Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Kyrgyzstan”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current epidemiological malaria situation in Kyrgyzstan (1995-1999)].

Kyzgyzstan is situated in an area which is potentially at risk for malaria. In 1995-1999, 58 cases of malaria were recorded, six of them were local cases. The factors that promote the spread of malaria in Kyrgyzstan are the widespread and constant migration of people from Tajikistan and close economic ties between Kyrgyzstan and a number of Asian countries with widespread malaria epidemics. Most cases of malaria in Kyrgyzstan were imported from Tajikistan (39 cases or 75% of all imported cases). Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae were identified in 95.9, 1.7, and 2.1%, respectively. There is a widespread irrigation network in the country, along with a large number of reservoirs, ponds, lakes, springs, streams, gullies, and marshy floodplains. As of 1 January 2000, there are 2833 water areas that can support Anopheles mosquitoes, with a total area of 5008.5 ha. The total length of the sewerage and drainage system is 5,440 km. There is a great potential for the spread of malaria in the south of the republic, i.e. the Osh and Zhalalabad Regions, especially due to a large number of state rice (paddy) fields covering an area of over 3,500 ha. Small rice-growing plots close to private dwellings, which are cultivated without any mosquito control measures, currently provide further breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Almost 80% of the population of these areas is at risk for malaria. Almost all species of malaria mosquitoes have been identified in Kyrgyzstan. An. claviger and An. messeae have too, two other species have also spread through the country, these are An. martinius and An. superpictus which became the main vectors of malaria epidemics in the south in the 1930s-1950s. Large-scale development of the pre-imago stages of the mosquito (a larval, water-based stage) takes place 5-7 months within which 4-6 mosquito generations develop. At present, there is a shortage of staff in Kyrgyzstan, especially at a local level, who has thorough knowledge of malaria and experience with its control and who can define the highest priorities and the most appropriate and effective within the Global Malaria Control Strategy at the current stage. Laboratory services are in need of considerable support: stocks of essential supplies for laboratory tests are almost exhausted, there is a shortage of essential equipment, the staff is not well enough trained. There is an acute shortage of insecticides and larvicides for mosquito control. Entomologists have no sufficient insect control equipment to treat water areas (e.g. sprayers), there is no equipment for monitoring water areas or introducing larvicidal fishlaria (Gambusiae) either, and local monitoring is hampered by shortages of vehicles, fuel, and lubricants. Since malaria control is an urgent problem, Kyrgyzstan has developed a comprehensive and integrated malaria programme for 2000-2004 and a plan of actions to study malaria vector resistance to insecticides in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan in 2000.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Public health challenges in Kyrgyzstan: developing a new curriculum.

INTRODUCTION: The public health challenges facing the Central Asian Republic of Kyrgyzstan are rooted in the social, economic and political conditions that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Geographically remote and with a substantial part of it's population living in mountainous rural villages, economic recovery and the maintenance of basic standards of public health is now a major problem for the Kyrgyz people. This project report sets out the case for restructuring public health education in Kyrgyzstan. It also explains how a new public health curriculum will equip Kyrgyz students with the knowledge and skills to work effectively with urban and rural communities in this geographically remote region of Central Asia. METHODS: With financial support from the European Union's Tempus program St Martin's College, the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy (KSMA) and Pirkanmaa Polytechnic (Finland) worked together to develop a new public health curriculum for Kyrgyzstan. Project activities took place in Kyrgyzstan and Europe throughout 2002-2004 and included English language training, fact finding visits to partner institutions and health services. Seminars and workshops were used to develop curriculum content and to support the design of new programs. A core curriculum team from KSMA, supported by European project staff, devised the new curriculum now on offer in Kyrgyzstan. RESULTS: The project achieved its three main goals: (1) development of a new public health curriculum; (2) establishment of an international forum for public health in Kyrgyzstan; and (3) dissemination of the project's findings via an international conference and the provision of web based support services. CONCLUSIONS: New courses in Preventive Medicine and Public Health Nursing at KSMA represent a significant cultural shift within public health in Central Asia, complementing the structural reforms of health care introduced in the 1990s. Emphasis on community engagement, health promotion and preventive action enhances knowledge, develops new skills and refocuses work practices for public health staff serving Kyrgyzstan's remote rural communities.

Advertising↗
PubMed2001

Evidence for the existence of the PAF acetylhydrolase mutation (Val279Phe) in non-Japanese populations: a preliminary study in Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Kyrgyzstan.

Deficiency of plasma platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase resulting from a missense mutation (Val279Phe) in exon 9 of the gene has been described exclusively in the Japanese population with a very high frequency. This study describes the distribution of the mutation in Turkey and two other Turkic nations, Kyrgyzstan in central Asia and Azerbaijan bordering the Caspian Sea. Among 358 unrelated healthy subjects studied from Turkish population, only 3 had the mutation in heterozygous state (0.84%). Family studies also revealed the presence of homozygous individuals in close relatives of one of these subjects. Among 143 healthy subjects studied from Kyrgyzstan, 12 were heterozygous for the mutation (8.4%). No mutation was detected among 100 healthy individuals studied from Azerbaijan. However, it was suggested that the number of subjects was not enough to draw any conclusion about the prevalence of the mutation in the populations studied. Contrary to the previous notions, identification of the mutation in Turkey and Kyrgyzstan shows the existence of the mutation in non-Japanese populations as well.

1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase↗
PubMed2003

Investigation of a rubella outbreak in Kyrgyzstan in 2001: implications for an integrated approach to measles elimination and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome.

In 1999, the Ministry of Health of Kyrgyzstan adopted the goal of measles elimination. This opportunity was used to launch a rubella and congenital rubella syndrome prevention program. Between January and August 2001, a rubella outbreak occurred in Bishkek City and Chui Oblast. Rubella surveillance data were reviewed for Kyrgyzstan (1981-2000) and rubella case-patient and laboratory information from Bishkek City and Chui Oblast during the outbreak. The data suggest that rubella is endemic in Kyrgyzstan with periodic epidemics every 3-5 years. From January to August 2001, 1936 rubella case-patients were reported from Bishkek City and Chui Oblast; 242 were tested and 176 (73%) were laboratory confirmed. Most case-patients were 3-14 years old. However, the incidence rate per 100,000 among persons aged 15-35 years increased >/=40-fold from 1 in 2000 to 41 in 2001. These findings highlight the importance of introducing rubella-containing vaccine in conjunction with measles elimination activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Complete sequence of a Kyrgyzstan swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolated from a piglet thought to be experimentally infected with human HEV.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was identified by RT-PCR amplification with degenerate ORF2 primers in the stool of a piglet experimentally inoculated with a stool suspension from a patient with acute hepatitis during an outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in Kyrgyzstan. Further characterization by sequencing of the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis showed that the piglet isolate was most closely related to HEV genotype 3. Because the original human stool specimen used to inoculate the piglet was no longer available, stool samples from three patients obtained during the same outbreak were sequenced and found to be HEV genotype 1. These findings suggest that the HEV isolated from the swine stool was probably an HEV enzootic in Kyrgyzstan and not the virus inoculated from the human stool.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Health lifestyles in central Asia: the case of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that negative health lifestyles are the principal social determinants of the mortality crisis in the former socialist states. Little is known, however, about health lifestyles in Central Asia, where the downturn in life expectancy was also experienced. This paper examines health lifestyles in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in order to fill an important gap in the literature. The data show, consistent with the improved longevity of the Kyrgyz population, that such lifestyles are more positive in Kyrgyzstan despite the somewhat better economic situation in Kazakhstan, where the mortality crisis continues.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Power from below: enabling communities to ensure the provision of iodated salt in Kyrgyzstan.

BACKGROUND: In Kyrgyzstan, as in many countries around the world, progress in universal salt iodization has been slow because of difficulties in enforcing existing national regulations. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of community testing of the iodine content of salt in households, at local retailers, and at wholesale markets on the percentage of households using iodized salt in Naryn Oblast, a region of Kyrgyzstan. METHODS: In response to a stated community priority to address iodine deficiency in Naryn Oblast, volunteers from village health committees and personnel of Primary Health Care units living in the communities were trained in testing salt using test kits. A phased introduction of two testing components was conducted in 2002-2003 in two areas with a combined population of 160,000. The two components included testing of salt for iodine content by community members in as many households as possible (Component 1) and testing of retail salt for iodate content by community members and by retailers at wholesale markets (Component 2). Results from these two components provided the data for this study. RESULTS: For Component 1, salt testing reached 65% of households; coverage of iodized salt increased from 87.6% to 96.8% within 5 to 7 months (averages of the two areas; p < .001), mostly owing to a great decrease in the variation among settlements. For Component 2, in area 1, the percentage of households using iodated salt increased from 71.0% to 90.3% within 5 to 7 months, whereas the percentage of households using iodinated salt decreased from 18.6% to 5.6%. In area 2, the percentage of households using iodated salt increased from 65.2% to 76.2% within 5 to 7 months, with no change in the percentage of households using iodinated salt (21.7% and 20.8%). The differences between areas I and 2 are highly significant (p < .001). At 18 to 21 months, the percentage of households using iodated salt was 97.5% in area 1 and 90.2% in area 2. The intervention cost around U.S. dollars 1500. CONCLUSIONS: Testing salt in a large percentage of households is an effective, low-cost approach to increasing the percentage of households using iodized salt to satisfactory levels in a very short time. Empowering community members to check salt at retailers and retailers to check salt at wholesale markets with test kits for iodated salt can rapidly ensure almost exclusive consumption of iodated salt in households.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2004

[Genetic demographic structure of rural populations of Kyrgyzstan].

The genetic demographic parameters of rural populations of Kyrgyzstan have been studied. The rural population of Kyrgyzstan has the following demographic characteristics: (1) it is demographically young (the population mean age is 25-28 years); (2) the sex ratio in reproductive age groups is unfavorable; (3) the fertility is high (5.78-7.68 pregnancies and 4.27-5.20 surviving children per woman of postreproductive age; (4) interethnic marriages are rare (1.0-5.9%), whereas consanguineous marriages are frequent (1.4-12%); (5) Crow's indices are relatively low (I(tot) = 0.24-0.29, I(m) = 0.05-0.13, I(f) = 0.14-0.22); and (6) both male and female contributions of different regions of the republic make unequal contributions to the gametic structure of the population, with the gametic structure varying from generation to generation. Demographic parameters vary in rural populations of different geographic regions and with different ethnic compositions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The economic consequences of reorganizing hospital services in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Kyrgyzstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and has since been thrown into severe financial crisis. All public sector funding has been significantly reduced and international aid agencies are supporting the government in rebuilding the economy. The health sector requires a radical overhaul and a major part of this process involves rationalization of existing facilities, particularly in the capital Bishkek, where 26 secondary and tertiary hospitals support a population of approximately 800000 people. This paper describes the development of a plan for rationalization with particular emphasis on the economic aspects of the process. This involved calculating future hospital requirements by modelling a variety of policy options, ranging from changes to clinical practice to hospital closures. The model generates estimates of resource requirements at each hospital, from which the costs falling on the health budget and patients are derived.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The human perspective on health care reform: coping with diabetes in Kyrgyzstan.

Health systems world wide are confronted by the challenge of rising levels of chronic diseases. Yet existing approaches to health system analysis often fail to capture the complexity of the responses required to address this challenge. In this paper we describe the results of a pilot study using a rapid appraisal technique to assess the performance of the health care system in Kyrgyzstan, a former Soviet central Asian republic. The study focuses on diabetes, a condition whose effective management requires a coordinated response involving many components of the health care system. The study sets out a conceptual framework in which the system is seen from the perspectives of users, health professionals and policy-makers. It sees the effective delivery of health care as dependent on appropriate investment in human, physical, intellectual and social resources. The study reveals important weaknesses in all of these areas, although it also notes that current policies, while constrained by the legacy of the past and by limited resources, are beginning to tackle them. This pilot study indicates that rapid appraisal, using a condition such as diabetes, where those affected can be easily identified, offers a means of gaining important insights into a health care system.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Disequilibrium between uranium and its progeny in the Lake Issyk-Kul system (Kyrgyzstan) under a combined effect of natural and manmade processes.

The Kadji-Sai abandoned field of U-bearing brown coal on the southern coast of Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan) poses a threat of radioactive pollution to the world's fifth deepest and second largest pristine highland lake. The valleys of ephemeral streams in the lake catchment are filled with coarse-grained sand and clay, with a background U--Ra activity of 35--55 Bqkg(-1). High activity areas vs. this background come from three sources: (1) scarce outcrops of uraniferous brown coal and mining wastes containing fragments of this coal with (238)U/(226)Ra ratios of 0.8 due to uranium losses through weathering; (2) manmade anomalies caused by a radioactive waste dump, where U was extracted from the ash of coal burnt at a coal-fired power plant. As a result, the (238)U/(226)Ra ratios become 0.15--0.25; (3) six catch pools terraced below the mine, where U activity decreases downslope, and (238)U/(226)Ra ratios reach 150--200. Uranium lost in the extraction process may have been retained on the terraces. The distribution pattern of radionuclides in the bottom sediments of the lake is controlled by water depth and offshore distance. The upper section of homogeneous limy--argillic deposits in the lake center remains undisturbed by currents, as indicated by regular sub-exponential distribution of atmospheric (137)Cs and (210)Pb(atm). Sedimentation rate in the lake center for the past century, found from (210)Pb, was 0.32 mmyr(-1). (238)U/(226)Ra in deep-water sediments was about 3. The activity of uranium adsorbed by sediments from the lake water was estimated by subtraction of the Ra-equilibrium component from the total U activity. Thus, the flux of dissolved U to the bottom sediments was as 2.07 x 10(-7)gcm(-2)yr(-1). The upper section of near-shore deposits was disturbed by currents, with (137)Cs and (210)Pb(atm) more or less uniformly distributed in this layer. Peaks of (226)Ra and (210)Pb occur at different depths from 5 to 20 cm below the sediment surface, with (238)U/(226)Ra ratios 0.28--0.44. The presence of mullite in these sediments indicated that radioactive ash penetrated into the lake in the past. At present, (226)Ra in the ash is buried under a non-radioactive cap.

Cesium Isotopes↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of radiation exposure in the uranium mining and milling area of Mailuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan.

The area of the town of Mailuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan, is polluted by radionuclides and heavy metals from tailing dumps and heaps resulting from the historic exploitation of uranium mines. In the frame of a European Commission-TACIS funded project, radiological assessment was performed for critical group members living in the city of Mailuu Suu, located downstream the tailings, or in the village of Kara Agach, partially located on a uranium mine waste dump. The actual external exposure is around 1.2 mSv a(-1) at both locations and exposure from radon is around 3 mSv a(-1) at Mailuu Suu and around 10 mSv a(-1) at Kara Agach. Ingestion dose was negligible for a critical group member living at Mailuu Suu. At Kara Agach, however, under the hypothesis that all food and fodder is cultivated locally, exposure from ingestion is much higher ( approximately 10-30 mSv a(-1)). In case of an accidental scenario [(part of) Tailing 3 content thrust to river], estimated additional maximum doses result in 45 and 77 mSv for an adult and a child, respectively.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2005

The coming epidemic: hypertension in rural Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia.

Eastern Europe is experiencing an epidemic of cardiovascular disease far outpacing rates in Western Europe. This epidemic was heralded by a precipitous rise in hypertension prevalence. The former Soviet states of Central Asia may be facing a similar epidemic. In order to access this threat, we performed a retrospective analysis of data generated during humanitarian medical visits to two villages in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 39%. Hypertension was much more common among men than women (46 vs 33%, respectively). In addition, the rise in blood pressure with age was striking, surpassing the experience in Western countries. This epidemic of hypertension may herald a coming epidemic of cardiovascular disease in Central Asia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Man-caused uranium contamination of biosphere objects in the territory of Kyrgyzstan.

The paper presents data on uranium content in water, soils and plants in the territories of the largest uranium geochemical provinces of Kyrgyzstan where uranium mining and production complexes functioned and operated until the 1960s. The migration of uranium and its contamination of the biosphere are discussed. The paper provides recommendations on using natural phytomeliorants that would discriminate uranium, fix the ground, reduce the risk of mudflows formation and the degree of uranium contamination of the territory, and also facilitate the recovery of the disturbed natural mountainous ecosystems.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed2000

Improving the monitoring of immunization services in Kyrgyzstan.

Following the disbanding of the Soviet Union in 1991, the government of Kyrgyzstan was unable to maintain the previous level of health services. To revitalize the health services, the Ministry of Health (MOH) first focused on improving their immunization services, including the immunization component of the Health Management Information System (HMIS). Secondly, to increase immunization coverage, the MOH set as a priority the elimination of prescribing false contraindications to immunization. To accomplish both goals, the MOH updated the national immunization policies and established a more effective structure for managing immunization services. To support the MOH, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) Resources for Child Health (REACH) and Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival (BASICS) projects provided technical assistance through a resident coordinator and consultants, and by organizing an international seminar. The improvements extended beyond systems and forms, but, instead, emphasized monitoring by the frontline health worker and supervising the quality of health information. To accomplish their objectives, the MOH appointed a Working Group to define the problems, revise record-keeping procedures, and develop monitoring tools. This group, representing both national and local levels, was composed of MOH epidemiologists, paediatricians and a management information specialist. To reduce the burden of excessive record-keeping and reporting requirements, the Working Group identified four key indicators for the service delivery level: (1) DPT3 immunization coverage rates for children less than 1 year of age; (2) contraindication rates for DPT; (3) usage of DPT vaccine; and (4) daily refrigerator temperatures. Additional indicators were included at district and provincial levels. After a successful 1-year trial, the MOH implemented the revised HMIS nationally. Not only did the quality of the information system improve, but the new approach provided visible evidence, from facility to national levels, that the MOH was approaching their objective of reducing contraindication rates for DPT immunizations to 5% or less, and that vaccine wastage could be substantially reduced. The project demonstrated that giving health workers the basic epidemiologic skills to monitor their own work measurably improved the quality of the data, and by acquiring the new skills, the workers developed a sense of pride in their work.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Formative research for hygiene promotion in Kyrgyzstan.

Formative research for hygiene promotion was used to gather data relating to hygiene practices in rural Kyrgyzstan. Some of the hand-washing and faeces disposal practices observed were sub-optimal from a public health perspective. In combination with the poverty, limited medical services and poor water supply infrastructure characteristic of the study area, it is likely that these factors increase the risk of diarrhoeal infections among Kyrgyz children. An association was found between increased rates of hand-washing following latrine use and ownership of a washstand. This offers some empirical support for the idea that promotion of hand-washing technologies can form a useful part of a hygiene promotion intervention. The process followed in conducting the formative research is outlined in some detail along with a discussion of some of its achievements and limitations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A lyssavirus with an unusual antigenic structure isolated from a bat in southern Kyrgyzstan].

Examination of 191 specimens of Chiroptera in Osh Province of Kyrgyzstan yielded 1 strain of lyssavirus from Myotis blythi, the isolate not belonging to serotype 1. The virus was designated Aravan by the area of its isolation. Its antigenic structure was studied using antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies of the Wistar Institute (Philadelphia, ISA) and Central Veterinary Laboratory of Great Britain (Waybridge, Great Britain). The paper presents its antigenic profile, brief characteristics of similarity and differences of the Aravan strain and known lyssavirus serotypes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethnic and age variation of cancer of the reproductive system in women of Kyrgyzstan.

The purpose of this research was to assess the ethnic and age variation in the incidence rates of cancer of the female reproductive system (cancers of the breast, cervix uteri, corpus uteri and ovaries) in Kyrgyzstan. A retrospective approach was adopted covering the period from 1995 to 2002 with descriptive and analytical methods to estimated incidence rates in women of Russian and Kyrgyz nationalities. Values were found to be higher in Russian women but decreasing over time, while increase was observed for the Kyrgyz. Breast cancers were most common in Russian women and in their Kyrgyz counterparts cancer of the cervix uteri predominated. The data reveal age and ethnic variation in cancer localization.

Adolescent↗