Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Intergenerational Transfers”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

The effect of divorce on intergenerational transfers: new evidence.

This paper draws on new data on intergenerational transfers of time and money that were collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We use these data to examine the effects of divorce on these transfers. We find that the timing of divorce is critical. Fathers and mothers involved in late divorces have similar levels of transfers with their adult children, while divorce during a child's childhood years increases transfers with mothers and sharply lowers them with fathers. Somewhat surprisingly, we find no evidence that divorced fathers who paid child support are more likely to be involved in intergenerational transfers than those who did not pay child support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Intergenerational transfers: a question of perspective.

Informal intergenerational transfers have traditionally been examined from the perspective of the older generation; more recent studies have proceeded from the perspective of adult children. Drawing upon principles of formal demography, we establish the mathematical relationship between the two generations' perspectives. We then consider the importance of generational perspective with regard to prevalence estimates of intrafamily transfers. Transfers examined include coresidence, household and financial assistance, and personal caregiving. Results have implications for projection of future trends in intrafamily transfers and for data collection.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Parental marital disruption and intergenerational transfers: an analysis of lone elderly parents and their children.

Although one of the most marked demographic trends observed over the twentieth century is the increased rate of divorce, relatively little research has explored the effects of these changing marital patterns in the context of an aging society. Using a sample of lone elderly parents and their adult children, we analyze the direct and indirect effects of marital disruption on four important dimensions of intergenerational transfers: coresidence, financial assistance, adult children's provision of informal care, and parental purchase of paid care. Our findings suggest that divorce has deleterious effects on intergenerational transfers, particularly for elderly fathers. Remarriage further reduces exchange. Our results reveal that parents engage in lower levels of transfers with stepchildren relative to biological children. Moreover, intergenerational transfers are sensitive to characteristics of biological children but not to those of stepchildren. Taken together, these results suggest that exchange at the end of the life course continues to be adversely affected by marital disruption.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Elderly support and intergenerational transfer in Zimbabwe: an analysis by gender, marital status, and place of residence.

This paper describes elderly support and intergenerational transfer by gender, marital status, and place of residence for 150 elderly persons in Zimbabwe. The survey was conducted in September 1988, and includes information on background characteristics, income, and cash support from all sources, noncash support, and the support of elders to others. Conclusions and implications are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Characteristics of Tn5307 exchange and intergeneric transfer of genes associated with nisin production.

Transfer of the Lactococcus lactis 11454 nisin-sucrose conjugative transposon, Tn5307, was investigated to develop a methodology for conjugation of this element to other lactic acid bacteria. Tn5307 exchange was sensitive to temperature and pH but was not affected by protease or amylase treatments to donor cells. Moreover, conjugation studies demonstrated that the direct-plate method could be employed to rapidly identify LM2301 transconjugants able to transfer Tn5307 at least ten times more efficiently than 11454. Intergeneric transfer of nisin and sucrose genes between L. lactis and a dairy Enterococcus sp. was also investigated. Erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus sp. recipients were developed by electro-transformation with pGK13 or by conjugal introduction of the broad-host-range plasmid pAM beta 1. Matings between L. lactis 11454 and an Enterococcus sp. recipient that contained pAM beta 1 yielded sucrose-positive, nisin-immune transconjugants at a frequency of 2.3 x 10(-9) transconjugants per donor cfu. Agar-overlay assays for nisin production revealed that enterococcal transconjugants did not produce the bacteriocin, but DNA.DNA hybridization with a nisA-specific probe demonstrated that these bacteria had acquired the nisin structural gene.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

Intergenerational transfer of psychosocial risk in women with childhood histories of aggression, withdrawal, or aggression and withdrawal.

Intergenerational transfer of risk between mothers and children, based on mothers' childhood aggression and social withdrawal, was examined in an inner-city sample. Each of the 3 studies reported involved a subset of the 909 female participants in the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project, initiated when the participants were of school age. Using medical records, Study 1 (n = 853) focused on prediction of teen motherhood, delivery complications during childbirth, multiparity, and close spacing of births. Study 2 (n = 428) examined pathways to school dropout and teen parenthood. Study 3 (n = 89) involved prediction of observed parent and child behavior from mothers' childhood characteristics. Mothers' childhood aggression was consistently predictive of negative outcomes in each area of intergenerational risk, especially when combined with social withdrawal and low levels of academic achievement. Education was protective: Mothers' years of schooling predicted positive outcomes.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

The balance of benefit: a review of intergenerational transfers in Australia.

PURPOSE: This article reviews the financial and nonfinancial transfers taking place intergenerationally and between older people and the community. DESIGN AND METHOD: Secondary data were used in the analysis and discussion to provide an overview of the Australian context. RESULTS: Within the public arena, governments provide major financial contributions through money transfers and the provision of residential support. Older people provide considerable community support by undertaking voluntary services. This article concludes that the balance of benefit is difficult to determine; however, in terms of public expenditure older people are major recipients. Within the family, the balance of benefit is reversed. Older people are major monetary contributors to adult children and their families in the transition to an independent status. Older people are also the principal carers of their frail-aged partners, thus reducing both the burden of care on their adult children and government institutions. IMPLICATIONS: The analysis reported here has major implications for the development of policy and structural change and for reducing negative stereotypes of dependency in old age.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Motives for intergenerational transfers: evidence from Malaysia.

In this paper we discuss a number of hypotheses about motives for intergenerational transfers within the family. We use data on time and money transfers between generations in Malaysia, where there is neither Social Security nor Medicare, to explore these hypotheses empirically. We find evidence supporting the hypotheses that children are an important source of old age security and that old age security is, in part, children's repayment for parental investments in their education. This repayment is partly a function of the children's income and, in the case of females, a function of their spouse's income. We also find evidence supporting the hypotheses that parents and children engage in the exchange of time help for money.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Theories of serial flow in intergenerational transfers.

Recent improvements in the economic position of the elderly population necessitate a more thorough understanding of the serial flow of economic supports from preceding to succeeding generations. Five theories which might extend our understanding of the decision rules employed in intergenerational transfers are discussed. They are: social exchange theory, the kin selection theory of altruism, human capital theory, social constructivist theory, and rational transfers theory. The underlying assumptions of these theories are presented and compared, and models of intergenerational transactions are developed. Comparative studies are recommended in order to gain deeper insights into the relative strengths and weaknesses of these different views of relationships between the generations.

Altruism↗
PubMed1983

Intergenerational transfer of individual differences in hereditary monarchs: genetic, role-modeling, cohort, or sociocultural effects?

Individual differences may be transferred across generations through either genetic inheritance, identification with role models, cohort effects, or sociocultural influences. Each of these four possible mechanisms makes different predictions regarding what traits display intergenerational continuities, the pattern of relationships between an individual and his or her relatives, as well as the relative impact of same-sex and cross-sex relationships. A sample of 342 hereditary monarchs was drawn from 14 European nations. These rulers, along with their parents, grandparents, and predecessors, were then assessed on the variables of intelligence, morality, eminence, leadership, life span, and reign span. Theoretically significant interaction effects were also operationalized using such moderator variables as genetic relationship, years of overlap in lives, age difference, difference in reign midpoints, and sex. The intergenerational transfer of intelligence and life span appears to be best explained by genetics, whereas the transfer of morality and eminence seems to be governed by role-modeling processes. The remaining variables were either transferred by more complex mechanisms (viz. leadership) or not transferred at all from one generation to the next (viz. reign span). The results contradict both Woods's (1906) belief that morality is genetically inherited and Galton's (1869) argument that eminence can served as a nearly equivalent proxy variable for intellectual genius.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Natural genetic exchange between Haemophilus and Neisseria: intergeneric transfer of chromosomal genes between major human pathogens.

Members of the bacterial families Haemophilus and Neisseria, important human pathogens that commonly colonize the nasopharynx, are naturally competent for DNA uptake from their environment. In each genus this process is discriminant in favor of its own and against foreign DNA through sequence specificity of DNA receptors. The Haemophilus DNA uptake apparatus binds a 29-bp oligonucleotide domain containing a highly conserved 9-bp core sequence, whereas the neisserial apparatus binds a 10-bp motif. Each motif ("uptake sequence", US) is highly over-represented in the chromosome of the corresponding genus, particularly concentrated with core sequences in inverted pairs forming gene terminators. Two Haemophilus core USs were unexpectedly found forming the terminator of sodC in Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), and sequence analysis strongly suggests that this virulence gene, located next to IS1106, arose through horizontal transfer from Haemophilus. By using USs as search strings in a computer-based analysis of genome sequence, it was established that while USs of the "wrong" genus do not occur commonly in Neisseria or Haemophilus, where they do they are highly likely to flag domains of chromosomal DNA that have been transferred from Haemophilus. Three independent domains of Haemophilus-like DNA were found in the meningococcal chromosome, associated respectively with the virulence gene sodC, the bio gene cluster, and an unidentified orf. This report identifies intergenerically transferred DNA and its source in bacteria, and further identifies transformation with heterologous chromosomal DNA as a way of establishing potentially important chromosomal mosaicism in these pathogenic bacteria.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Intrageneric and intergeneric transfer of Branhamella catarrhalis beta-lactamase production.

Intrageneric and intergeneric conjugational transfer of beta-lactamase production to a Branhamella catarrhalis recipient is described. The branhamella donor strains were fresh isolates subcultured onto penicillin-containing media directly from the primary plates. A beta-lactamase positive Moraxella nonliquefaciens served as donor in the intergeneric matings. The substrate profiles of the branhamella and moraxella enzymes were indistinguishable as determined by biological assays. Excessive endonuclease activity did not permit a conclusive characterization of isolated extrachromosomal DNA from the branhamella donors.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1981

Intergeneric transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid killer plasmids, pGKl1 and pGKl2, from Kluyveromyces lactis into Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell fusion.

Two novel linear deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids, pGKl1 and pGKl2, were isolated from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. K. lactis strains harboring the pGK1 plasmids killed a certain group of yeasts, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces italicus, Saccharomyces rouxii, K. lactis, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Kluyvermyces vanudenii, Torulopsis glabrata, Candida utilis, and Candida intermedia. In this experiment, the pGKl1 and pGKl2 plasmids were intergenerically transferred from a K. lactis killer strain into a non-killer (killer-sensitive) strain of S. cerevisiae by the use of a protoplast fusion technique. Both of the pGKl plasmids replicated autonomously and stably in the new host cells of S. cerevisiae and could coexist with the resident 2-micrometers deoxyribonucleic acid plasmid. The S. cerevisiae cells which accepted the pGKl plasmids expressed the same killer phenotype as that of the donor K. lactis killer and became resistant to the K. lactis killer. The pGKl plasmids existing in the S. cerevisiae cells were cured by treatment with ethidium bromide, and the killer and resistance characters were simultaneously lost. From there results, it was concluded that both the killer and the resistance genes are located on the pGKl plasmids.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1995

Characterization and distribution of two insertion sequences, IS1191 and iso-IS981, in Streptococcus thermophilus: does intergeneric transfer of insertion sequences occur in lactic acid bacteria co-cultures?

A chromosomal repeated sequence from Streptococcus thermophilus was identified as a new insertion sequence (IS), IS1191. This is the first IS element characterized in this species. This 1313 bp element has 28 bp imperfect terminal inverted repeats and is flanked by short direct repeats of 8 bp. The single large open reading frame of IS1191 encodes a 391-amino-acid protein which displays homologies with transposases encodes by IS1201 from Lactobacillus helveticus (44.5% amino-acid sequence identity) and by the other ISs of the IS256 family. One of the copies of IS1191 is inserted into a truncated iso-IS981 element. The nucleotide sequences of two truncated iso-IS981s from S. thermophilus and the sequence of IS981 element from Lactococcus lactis share more than 99% identity. The distribution of these insertion sequences in L. lactis and S. thermophilus strains suggests that intergeneric transfers occur during cocultures used in the manufacture of cheese.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Intergeneric transfer and functional expression of the tomato disease resistance gene Pto.

Plant disease resistance loci have been used successfully in breeding programs to transfer traits from resistant germplasm to susceptible plant cultivars. The molecular cloning of plant disease resistance genes now permits the transfer of such traits across species boundaries by genetic transformation of recipient hosts. The tomato disease resistance gene Pto confers resistance to strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato expressing the avirulence gene avrPto. Transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana with Pto results in specific resistance to P. s. pv tabaci strains carrying avrPto. The resistant phenotype is manifested by a strong inhibition of bacterial growth and the ability to exhibit a hypersensitive response. Resistance cosegregates with the Pto gene in transgene selfings and testcrosses. Our results demonstrate the conservation of disease resistance functions across genus boundaries and suggest that the utility of host-specific resistance genes can be extended by intergeneric transfer.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Evidence for recent intergeneric transfer of a new tetracycline resistance gene, tet(W), isolated from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and the occurrence of tet(O) in ruminal bacteria.

We have previously reported high-frequency transfer of tetracycline resistance between strains of the rumen anaerobic bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Donor strains were postulated to carry two TcR genes, one of which is transferred on a novel chromosomal element. It is shown here that coding sequences within the non-transmissible gene in B. fibrisolvens 1.230 are identical to those of the Streptococcus pneumoniae tet(O) gene. This provides the first evidence for genetic exchange between facultatively anaerobic bacteria and rumen obligate anaerobes. In contrast, the product of the transmissible TcR gene shares only 68% amino acid sequence identity with the TetO and TetM proteins and represents a new class of ribosome protection tetracycline resistance determinant, designated Tet W. The tet(W) coding region shows a higher DNA G + C content (53%) than other B. fibrisolvens genes or other ribosome protection-type tet genes, suggesting recent acquisition from a high G + C content genome. Tet(W) genes with almost identical sequences are also shown to be present in TcR strains of B. fibrisolvens from Australian sheep and in TcR strains of two other genera of rumen obligate anaerobes, Selenomonas ruminantium and Mitsuokella multiacidus. This provides compelling evidence for recent intergeneric transfer of resistance genes between ruminal bacteria. Tet(W) is not restricted to ruminal bacteria, as it was also present in a porcine strain of M. multiacidus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Intergenerational transfers within the family context--motivating factors and their implications for caregiving.

The interdependence of generations, in both psychosocial and economic terms, has raised critical issues about the nature and role of reciprocity between adult children and their parents. This paper focuses on adult children as caregivers for their elderly parents and provides a conceptual paradigm for intergenerational familial exchanges. The paper builds on empirical studies of family care by investigating the factors that motivate the provision of support and assistance across generations.

Aged↗