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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

The effect of a copper iud and "inert" iuds on the incorporation of 3-h-thymidine and 5-3-h-uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit after stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin.

The present investigation studied the influence of different types of intra-uterine devices (IUDs) especially that of a copper IUD, on the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine and 5-3-H-uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit. "Inert" IUD. In non-stimulated rabbits, the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine was increased in the copper influenced horn. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine in control and Cu-IUD-containing horns reached a maximum at 48 hours after HCG stimulation, but was significantly lower in the copper-containing horn than in the control horn. On the fifth day of pseudopregnancy, the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine was significantly higher in the copper IUD-containing horn. The total amount of DNA in the endometrium increased during early pseudopregnancy, but this increase was markedly reduced in the presence of copper. The copper IUD had no influence on the rate of incorporation of 5-3-H-uridine in non-stimulated rabbits, whereas it caused a higher incorporation on the fifth day of pseudopregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effect of a copper IUD and various "inert" Iuds on the histological picture of the rabbit endometrium during early pseudopregnancy and pregnancy.

The influence of a copper IUD and two "inert" IUDs on the histological picture of the rabbit endometrium during early pseudopregnancy and early pregnancy was studied. The copper IUD markedly inhibited the endometrial maturation during the first five days of both pseudopregnancy and pregnancy. The "inert" IUDs had no such effect. The copper IUD prevented the normal response of the rabbit uterus to 17-beta-estradiol in castrated animals. The observed effects of the copper IUD might seriously interfere with the normal process of implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of the performance of the copper T380A IUD up to ten years. Is this IUD a reversible but potentially permanent method?

The clinical experience of a cohort of 340 women using a TCu380A IUD for up to 10 years at the Family Planning Clinic of the State University of Campinas, Brazil was evaluated by life-table analysis. Removals for medical reasons were more frequent during the first year of use, while from the third year on, removals for personal reasons were more frequent. Expulsions were concentrated in the first two years of use, and none were detected after the fourth. Gross pregnancy rate accumulated to 2.0, 2.8 and 5.3 and continuation rate was 64.2, 43.4 and 27.8 per 100 women at three, six and ten years of use, respectively. The effectiveness of the device did not decrease significantly after the eighth year of use and it could be considered a reversible but potentially permanent method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The multiload IUD--a U.S. researcher's evaluation of a European device.

This evaluative review focused on the performance and safety of the Dutch-made Multiload copper IUD, primarily the Multiload-375 (MLCu-375) model which has a longer life expectancy (5 or more years) than the Multiload-250 (MLCu-250) model, usually cited for a life expectancy for three years. This copper-medicated IUD differs from the copper-T IUDs in shape and insertion technique. The review shows that (a) the MLCu-375 IUD seems to be slightly less effective in preventing pregnancies than TCu-380A IUD. Its efficacy is comparable to that of the Nova-T by two to three years of use; (b) the MLCu-250 IUD is similarly effective to TCu-200 but may be slightly less effective than TCu-220C; (c) no consistent differences were detectable in expulsion rates or in removal rates for bleeding/pain between the Multiload IUDs and comparative Copper-T IUDs; (d) the Multiload IUDs may perform better in nulliparous women than the T-shaped devices; (e) no or a very low incidence of uterine perforation is associated with insertions of the Multiload IUD; (f) ectopic pregnancy risks are similarly low in Multiload IUD users as in Copper-T-380A users; and (g) pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) risks are similarly low in Multiload IUD users as in users of T-shaped copper IUDs.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Is users' knowledge about contraceptives adequate? A case study of Finnish IUD users.

Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are popular: in Finland, in 1987, about 25% of women of childbearing age used them. We studied Finnish women's knowledge about contraindications for and side-effects of IUD use, with emphasis on current users. In December 1987-January 1988, a postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 1000 women of childbearing age, in Uusimaa province, which includes the capital, Helsinki. After three reminders, the response rate was 84%. We compared the answers of current and past users and nonusers of IUDs, and analyzed the associations between IUD use, education, age, and knowledge about side-effects. In contrast to the recommendations for use and information to be given to the contraceptive users, a substantial proportion of current IUD users assumed there are few limitations for IUD use. Some side-effects possibly leading to severe consequences were not considered to be connected with IUD use, not even by users. Although risk of infection was a quite well known fact, infertility was seldom associated with IUD use, and 22% of current IUD users did not associate ectopic pregnancy with IUDs. The results thus suggest that contraceptive counseling is not fully adequate and should receive more attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Complications associated with IUD use in a family practice setting.

This study compares the complication rate of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) with other contraceptive measures in a residency practice. The study population included 220 randomly selected women who had IUDs inserted by residents over a five-year period. One hundred similarly selected women started on birth control pills (BCP) were used as a control group. Of the IUD patients, 8.6 percent developed pelvic inflammatory disease vs 2 percent of the BCP patients. The incidence of gonorrhea was not significantly different between the two groups: 8.2 percent for the IUD groups vs 7 percent for the BCP group. Discontinuation of IUDs for reasons other than desiring pregnancy was significantly higher than discontinuation of BCPs: 41 percent vs 12 percent. Of the total IUD insertions, there were 21 expulsions (10 percent) and one uterine perforation (0.4 percent). Five pregnancies occurred in the IUD group, yielding a pregnancy rate of 1.7 per 100 women-years. There was a four percent rate of gynecologic hospitalizations in the IUD group as contrasted with one percent rate in BCP group. IUD use in the family practice setting under study is associated with comparatively poor long-term acceptance and a relatively high rate of complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Postpartum IUDS: keys for success.

Intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is convenient and efficient in the postplacental and immediate postpartum periods. Insertion at these times is demonstrably safe, having a low incidence of infection, few bleeding problems, and low perforation rates. IUD expulsion rates can vary widely, and are a function of timing of insertion, type of IUD, and insertion technique. When a copper T device is inserted postplacentally or immediately postpartum by an experienced and trained clinician, expulsion rates of about 7-15 per 100 users at six months can be expected. Women must be told how to detect expulsions and instructed to return for reinsertion or for another method. Most investigators emphasize that high fundal IUD placement will reduce the expulsion rate. Unplanned pregnancy rates for postplacental IUD insertion range from 2.0-2.8 per 100 users at 24 months when using modern copper IUDs, correct insertion technique, careful postinsertion instructions and good follow-up. Postplacental insertions are performed manually or with a ring forceps. Immediate postpartum insertions (10 minutes to 48 hours after delivery) are performed with the ring forceps.

Contraception↗
PubMed1977

[Perspectives of ultrasonic diagnosis for the localization of intrauterine pessaries. Ultrasonic presentation of various types of IUDs].

The authors report on their experiences with ultrasonic localization of several types of IUDs. The investigations were carried out with the ultrasonic equipment-B-scanning -- Vidoson S 635 (Siemens). The characteristics of the echosonic pictures of 6 IUDs (Szontágh-IUD, Lippes-Loop, Gravigard, Alza-T, Copper-T, Antigon were studied. It could be stated that the IUDs can be well identified by ultrasonics. In cases of IUD in situ and early pregnancy the amnion and the IUD can be exactly localized.

Amnion↗
PubMed1975

IUD-related hospitalizations. United States and Puerto Rico, 1973.

In a mail survey of physicians likely to be involved with intrauterine contraception in the United States and Puerto Rico, 49.2% of the physicians responded, describing 3,502 unduplicated reports of hospitalizations related to the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) during the first six months of 1973. We estimate from this response that approximately 7,900 IUD-related hospitalizations occurred during that period. Interviews with a probability sample of nonrespondents demonstrated that their IUD complication experience was not substantially different from that reported through the mail survey. Estimates of the number of IUDs worn in 1973 permit rate calculations of three to ten IUD-related hospitalizations per 1,000 woman-years of IUD use. The rate of hospitalizations attributable to the IUD is probably higher that that attributable to combination oral contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Second-trimester spontaneous abortion, the IUD, and infection.

Nineteen cases of spontaneous second-trimester abortion associated with the intrauterine device (IUD) are reviewed and compared to 30 cases of spontaneous second-trimester abortion not associated with the IUD. Fifteen of the IUD's were Dalkon shields and four were Lippes loops. 16 of the 19 IUD-associated abortions began either with prolonged rupture of membranes or signs and symptoms of infection. Infection occurred in 18 or 19 of the cases (95%) but only 30% of the comparison group. Eleven major complications occurred in eight patients in the IUD group but only 8 complications occurred among 7 patients in the comparison group. It is suggested that when the IUD remains in utero during pregnancy, it may be a causal factor in second-trimester spontaneous abortion, and that intrauterine infection is the distinguishing characteristic of such cases. Mechanisms are suggested by which the IUD might cause infected abortion.

Abortion, Septic↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of segmented polyether urethane with polyethylene IUDs in rabbits.

A segmented polyether urethane IUD was compared with a polyethylene IUD in rabbits. The contraceptive efficacy of urethane IUDs was excellent. Moreover, the purulent slippery deposit present with the polyethylene IUDs and observed by Davis et al. (1) was absent. Our studies indicate that the polyether urethane IUDs have a high degree of antifertility activity in rabbits and these IUDs have reduced inflammatory response, based on leucocytic infiltration and tissue debris in the uterine lumen. It is suggested that polyether urethane IUDs not requiring copper or other medication can be designed for high contraceptive efficacy, intrauterine compatibility and with the necessary rigidity for proper uterine retention in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bacterial infection in relation to pain and irregular bleeding in women using IUD.

Pain and metrorrhagia in women using IUDs are often the reason for removing the IUD. In 54 women where the IUD was removed, uterine fluid for bacteriologic cultures was taken from the removed IUD. There was a correlation between positive cultures and symptoms of pain and metrorrhagia. Spotty bleeding caused by microtraumata and increased fibrinolytic activity of the IUD might thus consitute a substrate for bacterial invasion resulting in endometritis and in turn increased bleeding and pain. In 18 male consorts of females with positive cultures, asymptomatic bacteriospermia was found. Treatment offered alleviated symptoms. Removal of the IUD need thus not be necessary.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1978

Febrile spontaneous abortion and the IUD.

A case-control study was done to determine the risk and pathogenesis of febrile spontaneous abortion for intrauterine device (IUD) wearers compared to non-wearers. Four groups of women coming to a large city hospital between 1970 and 1975 were compared: 1) women presenting with febrile spontaneous abortion, 2) women presenting with afebrile spontaneous abortion, 3) women presenting with afebrile spontaneous abortion which subsequently became febrile, and 4) women delivering a live infant. Pregnant women with an IUD in situ had a 5-fold higher risk of both febrile and afebrile spontaneous abortion compared to pregnant women without an IUD in situ. Women who had a spontaneous abortion that shifted from afebrile to febrile were somewhat more likely to be IUD wearers than the other 2 spontaneous abortion groups. In our study population, the increased risk of febrile spontaneous abortion for IUD wearers appeared primarily due to the increased risk of the spontaneous abortion event itself, rather than a primary IUD-related infection causing febrile spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1979

Differences in effect of copper and ProgestasertR IUDS on fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium in the rabbit.

Rabbits, which have two separate uteri, were used to assess intraindividual differences in the endometrial fibrinolytic activity in the two uteri, one containing a copper IUD and the other a progesterone-releasing IUD (ProgestasertR). A higher activity was demonstrated in the uterus containing the copper-IUD. Enhanced fibrinolytic activity in the endometrium has been held responsible for the increased menstrual blood loss in women using different IUDs. Thus, the present experimental study supports the clinical observation that women using ProgestasertR-IUD have less bleeding complaints than those using copper-IUD.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ectopic pregnancy among past IUD users.

The relationship between return to fertility and pregnancy outcome in women with IUD removal for planned pregnancy as well as the frequency of ectopic pregnancy among all former IUD users in comparison with the general population was studied. The cumulative conception rate in the group of women with IUD removal for planned pregnancy (n = 748) was 93.7% after 5 years, 93.4% being intrauterine and 0.3% ectopic. Rates of ectopic pregnancy in women with IUD removed for planned pregnancy were 2.7/1000 women, 3.6/1000 deliveries and 2.9/1000 pregnancies vs. 3.9, 13.4 and 5.6 in the general population. Only when the number of deliveries is used as denominator, have these differences reached statistical significance (P less than 0.05). Except for bleeding/pain and PID removals (6.0 vs. 3.9), in all other groups of former IUD users the incidence of ectopic pregnancy was also lower than in the control group. From the results of this study it was concluded that former IUD users are not at an increased risk for ectopic pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Varying effects of an IUD on decidualization in mice.

Chronically implanted IUDs consisting of silk suture threads induced decidualization in regions of the uterus remote from the suture site in ovariectomized mice treated with a regimen of progesterone and oestrogen which sensitizes the uterus to a decidual stimulus. In these conditions the IUDs did not inhibit decidualization induced by instilled oil, although they did so in pregnant animals of the same strain. Varying the dose of progesterone and oestrogen did not produce conditions in which IUD's inhibited oil-induced decidualization in ovariectomized mice and progesterone treatment did not prevent IUDs inhibiting decidualization in pregnant animals. However, when ovariectomized mice, sensitized as before, were primed repeatedly with oestrogen to simulate continuing oestrous cycles after IUD insertion, the IUD's inhibited oil-induced decidualization. This involved the premature loss of instilled oil from the uterine lumen and was associated with heavy infiltration of leucocytes into the luminal epithelium. Numbers of leucocytes free in the uterine lumen did not appear to be critical. It appears that contact between the oil and the luminal epithelial surface must be sustained for some length of time to induce a decidual reaction; brief contact is not sufficient to trigger the response.

Animals↗