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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Animal breeding and disease.

Single-locus disorders in domesticated animals were among the first Mendelian traits to be documented after the rediscovery of Mendelism, and to be included in early linkage maps. The use of linkage maps and (increasingly) comparative genomics has been central to the identification of the causative gene for single-locus disorders of considerable practical importance. The 'score-card' in domestic animals is now more than 100 disorders for which the molecular lesion has been identified and hence for which a DNA test is available. Because of the limited lifespan of any such test, a cost-effective and hence popular means of protecting the intellectual property inherent in a DNA test is not to publish the discovery. While understandable, this practice creates a disconcerting precedent. For multifactorial disorders that are scored on an all-or-none basis or into many classes, the effectiveness of control schemes could be greatly enhanced by selection on estimated breeding values for liability. Genetic variation for resistance to pathogens and parasites is ubiquitous. Selection for resistance can therefore be successful. Because of the technical and welfare challenges inherent in the requirement to expose animals to pathogens or parasites in order to be able to select for resistance, there is a very active search for DNA markers for resistance. The first practical fruits of this research were seen in 2002, with the launch of a national scrapie control programme in the UK.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Designing animals: ethical issues for genetic engineers.

Two general philosophical approaches to ethical issues in property rights are described. Instrumental approaches take property rights to be means for achieving goals such as social efficiency or economic growth. Labor approaches take property rights to be fundamental human rights that protect liberty or that assign ownership of goods based on criteria of desert. A thought experiment is used to illustrate the relevance of these theories to intellectual property. Alternative strategies for application of ethical theory to animal biotechnology are surveyed. The choice of an approach determines a burden of proof that must be met before property claims can be ethically sanctioned, but the question of which approach should be applied to animal biotechnology remains open. Ethical issues raised by unwanted consequences of biotechnology and religious objections to gene transfer are briefly summarized with emphasis on how these issues have influenced public debate on animal patents.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Commercial exploitation of the human genome: what are the problems?

Commercial activities frequently take place against a background of the ownership of intellectual property, for example patents or know-how. This is particularly true of human health care companies and companies operating in the field of biotechnology, where the high cost and long time frames of research and development demand a degree of exclusivity in order to achieve an acceptable return on the investment. It follows that any company with an interest in using biotechnology to generate human health care products will have a strong interest in the ownership of property, much of which will have its origins in knowledge of the human genome. Claims to the ownership of portions of the human genome have been made public in recent times and these have been treated with everything from disgust to derision. However, a more considered analysis of this question will be found to turn on the relationship between discovery and invention in this field. This paper examines this question in relation to current commercial activities where information from the human genome is being used and attempts to draw some conclusions about what may be the impact of knowledge of the genome on commercial activities in the future.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1990

Human genetic information: the legal implications.

This paper provides a brief summary of some of the key legal issues raised by human genetic information and research as viewed from a British common law standpoint. The law is basically reactive rather than prospective and problems posed by futuristic medico-scientific discoveries are likely to be dealt with by reference to established legal principles and analogies made with decided cases. The acquisition and research into human genetic information in the form of DNA profiling may have wide-ranging legal implications. Human genetic information may provide an evidential tool in the legal process when the identity of a specific individual or his family connections and relationships are called into question. It may also pose problems of confidentiality which could conflict with a duty of disclosure. In the future it may be possible to identify a propensity to develop a disease which may be seriously disabling or terminal long before any symptoms are detectable. This sensitive information could be of considerable interest to any prospective employer, insurer, marriage partner or family member and is of serious concern to the individual himself. How far should or could such information lawfully be made available and to whom? Legal debates are also likely to focus on ownership of human genetic information, the patenting of techniques to unravel it, and therapies and medicines developed therefrom. The law will be invoked to safeguard any intellectual property which may exist and to patent any inventive steps in the field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Confidentiality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life forms protectable as subjects of US patents--microbes to animals (perhaps).

Scientists, businessmen, universities, and industries with fundamental or peripheral interests in technology as applied to life processes will be keenly interested in recent US Patent Office decisions. These decisions indicate that new higher life forms, animal or plant, are proper subjects of patents if they are not naturally occurring (and are not human, in the case of animals). In contrast to plants and other organisms, genetically modified animals have had no mode of protection as intellectual property except possibly as trade secrets or utility patents. The Ex parte Allen decision, reached by the Patent Office Board of Appeals and Interferences, directly addressed the issue of animal patentability in view of the broad reading of 35 U.S.C. section 101 by the US Supreme Court in the Chakrabarty decision. The subject invention concerned polyploid oysters. Claims directed toward polyploid oysters produced by a particular process were rejected under 35 U.S.C. section 103 and section 101. The Board, reversing the 35 U.S.C. section 101-based rejection in view of the Chakrabarty decision, indicated that the claimed polyploid oysters were non-naturally occurring manufactures or compositions of matter within the confines of patentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. section 101. A similar decision affecting the patentable status of plants or segments thereof had previously been reached by the Patent and Trademark Office in the case of Ex parte Hibberd, 227 U.S.P.Q. 443 (Bd. Pat. App. 1985). The Hibberd utility patent application concerned "genetically engineered" maize which had high levels of the tryptophan.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence-driven advancements in agricultural biotechnology.

The need for faster and more informative data processing for better decision-making is driving the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in the agricultural sector. Thanks to recent advancements in computer science and the increase in computational powers of modern computers, AI is not only augmenting traditional solutions, but also helping in developing novel solutions to existing challenging matters. AI-driven models have an exceptional ability to identify patterns and combine a diverse collection of data together and make inference. The increasing pressure on farmlands posed by the growing global population and climate change is lessening growth, yield, and productivity ultimately posing risk to food security worldwide. Incorporation of AI in agriculture has the potential to drive farming efficiency to new heights. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the evolution of AI in agricultural biotechnology from a theoretical concept to a global phenomenon. A comprehensive literature search was performed using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Lens and the Cochrane Library. In this review, we empirically demonstrate the fields advancement toward more capable AI systems and discuss the current applications of AI across crop improvement and precision agriculture such as crop improvement and genetic engineering, genomic selection and plant breeding, pest and disease detection, precision agriculture and smart farming, soil health and nutrient management, climate resilient crop development, livestock biotechnology, challenges and ethical considerations in AI based agricultural biotechnology. Furthermore, this review addresses the exponential growth of commercial intellectual property in the field and contrast it with academic publication outputs. Finally, we critically assess the ethical challenges impeding equitable adoption of AI including data sovereignty and digital divide, while projecting future frontiers involving quantum computing. This review will help build sustainable agricultural systems capable of adapting to climate change, contribute to the development of climate-resilient and high-yielding crops, and address global food security challenges.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2024

Drug repurposing in status epilepticus.

The treatment of status epilepticus (SE) has changed little in the last 20 years, largely because of the high risks and costs of new drug development for SE. Moreover, SE poses specific challenges to drug development, such as patient diversity, logistical hurdles, and the need for acute treatment strategies that differ from chronic seizure prevention. This has reduced the appetite of industry to develop new drugs in this area. Drug repurposing is an attractive approach to address this unmet need. It offers significant advantages, including reduced development time, lower costs, and higher success rates, compared to novel drug development. Here I demonstrate how novel methods integrating biological knowledge and computational methods can be applied to drug repurposing in status epilepticus. Biological approaches focus on addressing mechanisms underlying drug resistance in SE (using for example ketamine, tacrolimus and safinamide) and longer-term consequences (using for example omaveloxolone, celecoxib and losartan). Additionally, artificial intelligence platforms, such as ChatGPT, can rapidly generate promising drug lists, while in silico methods can analyze gene expression changes to predict molecular targets. Combining AI and in silico approaches has identified several candidate drugs, including metformin, sirolimus and riluzole, for SE treatment. Despite the promise of repurposing, challenges remain, such as intellectual property issues and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, drug repurposing presents a viable solution to the high costs and slow progress of traditional drug development for SE. This paper is based on a presentation made at the 9th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, in April 2024.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Beyond the college walls.

The author outlines historical and current reasons that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and academic medicine are inherently political and are now facing expanding political exposure. She emphasizes especially the power of modern discoveries in biology; this power stems from the many practical benefits that these discoveries can bring and their economic implications, and the growing public awareness of these benefits and implications. She then discusses the political realities of the biomedical enterprise, illustrating them by describing the nature of issues surrounding (1) the NIH budget and (2) technology transfer. Discussion of the latter topic includes a detailed description of controversies about patents (which revolve around the issue of who owns and controls the distribution and use of scientific information) and several important policy issues that are raised by these controversies (e.g., should there be uniform international policies regarding intellectual property rights associated with discoveries of novel biologically expressed genes of uncertain in-vivo function, and if so, how is that achieved?). The author concludes by stating that these examples of the politics of knowledge and of the NIH are among many vital biomedical issues of American life (which she lists) that require the academic medicine community to look beyond its own walls and participate in the complex world of politics and public policy.

Economics, Medical↗
PubMed2026

Powering Genome Editing in Rice by Harnessing Promising Gene Resources: A Comprehensive Roadmap.

The imprecise breeding methods including recombination breeding, physical/chemical mutagenesis, and marker-assisted breeding have been extensively utilized for trait improvement of rice crop. Despite tremendous progress made through these breeding methods, the critical issues, such as linkage drag, unintended phenotype, and longer duration of time required to breed a cultivar, have been the major limitations. Among the new breeding technologies, genome editing (GE) has become the most promising approach because of its specificity, precision, and speed. Despite its transformative potential, genome editing continues to face several limitations in crop improvement. These include well-recognized policy challenges, such as biosafety regulations and intellectual property constraints, alongside technical barriers like inefficient tissue culture and transformation systems. Additionally, researchers remain constrained by the limited availability of precise gene information necessary for accurate targeted editing and effective trait enhancement. This review presents an analysis of genes that regulate abiotic and biotic stresses, yield, grain quality and nutrition, plant architecture, nutrient absorption and use efficiency, and other agronomically important traits of rice. The trait-wise probable target genes for genome editing have been discussed in detail. This review will serve as a ready reckoner for rice researchers and funding agencies.

Oryza↗