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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Double-blind study on materials testing with applied kinesiology.

Applied Kinesiology (AK) is a scientifically unproven method used in complementary medicine to recognize the (in)tolerance of dental materials. Test-retest reliability of AK was examined. The working hypothesis was the assumption that the reliability of AK would not exceed random chance. Two dentists qualified in AK examined 112 volunteers to determine individual (in)tolerance toward two dental composite materials. After the first examination, 31 subjects were excluded from further testing. At the end of the open test phase, 34 of 81 participants had been classified as "tolerant", and seven as "intolerant" to both materials. The remaining 40 individuals showed a combination of either tolerant (to material I)/intolerant (to material II), or the reverse (n = 20 each). Retrieval rate was tested under blind conditions. In 14 cases, the results of the open and blinded tests matched, whereas in 26 cases they did not (95% confidence interval, 21%-52%; p = 0.98). This outcome confirmed our working hypothesis.

Biometry↗
PubMed1997

George Goodheart, Jr., D.C., and a history of applied kinesiology.

Applied Kinesiology (AK), founded by Michigan chiropractor George J. Goodheart, Jr., is a popular diagnostic and therapeutic system used by many health care practitioners. Many of the components in this method were discovered by serendipity and observation. In 1964, Goodheart claimed to have corrected a patient's chronic winged scapula by pressing on nodules found near the origin and insertion of the involved serratus anterior muscle. This finding led to the origin and insertion treatment, the first method developed in AK. Successive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were developed for neurolymphatic reflexes, neurovascular reflexes and cerebrospinal fluid flow from ideas originally described by Frank Chapman, D.O., Terrence J. Bennett, D.C., and William G. Sutherland, D.O., respectively. Later, influenced by the writings of Felix Mann, M.D., Goodheart incorporated acupuncture meridian therapy into the AK system. Additionally, the vertebral challenge method and therapy localization technique, both based on phenomena proposed by L. L. Truscott, D.C., were added to the AK system. Scholarship has also evolved regarding AK and research on the topic is in its infancy. This paper documents some of the history of AK.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed2005

["Applied kinesiology" in medicine and dentistry--a critical review].

The "Applied Kinesiology" evolved in the USA is increasingly being used in Central Europe. In this review the development of the method and its practical application in medicine and in dentistry are elucidated. Furthermore the propagation of the method by the International College of Applied Kinesiology (= ICAK) and the "Touch for Health" (=TFH) is described. School medicine's criticism of "Applied Kinesiology" as well as the methodological replies from "Applied Kinesiologists" are outlined. It is important to realise that there is to date a lack of evidence for the effectiveness, validity and reliability of "Applied Kinesiology". The following requirements are thus vital: "Applied Kinesiologists" must develop clear criteria for single subgroups of "Applied Kinesiology", prove the effectiveness of their methods, and explain their findings in agreement with current medical knowledge.

Dental Occlusion↗
PubMed1988

Applied kinesiology unreliable for assessing nutrient status.

Applied kinesiology is a technique used to assess nutritional status on the basis of the response of muscles to mechanical stress. In this study, 11 subjects were evaluated independently by three experienced applied kinesiologists for four nutrients (thiamin, zinc, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid). The results obtained by those applied kinesiologists were compared with (a) one another, (b) standard laboratory tests for nutrient status, and (c) computerized isometric muscle testing. Statistical analysis yielded no significant interjudge reliability, no significant correlation between the testers and standard biochemical tests for nutrient status, and no significant correlation between mechanical and manual determinations of relative muscle strength. In addition, the subjects were exposed in a double-blind fashion to supplements of thiamin, zinc, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid and two placebos (pectin and sucrose) and then re-tested. According to applied kinesiology theory, "weak" (indicating deficiency) muscles are strengthened when the subject is exposed to an appropriate nutritional supplement. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the response to placebo, nutrients previously determined (by muscle testing) to be deficient, and nutrients previously determined (by muscle testing) to be adequate. Even though the number of subjects (11) and nutrients (4) tested was limited, the results of this study indicated that the use of applied kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status is no more useful than random guessing.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A review of the research papers published by the international College of Applied Kinesiology from 1981 to 1987.

Applied Kinesiology (AK) is a diagnostic and therapeutic approach used by a large number of chiropractors. AK seminars are conducted worldwide; during these seminars mention is frequently made of the presence of supportive research. A review was undertaken of the type and scientific quality of 50 papers which had been published between 1981 and 1987 by the International College of Applied Kinesiology, 20 of which were classified as research papers. These were subjected to further scrutiny relating to criteria considered crucial in research methodology, namely, a clear identification of sample size, inclusion criteria, blind and naive subjects and statistical analysis. Although some papers satisfied several of these criteria, none satisfied all seven of them. As none of the papers included adequate statistical analyses, no valid conclusions could be drawn concerning their report of findings.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed2001

Applied kinesiology for treatment of women with mastalgia.

To determine whether an applied kinesiology technique was of benefit to women with breast pain, an open pilot study was conducted in which 88 newly presenting women with self-rated moderate or severe mastalgia were treated by applied kinesiology. This involved a hands-on technique consisting of rubbing a series of 'lymphatic reflex points' while touching painful areas of the breasts. The women were predominantly pre-menopausal, and patients with both cyclical and non-cyclical pain were included in the study. Patients' self-rated pain scores, both before and immediately after applied kinesiology were compared, together with a further score 2 months later. Immediately after treatment there was considerable reduction in breast pain in 60% of patients with complete resolution in 18%. At the visit after 2 months, there was a reduction in severity, duration and frequency of pain of 50% or more in about 60% of cases (P<0.0001). This preliminary study suggests that applied kinesiology may be an effective treatment for mastalgia, without side-effects and merits testing against standard drug therapies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Correlation of applied kinesiology muscle testing findings with serum immunoglobulin levels for food allergies.

The pilot study attempted to determine whether subjective muscle testing employed by Applied Kinesiology practitioners, prospectively determine those individuals with specific hyperallergenic responses. Seventeen subjects were found positive on Applied Kinesiology (A.K.) muscle testing screening procedures indicating food hypersensitivity (allergy) reactions. Each subject showed muscle weakening (inhibition) reactions to oral provocative testing of one or two foods for a total of 21 positive food reactions. Tests for a hypersensitivity reaction of the serum were performed using both a radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) and immune complex test for IgE and IgG against all 21 of the foods that tested positive with A.K. muscle screening procedures. These serum tests confirmed 19 of the 21 food allergies (90.5%) suspected based on the applied kinesiology screening procedures. This pilot study offers a basis to examine further a means by which to predict the clinical utility of a given substance for a given patient, based on the patterns of neuromuscular response elicited from the patient, representing a conceptual expansion of the standard neurological examination process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes via applied kinesiology: a case report of low back pain and congenital intestinal abnormality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the applied kinesiologic evaluation of Chapman's neurolymphatic (NL) reflexes in the management of a person with an unusual congenital bowel abnormality and its role in the manifestation of low back pain. The theoretical foundations of these reflexes will be elaborated on and practical applications discussed. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 29-year-old man had chronic low back pain. Radiographs of the patient's lumbar spine and pelvis were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a mild protrusion of the fifth lumbar disk. Oral anti-inflammatory agents, cortisone injections, and chiropractic manipulative therapy provided little relief. Though generally in robust health, the patient was aware of a congenital intestinal abnormality diagnosed when he was a child; it was thought to be of no consequence with regard to his current back condition. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient's history, combined with applied kinesiology examination, indicated a need to direct treatment to the large bowel. The essential diagnostic indicators were the analysis of the Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes themselves, coupled with an evaluation of the traditional acupuncture meridians. The primary prescribed therapy was the stimulation of these reflexes by the patient at home. This intervention resulted in the resolution of the patient's musculoskeletal symptomatology, as well as improved bowel function. CONCLUSION: The rather remarkable outcome from the application of this relatively simple, yet valuable, diagnostic and therapeutic procedure represents a thought-provoking impetus for future study and clinical application.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1997

Interexaminer agreement for applied kinesiology manual muscle testing.

Two trials of the interexaminer reliability of Applied Kinesiology manual testing were conducted. On the first trial three clinicians, each with greater than ten years of experience with muscle testing procedures, tested 32 healthy individuals to estimate their agreement on the strength or weakness of right and left piriformis and right and left hamstring muscles. Significant agreement between examiners was found for piriformis muscles, but little significant agreement was noted when hamstrings were tested. In a second study, the same three examiners tested 53 subjects for strength or weakness of the pectoralis and tensor fascia lata muscles bilaterally. Significant interjudge agreement was found for pectoralis muscles, but no significant concordance could be found when the tensor fascia lata was examined.

Fascia Lata↗
PubMed1981

Effects of an applied kinesiology technique on quadriceps femoris muscle isometric strength.

The effect of either the muscle spindle cell receptor technique of applied kinesiology or a placebo technique on isometric strength of the right quadriceps femoris muscle group was studied among 20 normal human subjects. Peak, perpendicular maximal values of isometric quadriceps femoris muscle force was measured by a force transducer. Three training sessions consisting of three trials of peak maximal contractions of the isometric quadriceps femoris muscle were performed by all subjects. After the three training sessions, matched pairs of subjects were formed from a rand order list of each subject's mean values of isometric quadriceps femoris muscle strength on the third session. One subject of a matched pair was then randomly assigned to either an experimental (applied kinesiology) or control (placebo) group for the testing session. No significant differences in mean values of isometric quadriceps femoris muscle strength between the matched pairs for control and experimental subjects were noted. Within the context of a normal population, the applied kinesiology technique does not appear to augment isometric quadriceps femoris muscle strength.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Expanding the neurological examination using functional neurologic assessment: part II neurologic basis of applied kinesiology.

Functional Neurologic Assessment and treatment methods common to the practice of applied kinesiology are presented. These methods are proposed to enhance neurological examination and treatment procedures toward more effective assessment and care of functional impairment. A neurologic model for these procedures is proposed. Manual assessment of muscular function is used to identify changes associated with facilitation and inhibition, in response to the introduction of sensory receptor-based stimuli. Muscle testing responses to sensory stimulation of known value are compared with usually predictable patterns based on known neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, guiding the clinician to an understanding of the functional status of the patient's nervous system. These assessment procedures are used in addition to other standard diagnostic measures to augment rather than replace the existing diagnostic armamentarium. The proper understanding of the neurophysiologic basis of muscle testing procedures will assist in the design of further investigations into applied kinesiology. Accordingly, the neurophysiologic basis and proposed mechanisms of these methods are reviewed.

Gait↗
PubMed2004

New diagnostic and therapeutic approach to thyroid-associated orbitopathy based on applied kinesiology and homeopathic therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate pathogenetic mechanisms related to the lacrimal and lymphatic glands in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), and the potential of applied kinesiology diagnosis and homeopathic therapeutic measures. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTINGS/LOCATION: Thyroid outpatient unit and a specialized center for complementary medicine (WOMED, Innsbruck; R.M. and H.M.). SUBJECTS: Thirty-two (32) patients with TAO, 23 with a long-standing disease, and 9 showing discrete initial changes. All patients were euthyroid at the time of the investigation. INTERVENTIONS: Clinical investigation was done, using applied kinesiology methods. Departing from normal reacting muscles, both target organs as well as therapeutic measures were tested. Affected organs will produce a therapy localization (TL) that turns a normal muscle tone weak. Using the same approach, specific counteracting therapies (i.e., tonsillitis nosode and lymph mobilizing agents) were tested. OUTCOME MEASURES: Change of lid swelling, of ocular movement discomfort, ocular lock, tonsil reactivity and Traditional Chinese Medicine criteria including tenderness of San Yin Jiao (SP6) and tongue diagnosis were recorded in a graded fashion. RESULTS: Positive TL reactions were found in the submandibular tonsillar structures, the pharyngeal tonsils, the San Yin Jiao point, the lacrimal gland, and with the functional ocular lock test. Both Lymphdiaral (Pascoe, Giessen, Germany) and the homeopathic preparation chronic tonsillitis nosode at a C3 potency (Spagyra, Grödig, Austria) counteracted these changes. Both agents were used therapeutically over 3-6 months, after which all relevant parameters showed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the involvement of lymphatic structures and flow in the pathogenesis of TAO. The tenderness of the San Yin Jiao point correlates to the above mentioned changes and should be included in the clinical evaluation of these patients.

Austria↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluation of applied kinesiology in nutritional intolerance of childhood].

BACKGROUND: Because nutritional intolerances generally are difficult to be diagnosed, Applied Kinesiology (AK) often is discussed as an alternative in this field. AIM: The uncertain scientific situation makes it necessary to assess the diagnostic value of AK. The method was compared with established laboratory tests such as RAST, lactose breath hydrogen test and a specific IgG test (Cytolisa). METHODS: 315 children and adolescents, 0-17 years old, with different chronic diseases such as headache, abdominal pain, chronic eczema, hyperactivity, and bronchial asthma were studied by means of AK for 2 years. RESULTS: We found a moderate test-retest reliability (intraclass-kappa 0.62) but no inter-tester reliability (intraclass-kappa -0.01). Moreover, there was no statistically significant agreement with either RAST and Cytolisa (sensitivity 73.6%, specificity 45.2%) or lactose breath hydrogen test (sensitivity 77.1%, specificity 43.2%). CONCLUSIONS: In general, AK cannot be recommended for diagnosing nutritional intolerance. However, due to its high sensitivity, it could be a valuable tool to give some preliminary results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Symptomatic Arnold-Chiari malformation and cranial nerve dysfunction: a case study of applied kinesiology cranial evaluation and treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of possible effects of Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM) and to offer chiropractic approaches and theories for treatment of a patient with severe visual dysfunction complicated by ACM. CLINICAL FEATURES: A young woman had complex optic nerve neuritis exacerbated by an ACM type I of the brain. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: Applied kinesiology chiropractic treatment was used for treatment of loss of vision and nystagmus. After treatment, the patient's ability to see, read, and perform smooth eye tracking showed improvement. CONCLUSION: Further studies into applied kinesiology and cranial treatments for visual dysfunctions associated with ACM may be helpful to evaluate whether this single case study can be representative of a group of patients who might benefit from this care.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction: applied kinesiology compared to clinical observations and laboratory tests.

Sixty-five patients presenting to three clinics were independently evaluated for thyroid dysfunction by applied kinesiology (AK), a clinical protocol, and laboratory testing. Each was rated on a scale of 1 (unquestionably hypothyroid) to 7 (unquestionably hyperthyroid). AK ratings correlated with clinical ratings (rs = .36, p less than .002) and with laboratory ratings (rs = .32, p less than .005). Correlation between clinical and laboratory ratings was .47, p less than .000. Three AK therapy localizations had a significant correlation with the laboratory diagnosis (p less than .05). Two of these (right neurovascular-left brain and left neurolymphatic-right brain) were points associated with thyroid function. The third, ventral hand on the glabella with the other on the external occipital protuberance, is associated with pituitary function. AK enhanced but did not replace clinical/laboratory diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction. Preliminary evidence indicates that there may be a significant correlation between certain AK tests and an elevated LDH in the serum.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The clinical utility of force/displacement analysis of muscle testing in applied kinesiology.

Manual muscle testing procedures are the subject of a force and displacement analysis. Equipment was fabricated, tested, and employed to gather force, displacement, and time data for examining muscle test parameters as practiced by applied kinesiology (A.K.) clinicians. Simple mathematical procedures are used to process the data in an effort to find potential patterns of force and displacement which would correspond to the testing of strong and weak muscles on healthy subjects. Particular attention is paid to the leading edge of the force pulses, as most clinicians report that they derive most of their assessment from the initial thrust imparted on the patient's limb. An analysis of the simple linear regression of the slope of the leading edge of a force pulse reveals that a high dx/dF is indicative of a weak muscle test result (as perceived by the tester), and a low dx/dF is indicative of a strong muscle test. Thresholds for dx/dF are determined to discriminate between inhibited and facilitated muscle test results. The data lay the groundwork for future studies that examine the objectivity of A.K. muscle testing.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

[Neuromuscular relaxation and CCMDP. Rolfing and applied kinesiology. 3].

The structural and functional connection between stomatognatic system, rachid, pelvis and lower limbs are well known; it's obvious that an alteration in one of these districts influences the other ones. Rolfing and applied kinesiology, on this ground, work to resolve muscular pain in cranio-cervicomandibular syndrome.

Holistic Health↗