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PubMed2000

'Platonic jealousy': a conceptualization and review of the literature on non-romantic pathological jealousy.

Romantic jealousy has long been of interest to psychodynamically oriented clinicians. More recently empirical investigations have emerged into the causes and treatments of romantic jealousy. What has not kept pace with this interest is a wider research agenda into non-romantic forms of jealousy. While work has appeared in relation to specific groups or topics, such as sibling rivalry, no attempt has been made to draw together the material on non-romantic jealousy. In this paper the theoretical and empirical material on non-romantic jealousy is reviewed in order to answer two fundamental questions. Firstly, is non-romantic jealousy necessarily pathological? Secondly, to what extent is it helpful to subsume all forms of non-romantic jealousy under one term? It is suggested that while non-romantic jealousy is not always pathological, the term non-romantic jealousy may be a useful differentiating term, not least in highlighting an important area for future research.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

A review of sex differences in sexual jealousy, including self-report data, psychophysiological responses, interpersonal violence, and morbid jealousy.

The specific innate modular theory of jealousy hypothesizes that natural selection shaped sexual jealousy as a mechanism to prevent cuckoldry, and emotional jealousy as a mechanism to prevent resource loss. Therefore, men should be primarily jealous over a mate's sexual infidelity and women over a mate's emotional infidelity. Five lines of evidence have been offered as support: self-report responses, psychophysiological data, domestic violence (including spousal abuse and homicide), and morbid jealousy cases. This article reviews each line of evidence and finds only one hypothetical measure consistent with the hypothesis. This, however, is contradicted by a variety of other measures (including reported reactions to real infidelity). A meta-analysis of jealousy-inspired homicides, taking into account base rates for murder, found no evidence that jealousy disproportionately motivates men to kill. The findings are discussed from a social-cognitive theoretical perspective.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed2005

Men's desire for children carrying their genes and sexual jealousy: a test of paternity uncertainty as an explanation of male sexual jealousy.

In a classic study, Buss, Larson, Westen, and Semmelroth found that men were more distressed by the thought of a partner's sexual infidelity (labeled sexual jealousy) and women were more distressed by the thought of a partner's emotional infidelity (labeled emotional jealousy). Buss and his associates explained the results by suggesting that men are concerned about uncertainty of paternity, that is, the possibility of raising another man's child while believing that the child is their own. To test this explanation, the Desire for Children Scale was created. Its internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were .86 and .89, respectively. Scores correlate with stated Number of Children Desired (convergent validity) but none of the Big-Five traits (divergent validity). It was hypothesized that for men scores on this scale would correlate positively with scores on sexual jealousy. The Desire for Children Scale and the two Sexual vs Emotional Jealousy items of Buss and his associates were given to 49 men and 55 women college students enrolled in psychology courses. Their average age was 19.9 yr. (SD= 3.7), and average year in school was 2.0 (SD= 1.2). Subjects volunteered to participate in the study in exchange for course credit. The hypothesis was confirmed and gives support to the uncertainty of paternity explanation.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The expression and understanding of jealousy in children with autism.

We investigated the expression and understanding of jealousy in 16 high-functioning children with autism and 17 typically developing children matched for IQ, chronological age, gender, and maternal education. We examined the expression of jealousy via children's behaviors, verbalizations, and affects demonstrated during two jealousy-provoking triadic scenarios (drawing and playing) enacted among the child in the experimental group (autism or typical), that child's main caregiver (mostly mothers), and a familiar peer or sibling. The two scenarios corresponded with the two types of jealousy described in past studies: social-comparison jealousy (drawing scenario) and social-relational jealousy (playing scenario). To tap children's understanding, we asked them to identify jealousy from a picture, to provide examples of times they felt jealous, and to offer suggestions for coping with jealousy. The main results revealed that children with autism expressed jealousy in situations similar to their typical age mates but manifested it in different behaviors. Moreover, children with autism revealed a less coherent understanding of the feeling. We discuss the meaning of the gap between demonstrating and understanding jealousy in light of the two central theoretical views conceptualizing the core emotional deficit in children with autism.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2003

Jealousy and the meaning (or nonmeaning) of violence.

Previous research has indicated that jealousy is one of the major triggers of domestic violence. Three studies here examined North Americans' ambivalent feelings about jealousy and jealousy-related aggression. In Study 1, it was shown that participants believed both that jealousy can be a sign of insecurity and a sign of love. In Study 2, it was shown that this equating of jealousy with love can lead to the tacit acceptance of jealousy-related violence. In Study 3, it was shown that a relative acceptance of jealousy-related aggression extends to cases of emotional and sexual abuse by husbands against their wives. In both Studies 2 and 3, men who hit or abused their wives over a jealousy-related matter were judged to romantically love their wives as much as those who did not engage in abuse. Violence in the context of a non-jealousy-related argument was seen quite negatively, but it lost a great deal of its negativity in the jealousy case.

Attitude↗

PubMed2005

Friendship jealousy in young adolescents: individual differences and links to sex, self-esteem, aggression, and social adjustment.

Children's vulnerability to jealousy surrounding their best friends was explored in 2 studies. Study 1 involved 94 adolescents who reported on their friendship jealousy on a newly created measure. Results indicated that the jealousy measure had sound psychometric properties and produced individual differences that were robust over time and free from socially desirable responding. As expected, girls and adolescents with low self-worth reported the greatest friendship jealousy. Study 2 involved 399 young adolescents and extended the measurement of self-report jealousy to a broader age range. In addition, Study 2 included assessments of jealousy provided by friends and other peers. Self- and peer-reported jealousy were only modestly associated and had somewhat distinct correlates. Structural modeling revealed that young adolescents' reputation for friendship jealousy was linked to behaving aggressively and to broader peer adjustment difficulties. Both self- and peer-reported jealousy contributed to loneliness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

[Othello syndrome--jealousy and jealous delusions as symptoms of psychiatric disorders].

Jealousy as a psychopathological symptom has long been neglected by psychiatric research. Despite the obvious difficulty to prove or exclude the infidelity of a spouse, delusional jealousy can clearly be considered as pathological, but the evaluation and classification of non-psychotic jealousy remains a challenge. Typical psychopathological symptoms which usually accompany pathological jealousy and the prevalence of delusional jealousy in different psychiatric disorders are described. In delusional jealousy neuroleptic treatment is necessary. Positive results have been reported especially with pimozide. For non-psychotic jealousy various forms of psychotherapy have been advocated to improve self-esteem or to treat other psychological disorders. Other possible interventions are alcohol therapy or family counselling. Many studies show that jealousy is a frequent motive in homicide with the spouse being nearly exclusively the victim. Finally some forensic aspects of jealousy are discussed.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed1994

Jealousy: a community study.

This study represents the first attempt to study sexual jealousy in a random community sample. Jealousy was reported by all subjects. Men, when jealous, were particularly concerned about the potential loss of the partner, whereas women were more concerned with the effects of infidelity on the quality of the relationship. Behaviours such as searching the partner's belongings or inspecting their clothes for signs of sexual activity correlated with unusually intense jealousy. Men tended to cope with jealousy by using denial and avoidance, whereas women were more likely to express their distress and to try to make themselves more attractive to their erring partner. Greater jealousy concerns were expressed by young men who had either married early or were now living without a partner. Heavy drinkers and those reporting more psychiatric symptoms were also more prone to jealousy. A clear correlation emerged between lowered self-esteem and increased jealousy, which was particularly marked in women, for whom robust self-esteem was virtually incompatible with high jealousy concerns. The study supported the prosaic notion that those who are satisfied with their romantic attachments are less prone to jealous suspicions. This study offers a starting point for the clinician seeking information about the experience of jealousy in the community.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Delusional jealousy in dementia.

BACKGROUND: Delusional jealousy is a major motive for violence and is sometimes found in demented patients. This study was undertaken to investigate the frequency and the characteristics of delusional jealousy in demented patients. METHOD: The sample population consisted of 133 demented patients admitted to the geropsychiatric ward. Patients with and without delusional jealousy were compared in terms of general characteristics and psychotic symptoms. RESULTS: Of the 133 demented patients, 21 (15.8%) showed delusional jealousy. Delusional jealousy was found in various types of dementia. There were no significant differences between the two groups in regard to age, age at onset, gender, educational level, and Mini-Mental State Examination score. All patients with delusional jealousy had at least one other psychotic symptom. CONCLUSION: Delusional jealousy is a common problem in dementia. The psychobiological factors of delusional jealousy and cognitive function in demented patients may differ. There may be various underlying factors for the development of delusional jealousy in dementia.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Jealousy, general creativity, and coping with social frustration during the menstrual cycle.

Sensitivity to feelings of jealousy in women (n = 16) at three phases of their menstrual cycle differing in serum hormone concentrations (menses, preovulatory phase, midluteal phase) was investigated. Nonspecific electrodermal activity indicating sympathetic excitation was measured while subjects listened to stories and imagined situations inducing (i) nonsexual jealousy (the partner forms a deep emotional attachment to another woman), (ii) sexual jealousy (the partner has sexual intercourse with another woman), and (iii) no jealousy (social interaction lacking intense emotionality). Subjective ratings of the intensity of jealousy during both stories of jealousy were also assessed. In addition, changes in cognitive coping abilities, in general, and in the context of socially frustrating events, were assessed by tests of divergent thinking (creativity) and the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test. Frequency of nonspecific electrodermal reactions was generally enhanced during the preovulatory phase. This increase was particularly strong when the women listened to stories inducing nonsexual jealousy, i.e., a story characterized by cues of a complete loss of the partner's investment. Rated jealousy tended to be enhanced during the ovulatory phase, especially after the story of nonsexual jealousy. These changes in emotionality were paralleled by an improved divergent thinking performance and less aggressive coping with socially frustrating events around the time of ovulation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Morbid jealousy in alcoholism.

BACKGROUND: Morbid jealousy is an incompletely understood syndrome. The association between morbid jealousy and alcoholism is unclear. METHOD: Morbid jealousy was assessed in 207 male patients with alcohol dependence (DSM-III-R) using a semi-structured interview schedule administered both to patients and their spouses. RESULTS: Thirty-four per cent (71 out of 207) suffered from morbid jealousy. Morbid jealousy had different manifestations. Some patients expressed it only when intoxicated, others even when sober and in some the jealousy took the form of a delusional disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Alcoholism appears to have an aetiological role in the development of morbid jealousy. Detecting morbid jealousy when it is expressed only under the influence of alcohol has preventive implications.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The relationship between culture, personality, and sexual jealousy in men in heterosexual and homosexual relationships.

This study proposes a new approach to sexual jealousy, that of attitude theory. Within that framework, it examines the roles of culture and personality in the development of sexual jealousy. Using 194 men representing 62 male homosexual couples and 81 heterosexual couples, three hypotheses were analyzed: (1) that jealousy measured by a standard attitude measure, the semantic differential technique, will significantly positively correlate with scores on a standard jealousy measure, Eugene Mathes' Interpersonal Jealousy Scale; (2) that men in heterosexual couples will have higher levels of sexual jealousy than men in homosexual couples; and (3) that sexual jealousy is inversely correlated with self-actualization personality. All three hypotheses were supported, suggesting that sexual jealousy, viewed as an attitude, is mediated by culture and personality.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Normal and obsessional jealousy: a study of a population of young adults.

BACKGROUND: Jealousy is a heterogenous emotion ranging from normality to pathology. Several problems still exist in the distinction between normal and pathological jealousy. AIM OF THE STUDY: With the present study, we aimed to contribute to the definition of the boundary between obsessional and normal jealousy by means of a specific self-report questionnaire developed by us. METHOD: The questionnaire called "Questionnaire on the Affective Relationships" (QAR) and consisting of 30 items, was administered to 400 university students of both sexes and to 14 outpatients affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) whose main obsession was jealousy. The total scores and single items were analysed and compared. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-five, approximately 61% of the questionnaires, were returned. The statistical analyses showed that patients with OCD had higher total scores than healthy subjects; in addition, it was possible to identify an intermediate group of subjects, corresponding to 10% of the total, who were concerned by jealousy thoughts around the partner, but at a lower degree than patients, and that we called "healthy jealous subjects" because they had no other psychopathological trait. Significant differences were also observed for single items in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that 10% of a population of university students, albeit normal, have jealousy thoughts around the partner, as emerged by the specific questionnaire developed by us. This instrument permitted to clearly distinguish these subjects from patients with OCD and healthy subjects with no jealousy concern.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Sexual jealousy in alcoholics.

A hundred patients referred to an alcoholism service were assessed in terms of sexual jealousy by interview and with a Sexual Jealousy Questionnaire. The overall incidence of sexual jealousy was 35% in men and 31% in women as judged by the interview. Twenty-seven per cent of the men and 15% of the women had morbid jealousy. There was no relationship between sexual jealousy, as measured by the questionnaire, and sexual dysfunction. However, in the men there were inverse relationships between the scores for sexual jealousy and measures of sexual satisfaction and marital stability, and in the women sexual jealousy scores correlated negatively with duration of the marriage and positively with severity of alcohol dependence.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Jealousy and subthreshold psychopathology: a serotonergic link.

BACKGROUND: A few studies suggest that different neurotransmitters may play a role in the expression of jealousy. Our study aimed to explore the serotonergic system by means of the specific binding of (3)H-paroxetine ((3)H-Par) to platelet membranes of healthy subjects with and without excessive jealousy concerns, according to a specific self-administered questionnaire [Questionnaire for affective relationships (QAR)]. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study sample includes 21 subjects concerned by jealousy thoughts and 21 control subjects without jealousy concerns, as shown by their QAR scores. Subjects of the first group were administered a battery of self-report instruments designed to detect the presence of typical, atypical and subthreshold psychopathology. Platelet membranes and (3)H-Par binding were carried out according to standardized protocols. RESULTS: Subjects with excessive jealousy concerns had a reduced density of (3)H-Par binding as compared with control subjects without jealousy concerns and had one or more psychiatric spectrum conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that excessive jealousy is associated with various forms of psychopathology and may be underlain by alteration of the serotonergic system, as reflected by the lower density of the platelet serotonin transporter.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Forensic importance of jealousy.

The aim of the investigation is to define as clearly as possible specific forensic psychiatric characteristics of persons who committed homicide and or attempted due to jealousy (the nature and severity of psychopathology, the level of responsibility, danger for the community, intensity and nature of aggression, the victimologic dimension, the relation of alcohol and jealousy). A retrospective method based on forensic psychiatric expertises in the period 1975-1999 was used. They encompassed 200 examinees that committed murder or attempted it. The results show the connection of psychotic jealousy with the highest degree of danger in diagnostic categories of paranoid psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia. The time span from the first manifestations of jealousy until the actual commitment of a crime is the longest in personality disorders and the shortest in schizophrenia. Exogenous provoking situations were dominant for committing homicide due to jealousy in personality disorders. Acute alcohol intoxication has a specific significance in crime due to jealousy in the same diagnostic category. Clear criteria were designed for forensic psychiatric evaluation of murder and attempts of homicide caused by jealousy, which will be of help in everyday practice in the field forensic work and treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Atypical expressions of jealousy in infants of intrusive- and withdrawn-depressed mothers.

To determine whether atypical jealousy responses in infants of depressed mothers are differentiated by maternal nonoptimal interactive profiles, 12-month-old infants of intrusive-depressed and withdrawn-depressed mothers were observed with their mothers and a stranger in two contexts. In the first, infants were fully ignored in a less stressful context in which the adults focused on a picture book. In the second, infants were fully ignored in a more stressful, jealousy-inducement context, in which the adults attended to an infant-like doll. Cross-context comparisons revealed that the jealousy-inducement condition was associated with infants of intrusive-depressed mothers demonstrating greater play, and lesser proximal and distal behaviors toward their mothers. In contrast, the jealousy-inducement condition was associated with infants of withdrawn-depressed mothers directing greater proximal contacts toward the stranger. This investigation identified that as early as infancy, dysregulated expressions of jealousy are differentiated by depressed mothers' nonoptimal interactive patterns. Findings of this preliminary study call for investigative attention to this uncharted area of inquiry into mental health, and specifically, works addressing the importance of maternal characteristics to the unfolding of normative and atypical jealousy in infancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Effect of relationship length on the experience, expression, and perceived appropriateness of jealousy.

The effect of relationship length on the perceived appropriateness and intensity of the experience and expression of romantic jealousy among American students was explored. Linear increases in perceived appropriateness and intensity of jealousy were predicted. The results largely supported the hypotheses, with jealousy experience, expression, and perceived appropriateness of jealousy expression increasing over time. However, the perceived appropriateness of jealousy experience did not vary significantly across relationship lengths. Ethnic differences in perceptions of appropriateness of jealousy experience and expression were also found.

Adult↗