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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Phylogeny and biogeography of Juglans (Juglandaceae) based on matK and ITS sequence data.

We investigated phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within Juglans (walnuts), a Tertiary disjunct genus, using 15 species of Juglans and related (Juglandaceae) outgroups. The relationships were analyzed using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene matK and its flanking spacers and of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The DNA sequences provided 246 informative characters for parsimony analysis. ITS data supported as monophyletic groups the four generic sections, Cardiocaryon, Dioscaryon, Rhysocaryon, and Trachycaryon. Within Rhysocaryon, the temperate black walnuts and the tropical black walnuts were supported as monophyletic groups. When the two data sets were combined, J. cinerea was nested within Cardiocaryon. Combined analysis with published nuclear DNA restriction site data placed J. cinerea in a monophyletic group with Cardiocaryon. These analyses consistently supported Juglans as a monophyletic group and as the sister group to the genus Pterocarya. The results of this work are consistent with the known geological history of Juglans. The fossil record suggests that the butternuts had evolved by the early Oligocene in North America. The presence of butternuts in Eurasia could be the result of migration from North America to Eurasia during the warming trend of the mid Oligocene.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Characteristics of available P in the rhizosphere soil in pure Juglans mandshurica and Larix gmelinii and their mixed plantation].

The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were sampled in the pure and mixed plantations of Juglans mandshurica and Larix gmelinii by peeling the adhering soil of the roots, and the available P content were analyzed. The results showed that the available P content in the rhizosphere soil in the pure Larix gmelinii was 55.8% higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil, while the available P content in the pure Juglans mandshurica was higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil by 10.1%. The roots of Larix gmelinii had important effect on mobilizing P in the rhizosphere soil. The available P content in rhizosphere soil of Juglans mandshurica in the mixed plantation was higher than that in the pure plantation by 45.2% due to the effects of the roots of Larix gmelinii. The mechanism by which the available P content in the rhizosphere soil of Larix gmelinii was much higher was elucidated by means of P absorption, P desorption, and inorganic P gradation.

Juglans↗
PubMed1996

First findings of plum pox virus in walnut trees (Juglans Regia L.)

Plum pox virus (PPV) was transmitted from infected buds and leaves of walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) on the following herbaceous indicators: Chenopodium foetidum Schrad., Nicotiana bigelovii var. quadrivalvis Fuchs., N. clevelandii x N. glutinosa. A positive ELISA reaction with antisera against PPV was obtained from infected buds and leaves of Juglans regia L. and from attacked leaves of indicator plants.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.).

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a plant that has significant economical value and medicinal importance for human health. It is consumed in large quantities by people, therefore, it has a very important place in the public nutritive habits. Turkey has a very good walnut population of walnut varieties when compared to other parts of the world. Our objective was to investigate kernel properties and fatty acid composition, proximate composition and minerals of genotypes that are commonly grown in Turkey. Investigated genotypes were Sebin-Type-I, Körcegöz, Karabodur, Tozam and Güvenli. Physical properties are attributed to quality criteria of nuts. Sebin Type-I and Güvenli showed a good quality according to the test results. Average fatty acid compositions of genotypes (%) were 16:0; 6.88, 18:0; 7.50, 18:1; 21.16, 18.2; 43.41, 18:3; 6.25: 20:0; 11.75 for Sebin-Type-I, Körcegöz, Karabodur, Tozani and Güvenli, respectively. Proximate compounds (%) were: protein, 13.77; ash, 1.81; moisture, 2.98; fat, 62.84; total carbohydrate, 18.67. Average mineral contents (mg/100 g) were: P, 316.0; K, 270.0; Ca, 85.0; Mg, 90.0; Zn, 2.01; Mn, 2.46; Cu, 1.01; Fe, 2.90; B, 1.03.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed2002

Anti-human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 activity of constituents from Juglans mandshurica.

Three naphthalene glycosides (1-3), four flavonoids (4-7), and two galloyl glycosides (8-9) were isolated from the stem-bark of Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). Their structures were determined by chemical and spectral means, including to 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) experiments. Amongst the isolated compounds, taxifolin (4) showed the most potent HIV-induced cytopethic activity against MT-4 cells with complete inhibitory concentration (IC100) value of 25 microg/ml and maximum cytotoxic concentration (CC100) value of above 100 microg/ml. However, naphthalene glycosides (1-3), flavonoids (5-7), and galloyl tannins (8-9) were inactive against anti-HIV-1 activity.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2003

DNA topoisomerases I and II inhibitory activity of constituents isolated from Juglans mandshurica.

Nine diarylheptanoids (1-9), one triterpene (10), one sesquiterpenoid (11), one naphthoquinone (12), four tetralones (13-16), one naphthalene carboxylic acid glucoside (17) and six naphthalenyl glycosides (18-23) were isolated from the roots of Juglans mandshurica Maximowicz (Juglandaceae), and their structures determined from the chemical and spectral data. Here, we report the inhibitory effects, on the DNA topoisomerases I and II activities, of all these compounds. Compounds 10 and 23 showed more potent inhibitory effects, on the DNA topoisomerases I and II (94.0 and 86.0% inhibitions at the concentration of 5 microg/mL, respectively), than the positive control compounds, camptothecin and etoposide.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antioxidative polyphenols from walnuts (Juglans regia L.).

Three hydrolyzable tannins, glansrins A-C, together with adenosine, adenine, and 13 known tannins were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of walnuts (the seeds of Juglans regia L.). Glansrins A-C were characterized as ellagitannins with a tergalloyl group, or related polyphenolic acyl group, based on spectral and chemical evidence. The 14 walnut polyphenols had superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity with EC(50) 21.4-190 microM and a remarkable radical scavenging effect against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (EC(50) 0.34-4.72 microM).

Biphenyl Compounds↗
PubMed2002

Effects of Juglans sinensis Dode extract and antioxidant on mercury chloride-induced acute renal failure in rabbits.

This study was undertaken to determine if Juglans sinensis Dode, an oriental medicinal herb, extract (JSE) and antioxidant exert beneficial effect against mercury-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Acute renal failure was induced by subcutaneous injection of mercury chloride (10 mg/kg), and animals were pretreated with JSE (0.1 g/kg, orally) for 7 days or N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (0.5 g/kg, i.p.) 24 h prior to the injection of mercury chloride. Urine and blood samples were collected for 24 h before (the basal period) and after the administration of mercury chloride. Urine volume and GFR in mercury chloride-injected animals were decreased as compared with the basal values, which were accompanied by the increase in serum creatinine levels and fractional excretion of Na(+), indicating that the administration of mercury chloride produces acute renal failure. p-Aminohippurate uptake by renal cortical slices was inhibited by mercury chloride injection. Mercury chloride treatment in vivo increased lipid peroxidation in renal cortical tissues. Such changes were significantly prevented by JSE pretreatment. Mercury chloride-induced acute renal failure was also prevented by an antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. Mercury chloride treatment in vitro increased lactate dehydrogenase release and lipid peroxidation in renal cortical slices, which were prevented by JSE. These results indicate that JSE exerts the beneficial effect against mercury chloride-induced acute renal failure and its effect may be due to antioxidant action. In addition, these results suggest that lipid peroxidation is responsible for the cell injury induced by mercury chloride in vivo and in vitro.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2003

Determination of sterol and fatty acid compositions, oxidative stability, and nutritional value of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Portugal.

Six cultivars (Franquette, Marbot, Mayette, Mellanaise, Lara, and Parisienne) of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) were collected during the 2001 crop, from Bragança, Portugal. Chemical composition, including moisture, total oil content, crude protein, ash, carbohydrates, and nutritional value, was evaluated. Fat was the predominant component, ranging from 62.3 to 66.5%. Total oil was extracted and analyzed for fatty acids, sterols, oxidative stability, and peroxide value. Fatty acids and sterols were determined by gas-liquid chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector. Eighteen fatty acids were quantified. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, linoleic acid were predominant. Beta-Sitosterol, delta(5)-avenasterol, and campesterol were the major sterols found. Differences were observed among the studied cultivars, especially in peroxide values and in the sterol profile.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2002

Cytotoxic diarylheptanoids from the roots of Juglans mandshurica.

A new (2) and three known diarylheptanoids (1, 3, and 4), along with one known sesquiterpenoid (5), were isolated from the roots of Juglans mandshurica, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies. Four of these compounds (2-5) exhibited moderate cytotoxicities against human colon carcinoma and human lung carcinoma cell lines with IC(50)'s ranging from 2 to 25 microg/mL.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2003

Periods of organogenesis in mono- and bicyclic annual shoots of Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae).

The organogenetic cycle of shoots on main branches of 4-year-old Juglans regia trees was studied. Mono- and bicyclic floriferous and vegetative annual shoots were analysed. Five parent annual shoot types were sampled between October 1992 and August 1993. Organogenesis of summer growth units was monitored between 16 Jun. and 3 Aug. 1993. Variations over time in the number of nodes, cataphylls and embryonic green leaves of terminal buds were studied. The number of nodes of parent shoot buds was compared with the number of nodes of shoots derived from parent shoot buds. The spring growth units of mono- and bicyclic shoots consist exclusively of preformed leaves which were differentiated, respectively, during the spring flush of growth (mid-April until mid-May) or the summer flush of growth (mid-June until early August) in the previous growing season. Thus, winter buds may consist of flower and leaf primordia differentiated in two different periods during annual shoot extension. The summer growth units of bicyclic shoots consist of preformed leaves that were differentiated in spring buds during the spring flush of growth in the current growing season. Bud morphology is compared between spring and summer shoots.

Juglans↗
PubMed2003

Genotypic differences in branching pattern and fruiting habit in common walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Architectural analysis of 840 Slovenian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes was performed to determine the most typical and frequent morphological types and to evaluate their vegetative and generative potential. Four branching and fruiting patterns (I-IV) were detected. A 3-year-old fruiting branch, consisting of a 3-year-old shoot plus corresponding 2-year-old and 1-year-old shoots, was used as a structural unit for quantitative analysis. In the intermediate fruit-bearing types with mesotonic and acrotonic branching pattern (types II and III), the total lengths of 3-, 2- and 1-year-old shoots were 385 and 380 cm, respectively, compared with 275 and 253 cm in the terminal and lateral-fruiting types (types I and IV). In type I, 1-year-old shoots had significantly fewer nodes than in other types. In addition, they had a thinner basal diameter than types III and IV, and their angles were the most erect (39 degrees ). Only 0.4 out of 3.6 1-year-old shoots were flowering with one mixed bud with 1.9 female flowers. In type IV, 2-year-old shoots had significantly more nodes and a larger basal diameter than other types. One-year-old shoots in type IV are thicker than those in other types. Ratios between the number of flowering and the total number of 1-year-old shoots were 0.7 in type IV, 0.6 in type III, 0.5 in type II and 0.1 in type I. On 1-year-old shoots in type IV, 1.7 mixed buds with a mean of three female inflorescences per bud were counted. Consequently, the generative potential is highest in type IV and lowest in type I. In types II and III, growth and the ability to bear fruits are more balanced.

Fruit↗
PubMed2002

Expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase correlates with flavanol accumulation during heartwood formation in Juglans nigra.

Heartwood formation is generally characterized by the accumulation of phenolic substances that increase the natural color and durability of wood. Although there is evidence that these substances are synthesized in aging sapwood cells, little is known about heartwood formation at the molecular level. We monitored seasonal changes in flavanol concentration across the stems of 23-year-old Juglans nigra L. trees by sampling growth rings extending from the differentiating xylem to the heartwood. We also analyzed expression of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid structural genes in these samples. In the sapwood-heartwood transition zone, flavanol accumulation was correlated with the transcription levels of the chalcone synthase (CHS) and flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) genes. We also observed correlations between flavanol accumulation and the amount of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene transcript in October, January and May. Although transcription of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) genes did not correlate with flavanol accumulation, PAL genes were strongly expressed in the transition zone of samples collected in autumn, suggesting that their transcription in these tissues contributes to phenolic biosynthesis. Western immunoblotting showed that accumulation of CHS protein correlated with the amount of CHS gene transcript, whereas accumulation of PAL protein did not correlate with the the transcription levels PAL genes. Preliminary analyses revealed that PAL and CHS activities were higher in the transition zone than in the inner sapwood in autumn, winter, and spring. Thus, CHS activity could be regulated mainly at the transcriptional level, whereas post-translational modifications could modulate PAL activity. We conclude that flavanols are synthesized de novo in J. nigra sapwood cells that are undergoing transformation to heartwood.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2004

Somatic embryogenesis, micropropagation and plant regeneration of "Early Mature" walnut trees (Juglans regia) that flower in vitro.

Some walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) originating from central Asia display an early flowering phenotype. These "Early Mature" (EM) trees may produce flowers within months of germination. Secondary flowering waves are also observed within a growing season. Inflorescences may carry male, female and hermaphrodite flowers. Progeny obtained from selected EM trees were cultured in vitro to initiate clonal propagation of these genotypes. Embryogenic lines were established through the culture of immature zygotic embryos. Microshoot lines were obtained from germinated somatic or zygotic embryos. Plants showing EM phenotypes were recovered through direct conversion of somatic embryos or adventitious rooting of microcuttings. During the in vitro propagation phase, flower buds were observed on microshoots after three to six subcultures. Histological analysis showed that most of these flowers were hermaphrodite. In vitro apical buds were used to clone the walnut orthologous cDNAs of the AGAMOUS and APETALA 3 MADS-box genes. Northern blots revealed a preferential expression of both of these homeotic genes in flowers. The results highlight the usefulness of EM lines to study the genetic cues controlling flowering and sexual maturity in woody perennials.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2025

Analysis of genetic differences underlying chilling stress tolerance using whole genome Re-Sequencing in walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is prized worldwide for both its nutritional value and economic importance, yet it remains vulnerable to cold stress, with significant differences in tolerance among varieties. This study combined physiological analyses with whole-genome resequencing (WGS) to evaluate the cold stress responses of two varieties, &#x2018;Qingxiang&#x2019; and &#x2018;Liaoning No.8&#x2019;. Under chilling stress (0&#xa0;&#xb0;C), we measured electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzyme activity, applying both exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and the jasmonate inhibitor DIECA. Genomic variations were analyzed using WGS. Results showed that &#x2018;Liaoning No.8&#x2019; exhibited superior cold tolerance. Application of MeJA reduced electrolyte leakage by 37% and MDA accumulation by 52% on average, whereas DIECA exacerbated stress-related damage. WGS achieved 16.24&#x2013;16.26&#xd7; coverage and identified 2.73&#x2013;2.78&#xa0;million SNPs, 378&#x2013;382k InDels, 25&#x2013;26k SVs, and 7.2&#x2013;7.9k CNVs. Twenty genes containing sequence variants showed transcriptional responses under cold stress that were significantly correlated with mutation density (r&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.62, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). One gene, XM_018985465.2, which lacked SNPs in &#x2018;Liaoning No.8&#x2019;, was expressed 4.2 times more in this variety, suggesting cis-regulatory influence. These findings highlight the role of jasmonic acid signaling in enhancing cold tolerance in walnut and offer genomic insights into its underlying adaptive mechanisms.

Juglans↗
PubMed2003

Aqueous extract of walnut (Juglans regia L.) protects mice against cyclophosphamide-induced biochemical toxicity.

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is extensively used in traditional systems of medicine for treatment of various ailments. It is described as an anticancer, tonic, blood purifier and detoxifier agent. The present study was undertaken to investigate modulatory effects of walnut extract on the toxicity of an anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide (CP) with special reference to protection against disruption of drug metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes. Plant extract+CP group animals showed restoration in the level of cytochrome P450 (CYP) content and in the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and catalase (CAT) in both liver and kidneys. But plant extract restored the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidneys only when compared with CP-treated animals. Plant extract treatment alone caused significant reduction in the content of CYP in the kidneys mainly. The extract showed a significant increase in the level of GSH and in the activities of GP in both the tissues and CAT in liver only, whereas no significant change was observed in the activities of GST and SOD. CP treatment resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the liver and kidneys compared with controls, while the extract+CP treated group showed a significant decrease in the LPO in liver and kidneys when compared with the CP-treated group. The study shows that the use of J. regia extract might be helpful in abrogation of CP toxicity during the chemotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Anti-complement activity of constituents from the stem-bark of Juglans mandshurica.

Four known flavonoids and two galloyl glucoses isolated from the stem-bark of Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae), namely taxifolin (1), afzelin (2), quercitrin (3), myricitrin (4), 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose (5), and 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose (6), were evaluated for their anti-complement activity against complement system. Afzelin (2) and quercitrin (3) showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) values of 258 and 440 microM. 1,2,6-Trigalloylglucose (5) and 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose (6) exhibited anti-complement activity with IC(50) values of 136 and 34 microM. In terms of the evaluation of the structure-activity relationship of 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone, compounds 2, 3, and 4 were hydrolyzed with naringinase to give kaempferol (2a), quercetin (3a), and myricetin (4a) as their aglycones, and these were also tested for their anti-complement activity. Of the three aglycones, kaempferol (2a) exhibited weak anti-complement activity with an IC(50) value of 730 microM, while quercetin (3a) and myricetin (4a) were inactive in this assay system. Among the compounds tested, 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose (6) showed the most potent anticomplement activity (IC(50), 34 microM).

Animals↗