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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Novel insights into retinoblastoma: From oncogenic circuitry to precision diagnosis and eye-preserving therapies.

Retinoblastoma (RB) represents the most common primary intraocular malignancy in childhood and stands as a paradigm for translating molecular oncology into precision clinical management. This review synthesizes the comprehensive evolution in the understanding and treatment of RB. First, we deconstruct the intricate oncogenic circuitry that extends far beyond Knudson's classic "two-hit" RB1 inactivation model, describing non-classical MYCN-driven pathogenesis, multi-layered epigenetic reprogramming (including chromatin, RNA and histone changes), and distinct histological subtypes with defined clinical correlates, such as the favorable-prognosis cavitary RB. Single-cell genomics has elucidated the cellular origin from cone precursor cells and intratumoral heterogeneity. Risk stratification has been refined through well-defined classification systems, from the therapy-guiding International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification (IIRC) to the comprehensive American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor-Node-metastasis (AJCC TNM) staging. Furthermore, the diagnostic paradigm has advanced from conventional anatomical imaging to liquid biopsies, enabling non-invasive molecular staging and monitoring via tumor-derived cell-free DNA analysis. Concurrently, the therapeutic landscape has undergone a radical shift, moving from enucleation and external-beam radiotherapy to an era dominated by local sight-preserving strategies. We provide a critical synthesis of the evidence for intravenous chemotherapy and the transformative role of super-selective intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC), and describe essential randomized controlled trials, technical innovations, and optimized drug regimens. Finally, we explore emerging targeted molecular therapies and future directions. By integrating cutting-edge molecular insights with robust, high-level clinical evidence, this review offers the framework for achieving patient and eye survival as well as vision preservation in children with Retinoblastoma.

Intra-arterial chemotherapy↗
PubMed1976

Regional chemotherapy with combined drugs in cancer of the head and neck.

Fifteen patients were treated with intra-arterial fluorouracil, methotrexate, and bleomycin in combination for palliation of advanced cancer of the head and neck. In all cases irradiation or irradiation plus surgical resection had previously failed to control the tumor. Tumor regression occured in 87% of the cases (13/15), and was complete in three (20%). Regressions lasted for up to 13 months. In four instances tumor regression permitted radical resection. The response rate achieved with this drug combination was greater than that observed earlier using each drug individually. Intra-arterial chemotherapy provides useful palliation for advanced head and neck cancer and the results can be improved with drug combinations.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Current concepts of chemotherapy combined with other modalities for head and neck cancer.

This paper presents an overview of studies of therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in which chemotherapy was combined with other modalities. The rationale for using chemotherapy with surgery is discussed, but ststematic studies of this combination of modalities have not been reported. Systemic chemotherapy plus radiation therapy has been studied using hydrozyurea, t-fluorouracil (5-FU), and methotrexate (MTX). Uncontrolled studies with hydroxyurea report favorable results, but a well-controlled study gave negative results. Controlled studies with 5-FU have given favorable results in certain tumor stages and sites of origin. MTX plus radiation in a small series produced slightly better survival than radiation alone. Intra-arterial chemotherapy plus radiation therapy has been the subject of exploratory studies but no firm conclusions can be drawn from these studies. Chemotherapy plus immunotherapy has been explored and merits further study. Based on the studies reported to date one can suggest the need for large-scale randomized control studies of long-term chemotherapy combined with other modalities.

Bleomycin↗
PubMed1975

The role of chemotherapy in the management of cancer of the head and neck: a review.

Although experience with drug therapy of advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is limited, several agents have produced convincing and reproducible tumor regression in these patients. Methotrexate has had the widest usage, and produces 30-50% response rates; bleomycin, hydroxyurea, and adriamycin appear to be somewhat less effective. Location of the malignancy and previous x-ray treatment appear to be important determinants of responsiveness to methotrexate, while degree of differentiation has not yet been shown to be an important factor for response to this drug. Attempts to improve the response rate and duration of chemotherapeutic response by utilizing combinations of drugs, or use of drugs to sensitize the tumor to x-ray treatment, or to reduce the bulk of tumor before x-ray treatment, are reviewed; they have been only moderately encouraging. Intra-arterial chemotherapy appears to have a therapeutic advantage over intravenous treatment; however, the morbidity associated with the former approach limits its usefulness for routine usage. The use of drugs as adjuncts following surgery and/or radiation therapy or immunotherapy are newer approaches that have not been investigated sufficiently, but are promising areas for investigation.

Bleomycin↗
PubMed2026

Bibliometric analysis of retinoblastoma research over the past decade.

BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma (RB), the most prevalent primary intraocular malignancy in children, has emerged as a model disease for exploring the molecular underpinnings of pediatric cancer. Over the past decade, research in this field has accelerated, propelled by advances in genomics, diagnostic imaging, targeted therapies, and global scientific collaboration. METHODS: This study systematically retrieved RB-related publications from 2015 to 2024 using the Web of Science Core Collection. A total of 4990 articles were included. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were employed to perform bibliometric and visual analyses across multiple dimensions, including countries, institutions, authors, journals, and thematic evolution. RESULTS: The United States and China were identified as the leading contributors, jointly accounting for over 40.55% of all publications. US-based journals led in both publication volume and citation impact, underscoring their global influence. Cluster analysis revealed 4 major research domains: clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis; molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways; gene and protein function studies; and research methodologies and experimental models. CONCLUSION: RB research is transitioning into an era of precision oncology, characterized by molecular subtyping, novel therapeutic targets, and individualized treatment approaches. While diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes have markedly improved in high-income countries, significant disparities persist in low- and middle-income regions due to limited access to early detection and comprehensive care. Future priorities should include the refinement of preclinical models, investigation of drug resistance mechanisms, and promotion of international collaboration to standardize diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. These efforts are critical to improving global outcomes for children with RB.

Retinoblastoma↗
PubMed1977

[Experience with polychemotherapy based on cell synchronization, via intra-arterial infusions. Preoperative treatment of maxillofacial tumors].

Chemotherapy based upon cellular synchronisation via intra-arterial infusion was used in the treatment of 21 carcinomas of the maxillo-facial region. These tumours had never been treated either by surgery, nor by irradiation. This pre-operative treatment was not aimed at altering ghe indication for the type of operation decided upon at the outset. It was found that a combination of Vincristine, Bleomycine, Methotrexate and Dibromdulcide was more satisfactory than other types of chemotherapy. The most important complication of the method was a thrombosis of the common carotid.

Bleomycin↗
PubMed1977

[Concept and first experiences of an oncologic therapy of head and neck carcinoma (author's transl)].

From the principle of an adjuvant chemotherapy evolved a concept of an oncologic therapy of head and neck carcinomas. Even according to the latest international publications there are no such studies until now (Clarysse, Kenis, and Mathé; Recent Results in Cancer Research, Vol. 53, p. 400; Springer, Berlin 1976). Without reducing or shifting the proved indications of curative operation or radiation we used in our clinic in the last years as an adjuvant different cytostatics applicating intra-arterial perfusions or synchronized radio-chemotherapy or polychemotherapy. Among the 200 patients treated hitherto the patients with oropharynx carcinomas conform at present the biggest collective group (intraarterial methotrexat perfusion). Now for the first time after more than two years of observation of 36 patients the efficacy of this treatment can be inferred from the survival rate respectively estimated for the period ahead. Comparing to other surveys it can be confirmed at present that for the total of all tumor stages the 2-year-survival-rate of our patients is 72% against 47% before whereas the survival-rate within the 5-year period can be estimated at 55% to 30%. On the other hand it turned out that 50% of the patients on radio-surgical therapy died after 1.7 years. After the application of adjuvant chemotherapy including operation and radio-therapy the death rate probably will be reached after 6-7 years.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Pharmacokinetic behaviour of bleomycin-cobalt-57 with special regard to intraarterial perfusion of the maxillo-facial region.

Bleomycin was traced by the isotope Cobalt-57. By using this radioactive substance the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the drug was examined. It was given either intravenously or intra-arterially or directly into the tumor in patients suffering from epidermoid carcinoma in the maxillo-facial region. The differences in the pharmacokinetic data are delineated. Practically, the intra-arterial route of administration is the best one because of the high adherence rate of the drug to the perfused tissue.

Bleomycin↗
PubMed1975

[Regional chemotherapy of stomach cancers].

Fifty patients with a stomach cancer received regional chemotherapy by infusion. Two kinds of cancers were treated with this technique: cancers inaccessible with usual surgical treatment and some limited cancers. In most cases, the catheter was introduced by transcutaneous puncture of axillary artery. According to the site of the cancer, the extremity of the catheter was introduced into the left gastric artery, hepatic artery or coeliac trunk. Efficiency of the infusion was checked by arteriography and by gastric fibroscopic examination with intra-arterial injection of evans blue. The duration of the treatment was two weeks or three weeks. The chemotherapy was made on a sequential method, taking account of the tumoral cellular cycle. The results show an objective response in 80 per cent of the cases, 39 per cent of the non operable cancers were later accessible to surgery. This study shows that chemotherapy should be used in the treatment of any stomach's cancers before surgical treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Treatment of advanced neoplasms in the jaw].

Report is made about the combined therapy with cytostatics (methotrexate - bleomycin) and irradiation in patients with extended tumors in the gnathic region. Ten patients in whom a radical therapy with conventional methods did not promise any success, were treated with intra-arterial infusions of methotrexate and bleomycin and simultaneous irradiation. At present, eight patients are tumor free (observation time 4-14 months after termination of therapy). Although radiation doses and doses of cytostatics were high, only insignificant side effects were stated; consequently, the treatment had to be terminated in none of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

African trials in chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer.

Bleomycin either alone or in combination with radiotherapy was used in the treatment of 24 patients with non-resectable cancer of the oesophagus. Improvement in performance (swallowing) status was observed in 75% of patients, although only 19% were known to be alive after 1 year of follow-up. Patients with liver cancer were treated with adriamycin. The response rate was dose dependent and was 40% at best. Combination of adriamycin with other drugs did not improve the response rate. Intra-arterial adriamycin appears more efficacious and gave a response rate of 60%.

Africa↗
PubMed1976

[Intraarterial bleomycin therapy on squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Clinico-pathological investigations (author's transl)].

The mode of action of bleomycin after intraarterial perfusion in 53 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is reported on the basis of clinical results and pathologico-anatomic findings. In 29 out of 32 cases not previously treated a clinically complete remission could be achieved by primary chemotherapy. In 8 cases these findings were histomorphologically confirmed and 7 patients have shown a persistant remission for 9 to 61 months. The chances of success are much less favorable in the treatment of recurrences. No clinical advantages were observed when combining bleomycin with other chemotherapeutics.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1977

Combined therapy with bleomycin and selective intra-arterial infusion of mitomycin C in lung cancer.

Bronchial artery infusion of mitomycin C might be very effective in treating minor tumors but, as a rule, less effective in the treatment of larger tumors. In order to achieve improved effect of treatment, 21 cases (stage II-III/TNM) were given supplementary chemotherapy with bleomycin or vincristine-bleomycin. Preoperative treatment was given to 11 cases in which indications for surgical treatment were primarily uncertain or absent. The other group consisted of 10 patients with inoperable lesions. Combined treatment has proved to have a strong but mainly local effect. Repeated courses (up to 5 times) were more effective than a single one. The regional effect, i.e: on overgrowth onto the mediastinum, pericardium or thoracic wall was weak. The system effect was negligible. Penetrating data about objective response are given.

Adenocarcinoma↗