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Trends in the psychophysiology of individual differences.

Pavlov's typology of higher nervous activity was the first systematic approach to the psychophysiology of individual differences. Pavlov's theory has been further developed by Teplov, Nebylitsyn and their pupils in the Institute of Psychology in Moscow. In particular, Nebylitsyn has delineated a new property of the nervous system and has shown that it is different from strength of nervous system. In the Western research context we can compare the relationship between these two parameters to that between arousal and conditioning level. Eysenck's theory of the physiological bases of extraversion/introversion is discussed in relation to Nebylitsyn's theses and Gray's conception of arousability. Finally, it is suggested that future work in the psychophysiology of individual differences should stress the study of the ontogenetic development of the physiological variables.

Arousal↗
PubMed1978

Extroversion and reminiscence following a frustrating paired-associate task.

Two experiments were reported relating extroversion to reminiscence following a frustrating paired-associate (PA) task. In the first experiment a group of 30 male and female college students was randomly assigned to one of two tasks in which they learned a PA list of high or low stimulus similarity. All PA lists were mixed lists composed of half solvable and half unsolvable (randomized) stimulus-response items. Recall for solvable items was tested immediately, 15 min, and 30 min after criterion was reached. Results indicated a significant difference between high and low stimulus similarity with superior recall for low similarity. The predicted reminiscence effect for high stimulus similarity recall was present but not significant. Comparison of recall scores for extroverts and introverts indicated a significant difference in recall favoring the introverts. The second experiment made a similar test of recall for two groups of S s that had been established as extreme extroverts or introverts (N = 8 in each group). The superiority of recall for introverts was replicated, and a reminiscence effect was found for the extroverts. Results were discussed in relation to Eysenck's formulation and previous conflicting results.

Extraversion, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

The effects of EMG feedback training on state anxiety in introverts and extraverts.

The effect of EMG feedback on state anxiety was investigated in anxious introverts and extraverts. Although both groups learned to relax their muscles adequately, only the introverts reported a significant decrement in anxiety. Some extraverts reacted adversely to the technique, which suggests that other methods to inhibit anxiety may be necessary for this group.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1978

The effects of a depressant and a stimulant drug on the contingent negative variation.

Three groups, each comprising eight subjects, were twice tested with an interval of one week: one group receiving 10 and 20 mg chlordiazepoxide, another group receiving 150 and 300 mg caffeine and a control group receiving placebo and 'no-drug' treatment. During each session the CNV was determined five times: one pre-drug and four post-drug measurements, each divided in a condition with and one without 'white noise'. Based on Eysenck's theory it was predicted that the CNV would increase after administering chlordiazepoxide and would decrease after administering caffeine. Furthermore it was expected that 'white noise' would attenuate the CNV of introverts and would enhance the CNV of extraverts. The first hypothesis was significantly verified comparing the chlordiazepoxide group with the caffeine group. However, making comparisons within groups, only the decrease between the measurement before taking caffeine and the first one after administering was significant. The second hypothesis could be supported for introverts only.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1977

Loneliness: an interdisciplinary approach.

Psychological motivations, reasons why human nature is what it is, principles by which we may 'explain', understand, sympathize, or empathize with other human beings--and ourselves--what a variety of possible principles has been offered by philosophers and psychologists! All men seek happiness, announces Aristotle (Ethics). Just as all men delight in imitation (Poetics), and human beings universally take pleasure in knowing (Metaphysics), in that same sense it may be said that the arche of human conduct or action derives from the self-evident fact that all men desire to be happy. According to Hobbes, each human atom is motivated by self-interest, not to say selfishness, and every individual strives for his own 'good' through power over others. Bentham, on the other hand, regards man as under the sovereign twin masters of pleasure and pain, whose dominion extends over the entirety of human conduct. Freud retraces the path of our problematic symptoms to a fund of repressed sexual and libidinal energy, whose fettered strivings results in overt neuroses. Adler employs a Schopenhauerian and Nietzschean 'will to power' as a model for understanding a universal feeling of inferiority, whose ultimate origin is grounded in the inadequacy of the infant. And Jung cavalierly splits the human race into the extrovertish and the introvertish, the cosmopolitans and the islanders. What I have chosen as my concern, in the foregoing, is not a rough survey of conceptions of human nature--whether man is good, bad, or indifferent; a rational creature or essentially a sentient one; whether man's nature has ever been the same' or whether 'man makes himself', creatively. Rather, I am interested in what 'motivates' man, I am searching for a universal principle through which we may 'understand' why man does what he does, why man is what he is. Obviously, however, the commitment we make in regard to a theory of human motivation will itself necessarily be found to entail a corresponding view of human nature. Confronted with this impressive variety of interpretations, I don't know if I am able to offer a comparable general principle, but I shall try. In a word, that principle is loneliness. Thus, I wish to hold that once man has satisfied his more obviously physiological and biologic drives and comfortably secured the necessities of air, water, and food, he then strives to alleviate his desperate loneliness. It is not so much, then, a fact--correcting Jung, for instance--that we are to be dichotomized into extroverts and introverts, but rather that we all begin by aspiring toward human communion and affection and friendship but that, unfortunately, many of us fail; we who fail are the frustrated extroverts, the retreating introverts; if we cannot enjoy the company of others and command from them the recognition we (abnormally) feel for ourselves, well, then we shall cultivate our own company.

Culture↗
PubMed1977

Effects of high intensity white noise on short-term memory for position in a list and sequence.

Seven experiments are described investigating the effect of high intensity white noise during the visual presentation of words on a number of short-term memory tasks. The findings were: 1. In a free recall task recall of items decreased at the highest intensity used (85 dB) compared with a quiet and a 75 dB condition. 2. In free recall, recall by category decreased and recall in the original sequence increased in the 75 dB compared with the other two conditions. 3. Recall of the position of words in the list increased as noise intensity increased, but only when the learning of position was incidental, not when it was intentional. It is inferred that the effect is due to direction of attention or change in the learning strategy. 4. Recall of the original sequence (as shown by the ability to give in response to a word from a list the word which had followed it in the original list) was superior in the 75 dB compared with the other two conditions, but only when recall of the second word was required, not when it had to be recognized among all the items from the original list. It is argued that this can be explained if noise intensity affects the strength of traces and hence the interconnexions established between them, on which retrieval depends. The results for position learning are compatible with the theories of Hockey & Hamilton (1970) or Dornic (1973), but the results for sequence learning cannot be explained by either of these theories. A final experiment confirmed a prediction from the above theory that when recalling the original sequence, omissions (recalling no word) will decrease and transpositions (giving the wrong word) will increase as noise level increases.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

The effect of catch-trials on speed and accuracy among introverts and extraverts in a simple RT task.

Three predictions from the model of extraversion put forward by Brebner & Cooper (1974) were tested in a simple RT task. In line with the model, extraverts were found to make more commissive errors and to be more affected by an increase in the catch-trial rate. The third prediction-that extraverts would tend to produce longer runs of decreasing RTs than of increasing RTs in the condition with 10 per cent catch-trials, was not borne out. This effect was, however, seen in the condition with 40 per cent catch-trials although it was not statistically significant, P = 0.06.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.

The value of psychological counselling in rehabilitating patients after myocardial infarction was assessed. A total of 143 men who had recently had a myocardial infarction were randomly allocated to either a group receiving intensive rehabilitation or a control group, their outcome being examined after six months. Patients with neurotic, introverted personalities had a poor outcome in the control group but a satisfactory outcome when rehabilitated. Neurotic personalities responded to help, and rehabilitative measures did not increase neurosis. In addition all patients with a negative attitude towards their illness and future had a poor outcome but those with a positive attitude did well. Selection by simple methods of patients who would benefit from psychological rehabilitation seems desirable.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

An approach to prediction of performance using behavioral and physiological variables.

10 male, middle-distance runners selected for their potential or actual success in running 1500 metres were subjected to laboratory tests of VO2 max and run time at 85% VO2 max. Using the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1962), data were collected from the runners from which they were given a score on the Extraversion/Introversion dimension of personality. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between 1500 m. run times and VO2 max, 85% utilization of VO2 max, and Extraversion scores. The highest correlation was between Extraversion and the 1500-m. run (r = .75). The multiple correlation between times for the 1500-m. run and Extraversion with VO2 max was .77. The results support the value of building comprehensive profiles for the athlete which include not only physiological and anatomical variables but behavioral measures as well.

Extraversion, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

[Multivariate investigation of reactions to tranquilizers dependent on personality variables (author's transl)].

5 mg of diazepam as well as 2.5, 5, and 10 mg of a substance from the thienodiazepine series (Bay g 5653) were compared with a placebo, following a double-blind procedure. The 149 male student volunteers were classified into introverts and extraverts. For 17 test variables including subjective and physiological measures, as well as psychomotoric and cognitive achievement variables, a 2 x 5-factorial MANOVA was computed. Effects of medication and of interactions between introversion/extraversion and medication were highly significant. Correlations of test variables with composite scores indicated that medication effects could be shown best with objective tests, while the interactions between introversion/extraversion and medication could be shown better with subjective variables. Results were discussed together with those of an earlier univariate analysis of the data using emotional stability/lability as a personality variable.

Adult↗