1) for potato, even with strict adherence to University Extension fertilizer recommendations. To keep average groundwater NO3-N within the 10 mg L(-1) U.S. drinking water standard, each irrigated vegetable field would need to be offset by five to eight times as much land supplying NO3-free groundwater recharge.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Healthcare architecture in metamorphosis--observations in Hong Kong's heuristic experience.

Healthcare Architecture in Hong Kong is in an on-going process of metamorphosis in response to the social, economical and technological developments in the territory. In the process of transformation, universal problems like obsolescence, growth and expansion, and advances in science and technology as well as problems unique to Hong Kong like population growth, scarcity in land supply and high density development all call for special solutions. With the turn of the century, new forces of change have also begun to take shape, and in anticipation of the hyper-turbulent changes ahead, we need to shift our paradigm to allow revolutionary new perspectives and innovate, shape and create the future healing space which is sustainable, adaptable, flexible and humane.

Architecture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forests vanish as population expands.

Madagascar's forests have been reduced to a narrowing strip along the eastern escarpment. Of the original forest cover of 11.2 million hectares, only 7.6 million remained in 1950. Today this has been halved to 3.8 million hectares--which means the habitat for the island's unique wildlife has been halved, in just 40 years. Every year some 3% of the remaining forest is cleared, almost all of that to provide land for populations expanding at 3.2% a year. The story of 1 village, Ambodiaviavy, near Ranomafana, shows the process at work. 50 years ago the whole area was dense forest. 8 families, 32 people in all, came here in 1947, after French colonials burned down their old village. At first the new settlers farmed only the valley bottoms, easily irrigated by the stream running down from the hilltops. There was no shortage of land. Each family took as much as they were capable of working. Over the next 43 years, the village population swelled 10 times over, to 320, and the number of families grew to 36. Natural growth was supplemented by immigration from the overcrowded plateau, where all cultivable land was occupied. The valley bottom lands had filled up completely by the 1950s. New couples started to clear forest on the sloping valley sides. They moved gradually uphill until today, they are 2/3 of the way to the hilltops. There was a parallel decline in the size of each family's paddy holding--also fueled by population growth. When children marry, parents have to subdivide their own land and give them a plot. So holding in the irrigated valley bottoms have dwindled. Today only a few are big enough to feed a family. The more children in a family, the smaller their share as adults will be. The village chief lives in a small mud hut, looking out over a valley he once owned entirely. Since then he has had 10 children, and given parcels away to each. Though he is the wealthiest man in the village in cattle, his son are among the poorest. They 1/2 a hectare of paddy each. They moved from prosperity to pauperdom in a single generation.

Africa↗