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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, and anemia among preschool children in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the co-occurrence of vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, and anemia among young children in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. METHODS: Hemoglobin, serum retinol, and serum ferritin were assessed in the Republic of the Marshall Islands Vitamin A Deficiency Study, a community-based survey that involved 919 children ages 1 to 5 y. RESULTS: The proportion of children with vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol concentrations < 0.70 microM/L) was 59.9%. The prevalences of anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L), iron deficiency (serum ferritin < 12 microg/L), and iron deficiency anemia (iron deficiency and anemia) were 36.4%, 53.5%, and 23.8%, respectively. The proportion of children who had co-occurrence of vitamin A and iron deficiencies was 33.2%. The mean ages of children with and without vitamin A deficiency were 3.2 +/- 1.4 and 2.9 +/- 1.5 y, respectively (P = 0.01), and the mean ages of those with and without iron deficiency were 2.7 +/- 1.3 and 3.5 +/- 1.4 y, respectively (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Children in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, ages 1 to 5 y, are at high risk of anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iron deficiency, and one-third of these children had the co-occurrence of vitamin A and iron deficiencies. Further investigation is needed to identify risk factors and evaluate interventions to address vitamin A and iron deficiencies among children.

Anemia↗
PubMed2004

Relationship of vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, and inflammation to anemia among preschool children in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

INTRODUCTION: Although vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, and inflammation may contribute to anemia, their relative contribution to anemia has not been well characterized in preschool children in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the contributions of vitamin A and iron deficiencies and inflammation to anemia among preschool children in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A community-based survey, the Republic of the Marshall Islands Vitamin A Deficiency Study, was conducted among 919 preschool children. The relationship of vitamin A and iron status and markers of inflammation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and interleukin-10, to anemia were studied in a subsample of 367 children. RESULTS: Among the 367 children, the prevalence of anemia was 42.5%. The prevalence of severe vitamin A deficiency (serum vitamin A < 0.35 micromol/l) and iron deficiency (serum ferritin < 12 microg/dl) were 10.9 and 51.7%, respectively. The respective prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/l and iron deficiency), anemia with inflammation (anemia with TNF-alpha > 2 pg/ml and/or AGP > 1000 mg/l), and severe vitamin A deficiency combined with anemia was 26.7, 35.6, and 7.6%. In multivariate linear regression models that adjusted for age, sex, and inflammation, both iron deficiency (odds ratio (OR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-2.83, P = 0.023) and severe vitamin A deficiency (OR 4.85, 95% CI 2.14-10.9, P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Both iron and vitamin A deficiencies were independent risk factors for anemia, but inflammation was not a significant risk factor for anemia among these preschool children.

Anemia↗
PubMed1996

Strategies for the prevention of iron deficiency: iron in infant formulas and baby foods.

Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutrition deficiency among infants and young children in industrialized as well as developing countries. It is a condition that is preventable through appropriate dietary measures. The infant born at term is endowed with a sizable amount of iron, which allows the infant to be fed a nearly iron-free diet (e.g., breast milk) for 4-6 months without becoming overtly iron deficient. This has led some to conclude that depletion of iron stores in healthy infants is a normal and, hence, innocuous process that usually gives way to gradual repletion of iron stores as dietary diversification leads to greater iron intakes. Preservation of maternal iron stores at the expense of infant iron stores may have offered survival advantages to the human species during evolution. But there is no evidence that depletion of iron stores can offer advantages to infants in industrialized or developing countries. On the contrary, there is ample documentation of shortterm as well as long-term adverse effects from iron deficiency. Prudence therefore dictates that a high priority be assigned to the prevention of iron depletion and deficiency among infants and young children worldwide.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2004

The effect of alcohol consumption on the prevalence of iron overload, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Our aim was to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and iron overload, iron deficiency, or iron deficiency anemia in the U.S. population. METHODS: Adult participants of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who did not consume alcohol (n = 8839) were compared with participants who consumed < or =1 (n = 4976), >1 to < or =2 (n = 1153), or >2 (n = 915) alcoholic drinks/day during the preceding 12 months. We examined the following markers of iron overload: elevated serum transferrin-iron saturation (TS) level (>45%, >50%, and >60%), elevated serum ferritin level (>300, >400, >500, and >600 ng/mL), and combinations of both elevated serum TS and ferritin levels. Iron deficiency was defined as the presence of at least 2 of the following: serum ferritin level <12 ng/mL, serum TS level <15%, and erythrocyte protoporphyrin level >1.24 micromol/L. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as the presence of both iron deficiency and anemia. RESULTS: Compared with nondrinkers, the prevalence of all markers of iron overload was significantly elevated among those who consumed >2 alcoholic drinks/day after adjusting for potential confounders. Consumption of any amount of alcohol was associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of iron deficiency anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of up to 2 alcoholic drinks/day seems to be associated with reduced risk of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia without a concomitant increase in the risk of iron overload. Consumption of >2 alcoholic drinks/day is associated with a significant elevation in the risk of iron overload.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Injection drug use is an independent risk factor for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women.

The risk factors for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among female injection drug users are not well characterized. We measured hemoglobin and plasma ferritin and obtained demographic information and injection drug use history in the last 6 months in a cross-sectional study of 200 female injection drug users (134 HIV-positive and 66 HIV-negative). The women were participants in a natural history study, the AIDS Linked to Intravenous Experiences study in Baltimore, Maryland. In multivariate analyses adjusting for age, hepatitis C virus status, and HIV status, injection drug use within the last 6 months was associated with iron deficiency (odds ratio [OR] = 2.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33 to 5.09) and iron deficiency anemia (OR = 6.65, 95% CI: 2.33 to 18.9). Among 134 HIV-positive women, injection drug use in the last 6 months was associated with iron deficiency (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.08 to 5.48) and iron deficiency anemia (OR = 6.05, 95% CI: 1.82 to 20.1) in multivariate analyses adjusting for hepatitis C virus status and CD4 lymphocyte count. Injection drug use seems to be associated with iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Further longitudinal studies are needed to gain insight into the nature of this association.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among three populations of female military personnel in the US Army.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency disease in the world and occurs in young women in the United States. Female military personnel represent a unique population faced with intense physical and cognitive demands. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among three populations of female military personnel in the US Army. METHODS: Iron status was assessed in 1216 volunteers. Volunteers were recruited from three groups: immediately following initial entry to the Army (IET), immediately following basic combat training (AIT), or following at least six months of permanent assignment (PP). Iron deficiency was determined using a three variable model, including cut-off values for serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and red cell distribution width (RDW). Iron deficiency anemia was categorized by iron deficiency and a hemoglobin (Hgb) value of <12 g/dL. RESULTS: The prevalence of iron deficiency was greater in women in the AIT group (32.8%) than in the IET and PP groups (13.4 and 9.6%, respectively). The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was greater in the AIT group (20.9%) than in the IET and PP groups (5.8 and 4.8%, respectively). Furthermore, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was greater in Hispanic (21.9%) and African-American military personnel (22.9%) than in Caucasian military personnel (10.5%). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that female military personnel experience diminished iron status following training, and that iron nutriture is an important issue facing females in the military.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia during infancy and childhood.

UNLABELLED: The present definition of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia is under debate. Our present figures for the prevalence of iron deficiency in infants and toddlers are thus disputed. CONCLUSION: Better understanding of the regulation of iron metabolism and requirement during the critical early period of growth and development is needed for relevant control of iron deficiency anaemia.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2000

[Prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in tropical areas].

Iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional disease in the World. It is prevalent in tropical areas especially in pregnant women and children. The main cause in these areas is consumption of foods containing inhibitors of iron absorption resulting in insufficient bioavailability. In advanced stages of iron deficiency, low hemoglobin levels lead to anemia. Functional consequences of anemia depend on age including mental and physical retardation in children and work disability in adults. Although other disorders including parasitic, infectious, genetic, and nutritional diseases may be involved in anemia in tropical areas, iron deficiency is always a factor because of nutritional conditions. The WHO has proposed laboratory criteria for use in establishing the incidence of iron deficiency and related anemia in a given population. Based on several surveys, four preventive strategies have been developed, i.e., dietary diversification, iron supplementation, general public health measures, and food fortification. Each of these strategies has advantages and disadvantages. The prevailing consensus is that coordinated use of these approaches holds forth the only hope of impacting the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia in tropical regions.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1997

A method to estimate prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in adolescent Jamaican girls.

A method is presented to estimate a cutoff for hemoglobin concentration appropriate for estimating the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in poor Jamaican girls 13-14 y of age. Iron deficiency was determined from a three-variable model of iron status (serum ferritin, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and mean corpuscular volume). The most appropriate hemoglobin cutoff was considered the one that minimized misclassification of iron deficiency: that yielding the maximum kappa coefficient for correctly classifying iron deficiency between 100 and 120 g/L, at 1-g/L intervals. By using this method, a hemoglobin cutoff of 107 g/L was considered most appropriate. This cutoff and the other indicators were used to estimate prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in the Jamaican girls: 7.6% and 4.3%, respectively. This approach should be appropriate for determining hemoglobin cutoffs for iron deficiency anemia in other populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Relationship Between Gestational Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency in the Newborn; Erythrocytes.

Objective: To investigate the iron status of women at term and its impact in their neonates. Study design: Serum ferritin (SF) was measured in 201 women at term and in their newborns. The relationship between maternal and infant SF and hemoglobin (Hb) and the effects of partial prenatal care and iron supplementation were analyzed. Results: 86% of the women had iron deficiency (ID) at term and 46% were anemic. 13 (7.5%) of the babies born to the 172 iron deficient mothers were also iron deficient, but none of the babies born to the 29 mothers with SF levels > 12 &mgr;g/L. The mean cord ferritin level (103.6 +/- 75 &mgr;g/L) and Hb (164 +/- 20 g/L) were significantly higher in babies born to mothers who had SF > 12 &mgr;g/L, compared to babies born to iron deficient mothers (73.5 +/- 49 &mgr;g/L and 156 +/- 16 g/L). The respective values in iron deficient babies were 7.1 +/- 3.5 &mgr;g/L and 157 +/- 9.0 g/L, compared to 82.8 +/- 52.8 &mgr;g/L and 162 +/- 17.5 g/L in the iron sufficient babies. Conclusion: ID was diagnosed in 86% of women at term and in 7.5% of their neonates. A placental iron threshold, limiting iron acquiscition by the fetuses of women with severe ID, is suggested.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

A prevalence survey of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in pregnant and lactating women, adult males and pre-school children in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in selected population groups in Zimbabwe. DESIGN: The study was a cross sectional, household prevalence survey. A structured questionnaire was used to interview study participants to elicit information on risk factors associated with iron status and IDA. Blood samples were collected for quantitative measurement of ferritin in serum and haemoglobin estimation as part of a full blood count. SETTING: The study was conducted in four administrative provinces of the country, Mashonaland Central, Midlands, Matebeleland South and Matebeleland North covering three of the five agro-ecological regions of the country. Thirty clusters were randomly selected from 28 enumeration districts. SUBJECTS: The multistage sampling technique was applied. The total sample consisted of 3,151 study participants made up of 746 pregnant women, 800 lactating women, 811 adult males and 799 pre-school children. Up to 202 results could not be used in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: R Stoltzfus, emphasizes that haemoglobin concentration is the key indicator for IDA surveillance. Serum ferritin levels measured against 10 ng/dl for females and 15 ng/dl for males as standards below which there is IDA. Serum ferritin levels of over 300 ng/dl above which there is iron overload. Haemoglobin levels were based on the World Health Organisation standards of 11 g/dl below which pregnant women and preschool children were considered to have IDA, 13 g/dl for adult males and 12 g/dl for lactating women. The proportion of individual households with protected water supplies, sanitation and levels of education as they influence the prevalence of IDA. Dietary habits with regards their influence on iron availability. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of IDA was 24.1% of the total study sample. Of the preschool children surveyed 17.7% had IDA, 33.0% of pregnant women, 29.6% of lactating women and 16.5% of adult males had IDA. Of the population 9.1% surveyed had evidence of iron depletion on the basis of serum ferritin levels. More of the pregnant women had iron depletion, 14.8%, compared to adult males with 2.2%. Individuals in regions IV and V were much more affected by iron depletion and IDA than their counterparts in regions II and III in this study. CONCLUSION: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a problem of public health significance in Zimbabwe and is associated with areas of food insecurity. From a policy perspective the prevention and control of IDA should be a priority on national nutrition and health agenda.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Prospects, inabilities and achievements in epidemiologic studies on iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.

In this review a critical appraisal of the criteria proposed for the diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia is presented, together with an analytical report on the prevalence of both deficiencies among 3,586 infants, children and adolescents from various areas of Greece. Recent advances in prevention are also discussed, especially for infants and children at puberty, in which the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was found to be very high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Frequency of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].

266 children with iron deficiency were treated over a period of 2 years. The incidence rate and age distribution did not deviate much compared with former results. A different incidence of iron deficiency was found when 120 healthy children from 2 socially and economically different groups were examined. In both groups together the incidence rate of iron deficiency was 19%. But while in the socially higher standing group only 5% were afflicted, the other group showed 33%. This difference questions the value of generally iron medication and favours the opinion that iron deficiency indicates that children have not been looked after properly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Frequency of hypoferritinemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in outpatients.

The prevalence rates of hypoferritinemia (IDec/one abnormal indicator), iron deficiency (IDef/two abnormal indicators) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children who were referred to the outpatient clinics of the Department of Pediatrics for the first time within 1 month were investigated. Exclusion criteria were iron therapy before and during the study period and a history of chronic illness. Acute-phase reactants, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels, were measured in all cases indicative of infectious diseases. Blood samples were obtained from each study patient admitted to the outpatient clinics during the study period. The hospital charts were later further evaluated, and samples of patients with any current illness known to interact with the iron status of the patient were discarded, and patients were contacted to supply new samples about 1 month after treatment of the infection. Thus, in patients with indications of an infection, samples obtained 1 month after treatment were assessed. The children (n = 557) were divided into four age groups: those aged 4 months to 2 years (group I), 2-6 years (group II), 7-12 years (group III) and 12-18 years (group IV). Children with a decrease in serum ferritin levels without anemia (IDec), and those with lower ferritin, transferrin saturation (TS) and serum iron (SI) concentration (IDef) were evaluated. IDA was diagnosed if hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were lower than those adjusted for age, ferritin <12 ng/ml and TS <or=16% and if SI was decreased. IDec, IDef and IDA were detected in 26, 11.1 and 12.7% of the patients, respectively. Only 50.1% of the patients visiting the outpatient clinics were found to be normal. The rates of IDec (28.9%), IDef (21.9%) and IDA (26.2%) were highest in group I. IDec had the highest percentages in all groups. In group I, the rates of IDec, IDef, and IDA were 37.2, 66.1 and 69%, respectively. SI concentration was abnormal in 77.1% of the cases in group I (4 months to 2 years of age). Half of the patients referred to the outpatient clinics were suffering from abnormalities related to lower SI concentrations. Close monitoring and treatment of iron deficiency is advised especially in early childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia (author's transl)].

The iron losses/requirements of children, adolescents, adult men and women, pregnant and lactating women are presented and interpreted in the light of present information concerning the intestinal iron absorption. This helps to explain the high frequency of iron deficiency during childhood and in fertile women. The problems affecting treatment as well as the various approaches to iron deficiency prevention are also discussed.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1994

Red cell distribution width as a measure of severity of iron deficiency in iron deficiency anaemia.

Of the various red cell parameters used for distinguishing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) from beta-thalassaemia trait BTT, red cell distribution width (RDW), which is an objective measure of the degree of anisocytosis, was examined by us for its discriminating value. RDW was measured in 55 patients of IDA and 56 patients of BTT at presentation with the help of an automated haematology analyser. The mean RDWs in IDA and BTT patients were 18.2 +/- 3.8 and 15.1 +/- 1.2 respectively (P < 0.001). In IDA, RDW showed an inverse relationship with the haemoglobin level (r = -0.543; P < 0.001), while no such correlation was observed in BTT patients. An inverse relation was also observed in IDA between RDW and transferrin saturation (TS). Patients with high RDW had low TS and vice versa. The latter finding, although statistically not significant, suggested that the degree of elevation of RDW in IDA could reflect the severity of iron deficiency. Our study revealed that red cell count, which was significantly higher in BTT patients (P < 0.001), the RDW, and the discriminant function (DF) calculated from these two parameters could be useful in distinguishing IDA from BTT. A RDW above 17.1 strongly suggests the presence of IDA. For RDW below 17.1 the DF can be applied for further discrimination. RDW has the advantage of being obtained directly from the analyser, while DF is a calculated value.

Adolescent↗