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Results for “Interdisciplinary Studies”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Direct and indirect costs of schizophrenia in community psychiatric services in Italy. The GISIES study. Interdisciplinary Study Group on the Economic Impact of Schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: The present work is a cost-of-illness (COI) study that aims at assessing total direct and indirect costs of schizophrenic patients in community psychiatric services in Italy and identifying the variables that influence costs. METHODS: A retrospective prevalence-based multi-centre COI study, was designed. Ten community mental health centres (CMHC) were involved and 100 patients were recruited. Data on patients' costs were gathered through specifically designed instruments. RESULTS: More than half total direct costs were attributed to CMHC interventions. The yearly average costs of schizophrenia per patient amounted to nearly ITL 50 million: 30% for direct costs and 70% for indirect costs. CONCLUSION: CMHCs tend to manage long-term ill patients by adopting a strong community-based system of care. Schizophrenia is correlated to loss of working days and lack of well-being. From the results of this study, it might be argued that the de-institutionalisation programme has produced 'spillovers' in terms of families' greater involvement in patients management.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Wellbeing, health and autonomy in old age: the Basal IDA Study (Interdisciplinary Aging Study)].

Current research on successful aging reflects a multicriteria approach, although a consensus on the interrelationship between different factors has not yet been achieved. The longitudinal-sequential study presented here aims at identifying psychological, biological and sociobiographical predictors of well-being, health and autonomy in old age and their interdependency. The concern of this study is thus a multidisciplinary approach including psychology, psychiatry, geriatrics and sports sciences. The ongoing study is described and first findings are reported. Four hundred and forty-two people, aged 65 to 94, were tested twice (1993 and 1995). Since this project is a pursuit of a medical longitudinal study (Basler-Studie), bio-medical parameters from former status measurements (1960, 1965, 1971, 1985, 1990) are available and taken into account for comparison with the newly collected data from 1993 and 1995. The tests included both a medical examination and cognitive and personality measurements. The medical test battery included: clinical and anthropometrical data, bio-chemical data as well as the medical history, health behaviour, complaints and subjective health. The psychological assessment included psychological well-being, health-related control beliefs, causal attribution, religiosity, etc. For memory assessment a computerized test was used which allows to test 1) perceptual error-scanning, 2) naming speed, and memory resources in terms of 3) capacity, 4) explicit and 5) implicit components. It therefore integrates direct (free recall, recognition) and indirect memory tests (perceptual identification: clarification), that were used previously in different experimental and quasi-experimental studies to investigate memory performance over the life-span. Furthermore, the following three experimental interventions are performed: memory and reattribution training, physical training and psychoanalytical group therapy. First descriptive results are presented concerning age-correlated changes in biological and medical parameters, health behavior, cognitive performances and psychological well-being and functional autonomy. The results show the strongest age effects in the cognitive variables (with the exception of priming). Beside age effects in speed variables and episodic memory we also find an age-correlated decline in semantic memory. Psychological well-being however, is not affected by age.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

[Adverse side effects of amalgam? An interdisciplinary study].

In an interdisciplinary study starting 2.5 years ago patients with various symptoms, which they associate with amalgam fillings, were examined. According to the first results of this study with 50 patients, the Hg-concentration in urine does correlate with the amount of amalgam fillings before and after taking DMPS (2,3-Dimercapto-1-propane-sulfonic-acid), but with a maximum of 66.4 micrograms Hg (24 h urine) the amounts of mobilization measured were significantly below toxicologically critical limits. Only in 3 patients did the individual immunological values (CD4/8 ratio, antinuclear antibodies) by far exceed standard values. In one case an allergy to amalgam is suspected. 40% of the patients showed a pathological psychiatric status (neurosis, depression, etc.). Another quarter had psychological problems like alcoholism or drug abuse. There is no reason at the moment to reject amalgam as filling material either because of the measured Hg-concentrations or because of any immunological or allergological findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Six months of omeprazole 20 mg daily, 20 mg every other day or 40 mg at weekends in duodenal ulcer patients: a multicenter, prospective, comparative study. Interdisciplinary Group for Ulcer Study.

UNLABELLED: We performed an open, prospective, randomized, three-cell, 6-month clinical trial on the prevention of duodenal ulcer (DU) relapse, comparing three omeprazole schedules, i.e. 20 mg daily, 20 mg every other day (e.o.d.) and 40 mg on Saturdays and Sundays (S/S). Diagnosis of either healed or relapsed DU was on an endoscopic basis. Follow-up visits were performed at 3-monthly intervals with endoscopy at the baseline, after 6 months and at every symptomatic relapse. STATISTICS: chi 2 test with standardized deviates, Yates' corrected chi 2 test and analysis of variance (one-way). One hundred and fifteen patients were randomized to receive omeprazole 20 mg/day, 123 omeprazole 20 mg e.o.d. and 115 40 mg S/S. Twenty-eight dropped out (11, 8 and 9, respectively). Demonstrated ulcer relapse rates were 5.7% with omeprazole 20 mg/day, 18.1% with 20 mg e.o.d. and 17.6% with 40 mg S/S (p = 0.0124, 'per-protocol' analysis). No clinically significant adverse effects were recorded. In conclusion, of the three schedules studied, omeprazole 20 mg/day proved the most effective maintenance treatment for healed DU.

Drug Administration Schedule↗
PubMed1993

[Conditions in stuttering. Results of an interdisciplinary study of 3- to 5-year-old children. Child psychiatric aspects].

An interdisciplinary study was conducted with 67 children aged three to five years at the onset of speech fluency impairment as well as with 50 controls identical to the above group by age and sex. Findings reported are on psychic conditions which were obtained by interviews with and examinations of parents and children as well as by watching children at play and by means of questionnaires. Children with disruption of speech (DS) significantly differed from children in the control group (CG) with regard to prevailing mood, affect, psychic stability, capability of concentration, sociability and timidity. These personality traits and behaviours deviating from normal with differing intensity, are interpreted as stutter-specific condition for consolidation of the disorder rather than as cause of the latter. Ways of intervention will depend on several aspects, including the specific influence of psychic components on the condition of the individual.

Arousal↗
PubMed1978

[Results of an interdisciplinary study on the value of contact thermography in the diagnosis of breast disease (author's transl)].

An interdisciplinary study was carried out to determine the accuracy of contact thermography in the detection of breast cancer. 200 patients were examined in form of a blind test, the mammographic and clinical findings being listed separately and inaccessible to the thermography team. The findings obtained on contact thermography also were listed separately and afterwards compared with the clinical and mammographic findings. 50 out of these 200 cases required histological clarification, which revealed 24 carcinomas and 26 benign conditions of the breast. Mammography and contact thermography both failed to detect 3 out of the 24 carcinomas, clinical examination gave a false negative result in 2 cases. Therefore, in the present case material, the accuracy of mammography and contact thermography is equal and enables us to state that the combination of clinical examination and contact thermography of the breast is of high accuracy and suited for routine mass screening programmes to enable the detection of breast disease without radiation exposure.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

[Conditions in stuttering. Results of an interdisciplinary study of 3- to 5-year-old children. Neurologic aspects].

Results recorded from neurological surveys are reported in the context of an interdisciplinary study conducted on 67 children aged three to five years at the onset of speech fluency disorders as well as investigations on 50 children of identical age and sex. The two groups (DS: disruption of speech; CG: control group) significantly differed from each other regarding family predisposition for stuttering. Sub-coordination and whole-body coordination were investigated. Both the occurrence of disorders and as the number of vegetative symptoms recorded from DS children were significantly higher than comparable values obtained from CG probands. Electroencephalographic recordings were taken only from the DS group, with 25 percent of them being interpreted as pathological. The conclusion is drawn that this study, once more, has provided evidence for the existence of somatic predisposition which, however, must not be considered identical with cerebral damage.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1995

HIV-1 prevention: interdisciplinary studies on the efficacy of bleach and development of prevention protocols.

In the United States, a major federally-funded approach to HIV-1 prevention for injecting drug users (IDUs) includes teaching them to always rinse their needles/syringes with household bleach and water before use. This report describes interdisciplinary studies of the extent to which HIV-1 can be found in injection equipment and the efficacy of bleach as a disinfectant, under simulated field conditions. Bloody needle/syringe units collected from Miami, Florida, shooting galleries or from community outreach prevention participants were selected for these studies. Groups of needle/syringe units were cleansed with bleach using a standard technique taught to IDUs in community outreach programs. Cleansed and uncleansed groups of needles/syringe units were then tested for the presence of HIV-1. The data demonstrate the efficacy of bleach rinses in reducing the risks of HIV-1 infection from needle/syringe units and indicate that the teaching of a bleach cleansing method to IDUs should be part of a total AIDS prevention protocol.

Disinfection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The elderly and social change--an interdisciplinary study on Sweden in the 19th and 20th centuries].

This research report presents an overview of historical studies within the context of the interdisciplinary Swedish project on aging. The author discusses the project's conceptual framework and focuses on conflict theory and exchange theory as major models. The empirical studies concern changes in the provisions for old age and in the aging processes of the major social groups (farmers, rural proletarians, urban artisans and their wives, male and female industrial workers). The project aims at integrating a life course perspective in the analysis of social change. Class and gender are underlined as major forces in shaping the status of the aged in the last two centuries.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[The process of nursing work in collective health and interdisciplinary studies].

This study aims at discussing and stimulating reflections on the need of an interdisciplinary dialogue when the object of work is the health-illness-care process. The authors discuss the definition of Nursing by considering its essence, care, its history and practice. Following, considerations about inter- and trans-disciplinary studies on collective health are presented and the authors conclude with a proposal of basing care on the theory of communicative action developed by Jürgen Habermas.

Interdisciplinary Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The self-regulation process, adjustment and defense. Interdisciplinary study].

The study of the processes of self-regulation and defense may serve as an example illustrating the interdisciplinary research in psychiatry. Belying on the topography of mental disturbance as described by the systemal method, this study can profit from the findings of animal ethology and oceanographyt++ and thus conceive of the diversity and integration of the defense mechanisms of living systems beloging to different levels in the hierarchy of species. These insights may contribute to a refinement of the analysis of the human defense mechanisms met in psychiatry. As an example of this an analysis of phobic avoidance is related.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Gastric epithelial dysplasia in the natural history of gastric cancer: a multicenter prospective follow-up study. Interdisciplinary Group on Gastric Epithelial Dysplasia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Because the precancerous significance of gastric epithelial dysplasia (GED) is still under debate, this study attempts to ascertain whether a prospective follow-up of GED can contribute to clarifying its clinical and pathological relationships with gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: One hundred twelve patients with mild (G1), moderate (G2), and severe (G3) GED or diagnosed as indefinite for dysplasia were prospectively followed up with a standardized endoscopic and bioptic protocol. RESULTS: Evaluation of GED outcome refers only to 93 patients with a follow-up period longer than 12 months. Regression of dysplasia was documented in 36%, 27%, and 0% of G1, G2, and G3 GED cases, respectively. Progression to more severe dysplasia or evolution into GC was detected in 21%, 33%, and 57% of G1, G2, and G3 GED cases, respectively. Evolution into GC was documented for all grades of dysplasia and correlated significantly with high-grade atrophic gastritis. A high prevalence of early GC (86.9%) was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: GED is a pre-invasive lesion, and carcinomatous evolution increases proportionally with its histological grade. Bioptical follow-up is mandatory for all histological grades of GED and significantly increases the likelihood of GC being detected in its early stages.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2003

Health professionals' views on advance directives: a qualitative interdisciplinary study.

The aim of this study was to discover the views of health professionals in the Greater Glasgow area on advance directives, using semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The twelve participants interviewed included four hospital doctors, four general practitioners (GPs) and four nurses. The six focus groups comprised hospice nurses, GPs, consultant geriatricians, geriatricians in training grades and an interdisciplinary group. Participants were purposively selected to reflect a range of personal experiences with, and attitudes toward, the advance directive using key informants and a short questionnaire. Participants were asked to comment on a specially constructed sample advance directive. All research encounters were recorded, transcribed and analysed using accepted methods in qualitative research. The advance directive was seen as a means of promoting peace of mind in will makers, of allowing carers to honour the patients' wishes and of stimulating communication between all parties. Conversely the advance directive was seen as generating certain risks for the will maker--including those of coercion, misunderstanding, paradoxical overintervention and inadvertent undertreating. A core concern surrounded the issue of 'informedness' in will makers and the ethics of deciding for a future demented self.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dermoscopic and histopathologic diagnosis of equivocal melanocytic skin lesions: an interdisciplinary study on 107 cases.

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy (dermatoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is increasingly employed for the preoperative detection of cutaneous melanoma; dermoscopic features of pigmented skin lesions have been previously defined using histopathology as the key to the code. In a preliminary study on 10 cases evaluated by nine dermoscopists and nine histopathologists, the authors experienced that when at least two dermoscopists disagree in evaluating a melanocytic lesion, even histopathologic consultations may give equivocal results. METHODS: One hundred seven melanocytic skin lesions, consecutively excised because of equivocal clinical and/or dermoscopic features, were retrospectively examined by eight dermoscopists and eight histopathologists; the diagnostic interobserver agreement was calculated by means of the Schouten k statistics. After histopathologic consultations, all 107 lesions underwent unblinded dermoscopic re-evaluation in order to find which dermoscopic features had given rise to histopathologic diagnostic difficulties. RESULTS: The interobserver ageement was good for both dermoscopy (k = 0.53) and histopathology (k = 0.74). Out of 48 cases evaluated by the dermoscopists in complete accordance, only 8 (16.7%) received at least one conflicting histopathologic diagnosis. Instead, among the remaining 59 cases with at least one disagreeing dermoscopic diagnosis, 21 (35.6%) received at least one disagreeing histopathologic diagnosis. The unblinded dermoscopic re-evaluation showed that five out of seven lesions with clear-cut regression structures were histopathologically controversial. CONCLUSIONS: At least for selected and reasonably difficult lesions, a diagnostic discrepancy among formally trained dermoscopists seems to be predictive for a diagnostic disagreement among histopathologists. Lesions showing clear-cut regression structures are prone to give some histopathologic disagreement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Medial collateral ligament healing one year after a concurrent medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament injury: an interdisciplinary study in rabbits.

The optimal treatment for concurrent injuries to the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments has not been determined, despite numerous clinical and laboratory studies. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of surgical repair of the medial collateral ligament on its biomechanical and biochemical properties 52 weeks after such injuries. In the left knee of 12 skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits, the medial collateral ligament was torn and the anterior cruciate ligament was transected and then reconstructed. This is an experimental model previously developed in our laboratory. In six rabbits, the torn ends of the medial collateral ligament were repaired, and in the remaining six rabbits, the ligament was not repaired. Fifty-two weeks after injury, we examined varus-valgus and anterior-posterior knee stability; structural properties of the femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complex; and mechanical properties, collagen content, and mature collagen crosslinking of the medial collateral ligament. We could not detect significant differences between repair and nonrepair groups for any biomechanical or biochemical property. Our data support clinical findings that when the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments are injured concurrently and the anterior cruciate ligament is reconstructed, conservative treatment of the ruptured medial collateral ligament can result in successful healing.

Animals↗