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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

General anatomy of the lymphatic system.

Lymphatic drainage from an anatomic site tends to be quite anatomically specific. Variation in drainage patterns may be related to individual variation in anatomy or to alteration of drainage pathways by processes such as disease, injury, or surgical treatment. Tumor cells or small groups of tumor cells enter the lymphatic system though the lymphatic saccules and then travel by embolization through the afferent lymphatics. Tumor cells in the afferent lymphatics may travel to a regional node and lodge in the node, or they may bypass the node via alternative channels. Coming from the lymph nodes are efferent lymphatics, which coalesce into collecting ducts that eventually drain into the large veins at the base of the neck, but there are many alternative smaller venous communications.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[In search of the lymphatic system of the central nervous system].

Lymphatic flow in the brains and lymphatic vessels in the meninges are recognized through the intra-cerebral injection of a dye specific to the lymphatic system. The confluence of these two components can only be at the level of the cerebro spinal fluid (CSF), which lends support to the hypothesis that the CSF itself constitutes the lymph of the nervous system. The authors report the results of a study based on a necropsic investigation and an experimental animal model, contributing new facts in favor of this hypothesis. For a certain number of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) when the initial phase is still limited to the brain or to the spinal chord tissues, it is usually asymptomatic; only when it reaches the meninges, that clinical symptoms be seen: this can be explained by the presence of such lymphatic circulatory system. Stasis of the cerebral lymphatic circulation, should be regarded as a new etiologic factor in the onset of brain oedemas. This concept, already taken into account by some investigators, deserves consideration in the study of most CNS diseases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The central nervous system and the lymphatic system. Lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid].

The authors have presented the less known CSF alternative pathways. Besides the CSF absorption into blood vessels in arachnoidal villi alongside venous sinuses there is additional CSF outflow to the lymphatic vessels. For many years the neurophysiologists did not take into account and did not appreciate this route despite it had been in XIX-th century. In those times Schwalbe noticed that after Berlin blue injection into the cranial subarachnoid space of exsanguinated rabbits and dogs the markers uptake increased in the local cervical lymphatic nodes. The review contains a structural description as well as a physiological explanation of the alternative CSF outflow. The paper also shows the development of views or: this topic. The prelymphatic cerebral vessels described by Gasley-Smith and perineural lymphatic pathways around cranial and spinal nerves seem to be the most significant ones connecting the central nervous system and the lymphatic system. It has been proved during animal experiments, that 20-30% CSF flows through the alternative pathways. It is too early, to come to the final conclusions. But the present results concerning CSF outflow to the lymphatic system can confirm its influence on the CNS immunology, hydrocephalus and pseudotumour cerebri aetiology and olfactory sensation (the flow of the fluid might help to remove the odor-stimulating molecules).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

An investigation of the topography of the lymphatic system of the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). 1. The superficial lymphatic system.

The superficial lymphatic system of the grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus is described. The description is based on dissections of 130 eastern grey kangaroos. The most significant difference found between the superficial lymphatic drainage pattern of kangaroos and that of the domestic species was the existence of large inguino-axillary lymphatic trunks in the kangaroo. Thus in the kangaroo, instead of lymph passing from the inguinal lymphocentre to the lumbar lymphatic trunks as is the situation in the domestic animals, lymph passes from the inguinal lymphocentre to the axillary lymphocentre. Apart from the lymph draining from the head and ventral neck (which passes to the superficial cervical lymphocentre) and lymph which may pass from the superficial lymphatic vessels to deeper lymphatic vessels, all the superficial lymphatic drainage of the kangaroo passes through the axillary lymphocentre. From the viewpoint of the meat inspection of the carcasses of kangaroos taken as game meat animals, pathology of the axillary lymphocentre may reflect disease in a much wider range of body regions than it would in a domestic animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Study of the lymphatic system of the tongue--the lymphatic network of the mucosa].

The authors present the results of investigations of the tongue lymphatic system performed during autopsies. The lymphatic vessels were injected with a Gerot's mass and then the photographs in reflected infrared light were taken. The results provide informations concerning the structure of lymphatic net of the tongue mucous membrane and the directions of the lymph flow in its vessels. The communication between tongue lymphatic system and neighbouring structure was also evaluated. The investigated structure of the lymphatic system explain many clinical phenomena linked with etiopathology of the tongue carcinoma.

Dissection↗
PubMed1989

Morphology of lymphatics of the mammalian heart with special reference to the architecture and distribution of the subepicardial lymphatic system.

The subepicardial lymphatic system in the rat and dog heart has been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. Following application of hydrogen peroxide, the epicardium was removed with a forceps under a dissecting microscope. The subepicardial region contained a well-developed lymphatic system which consisted of the main lymphatic trunks and lymphatic capillaries. The lymphatic trunks of large diameters ran from the apex of the heart to its base. The subepicardial lymphatic capillaries were ramified and anastomosed with each other to form a relatively dense network which extended over the entire surface of both ventricles. These networks joined the main lymphatic trunks. Further, some similar networks were connected with the underlying myocardial lymphatic capillaries.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Disorders of the pulmonary lymphatic system].

The pulmonary lymphatic system plays an important role in lung perfusion homeostasis. Congenital errors of lymphatic vessel development lead to primary pulmonary lymphatic disorders (lymphangiomas, lymphangiectasis, lymphatic dysplasia syndromes). Acquired disorders of the pulmonary lymphatic system occur in a variety of clinical settings (ranging from trauma to cancer) and may lead to serious pulmonary disease. Because of their scarcity and confusing and inconsistent use of terminology, these conditions are often misdiagnosed. Their management is difficult.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system].

The lymphatic capillaries, elements of the micro-circulatory unit, are formed within the interstitial tissue to which they are fixed. The convergence of the interstitial capillaries creates collectors which become increasingly large and valved. Distributed along the main vascular tracts for the deep network and along the subcutaneous for the superficial, anastomoses exist between the deep and superficial networks and others form in certain pathological conditions. It is the liquid impregnation of the interstitial tissue which triggers off the filling of the lymphatic vessel. Lymph progresses thanks to: the presence of valvules on the collectors, the arterial pulse, the muscular contractions, the pressure of adjoining tissues, and to thoracic aspiration. Nervous and hormonal phenomena are responsible for the formation and progression of the lymph.

Arteries↗