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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Guidelines for the care of laboratory animals in transit. Laboratory Animal Breeders Association of Great Britain Limited (LABA) and Laboratory Animal Science Association (LASA). Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), British Laboratory Animal Veterinary Association (BLAVA), Institute of Animal Technology (IAT), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food (MAFF), Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), and Animals (Scientific Procedures) Inspectorate.

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Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

Current status and future options for the development of laboratory animal technology and the training of laboratory animal technicians.

Laboratory animal technology has evolved into a specialised field of expertise which is associated with the production, care and use of laboratory animals in biomedical teaching and research. A survey of laboratory animal facilities and supporting personnel was undertaken to assess the uses of laboratory animals in relation to the administrative and technical staffing of animal facilities. The results of this study indicate that there is a need for training in laboratory animal science at both the technical and professional levels. Options for the development of formal training in laboratory animal technology are reviewed.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gizzard impaction in lesser rhea chicks (Pterocnemia pennata) raised on farms in Patagonia, Argentina.

Impaction of the gizzard was diagnosed in 33 1-to-4-wk-old lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata) raised on farms in Patagonia, Argentina. The birds showed anorexia, lethargy, constipation, dehydration, weight loss, and weakness. Necropsy revealed gizzard impaction by fibrous material, sand, rocks, and rubbish. Also, excess fibrous material was observed in the small intestine, and intussusception was found in one chick. Impaction of the gizzard observed in the present study was similar to that reported in other ratite species and confirmed that this disease can affect lesser rhea chicks raised in captivity. This disease affected 33 out of 41 (80%) dead lesser rhea chicks submitted to the Animal Health Unit of The National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Bariloche, Argentina, during the study period, so it can be a significant cause of mortality in farmed rheas in Argentina.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Low-level radioactivity measurements in an ocean shellfish matrix.

Reference marine biological samples are necessary to test the performance of the analytical methods employed in surveying and monitoring radioactive materials in the sea. The measurement of artificial and natural radionuclide activity concentrations in ocean shellfish material by nondestructive ultra low-level gamma-ray spectrometry in an underground laboratory is reported. The material analysed, a composite material made of Irish Sea and White Sea mussel and Japan Sea oyster, was prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Measurement of cerebral glucose metabolic rates in the anesthetized rat by dynamic scanning with 18F-FDG, the ATLAS small animal PET scanner, and arterial blood sampling.

UNLABELLED: Rodent models and genetically altered mice have recently become available to study many human diseases. A sensitive and accurate PET scanner for small animals would be useful to evaluate treatment of these diseases in rodent models. To examine the feasibility of performing quantitative PET studies, we performed dynamic scans with arterial blood sampling in anesthetized rats with the ATLAS (Advanced Technology Laboratory Animal Scanner) small animal PET scanner developed at the National Institutes of Health and (18)F-FDG and compared activities determined by PET scanning with those obtained by direct tissue sampling. METHODS: Dynamic PET scans after a bolus of approximately 48 MBq (1.3 mCi) (18)F-FDG were performed in rats anesthetized with isoflurane. Arterial blood sampling was performed throughout the scanning period. At 60 min the rat was killed, and the brain was rapidly removed and dissected into 5 structures (thalamus [TH], cortex [CX], brain stem [BS], cerebellum [CB], and half brain). Activity in the tissue samples was compared with the mean activity of the last 5 min of calibrated PET data. RESULTS: Plasma activity peaked at approximately 0.2 min and then cleared rapidly. Brain activity initially rose rapidly; the rate of increase then progressively slowed until activity was approximately constant between 30 and 60 min. Recovery coefficients (MBq/mL in PET images)/(MBq/mL in tissue samples) were 0.99 +/- 0.04, 0.90 +/- 0.19, 1.01 +/- 0.24, 0.84 +/- 0.05, and 1.01 +/- 0.17, respectively, in TH, CX, BS, CB, and half brain (mean +/- SD, n = 6-9). Cerebral glucose utilization determined by Patlak analyses of PET data measured 30-60 min after injection of (18)F-FDG was 31.7 +/- 5.2, 23.9 +/- 4.8, 29.9 +/- 5.0, 39.3 +/- 7.3, and 28.1 +/- 4.6 micro mol/100 g/min (mean +/- SD, n = 9) in TH, CX, BS, CB, and whole brain, respectively. These results are consistent with a previous (14)C-deoxyglucose study of the isoflurane-anesthetized rat. CONCLUSION: Expected values for glucose metabolic rates and recovery coefficients near unity suggest that quantitatively accurate dynamic (18)F-FDG brain imaging can be performed in the rat with arterial blood sampling and the ATLAS small animal PET scanner.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1986

Interrelationships between recent developments in molecular genetics and cytogenetics and animal breeding.

Animal breeding traditionally has entailed devising means to apply quantitative and population genetic theory to increase productive capacity of livestock. A highly developed and successful industry has been built on foundations established by academic animal breeders. Recent developments in related sciences such as reproductive biology, molecular biology, cellular biology, and cytogenetics offer prospects for the emergence of a number of methodologies that might usefully be applied to animal breeding. Scientists engaged in development of the newer technologies are not wholly familiar with the livestock industry, its breeding structure, its objectives, its institutions or its peculiarities. Animal breeders, however, are not fully cognizant of the scientific advances being made in related fields, their potential for development and application or their limitations, and therefore, animal breeders have not seriously thought about how they might be integrated most usefully and efficaciously into the animal breeding enterprise. A collaboration is needed in which the laboratory scientists produce new ideas, products, and methods and the animal breeders--using system analysis, simulation procedures, and laboratory animal and livestock breeding tests--help make rational choices, partially direct work of the laboratory scientists, help the industry integrate new methods, and monitor the extent of success of adapted innovations.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1985

From DNA to NDA--the impact of recombinant DNA technology on new drug development.

Man's long-standing efforts to alter living things through genetic manipulation have become reality. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have the potential to alter the drug-development process profoundly. The pharmaceutical industry has had to adjust its research efforts and develop new state-of-the-art laboratories. In addition to the standard biological and in vivo assays, many new tests are required, e.g., amino acid sequencing, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and radioimmunoassays. Academic researchers have played a vital role in developing the new biotechnology, supplying most of the basic scientific knowledge and the initial supply of the scientific work force. The recent shifting of support for scientific training from the government to the pharmaceutical industry has resulted in unprecedented academe-industry relationships. Universities now stand to profit significantly from patent rights resulting from biotechnology research efforts. While the advances in biotechnology have had considerable impact on the pharmaceutical industry and academia, they have thus far had only a minor impact on the regulatory process. To date, the preferred regulatory path appears to be modification of existing procedures through the issuance of guidelines, which can be updated as knowledge increases.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2000

Development of biotechnology in India.

India has embarked upon a very ambitious program in biotechnology with a view to harnessing its available human and unlimited biodiversity resources. It has mainly been a government sponsored effort with very little private industry participation in investment. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) established under the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1986 was the major instrument of action to bring together most talents, material resources, and budgetary provisions. It began sponsoring research in molecular biology, agricultural and medical sciences, plant and animal tissue culture, biofertilizers and biopesticides, environment, human genetics, microbial technology, and bioprocess engineering, etc. The establishment of a number of world class bioscience research institutes and provision of large research grants to some existing universities helped in developing specialized centres of biotechnology. Besides DBT, the Department of Science & Technology (DST), also under the Ministry of S&T, sponsors research at universities working in the basic areas of life sciences. Ministry of Education's most pioneering effort was instrumental in the creation of Biochemical Engineering Research Centre at IIT Delhi with substantial assistance from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland to make available state-of-the-art infrastructure for education, training, and research in biochemical engineering and biotechnology in 1974. This initiative catalysed biotechnology training and research at many institutions a few years later. With a brief introduction, the major thrust areas of biotechnology development in India have been reviewed in this India Paper which include education and training, agricultural biotechnology, biofertilizers and biopesticides, tissue culture for tree and woody species, medicinal and aromatic plants, biodiversity conservation and environment, vaccine development, animal, aquaculture, seri and food biotechnology, microbial technology, industrial biotechnology, biochemical engineering and associated activities such as creation of biotechnology information system and national repositories. Current status of intellectual property rights has also been discussed. Contribution to the India's advances in biotechnology by the industry, excepting a limited few, has been far below expectations. The review concludes with some cautious notes.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Probiotic research in Australia, New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific region.

Although the epicentres of probiotic research in the past decade have been Japan and Europe, researchers in the Asia-Pacific region have actively contributed to the growing understanding of the intestinal microbial ecosystem, and interactions between gut bacteria, diet and health of the human host. A number of new probiotic strains have been developed in the region that have been demonstrated to have beneficial impacts on health in animal and human trials, including improved protection against intestinal pathogens and modulation of the immune system. Probiotics targeted to animals, including aquaculture, feature heavily in many Asian countries. Developments in probiotic technologies have included microencapsulation techniques, antimicrobial production in fermented meats, and synbiotic combinations. In particular, the impact of resistant starch on the intestinal environment and fermentation by intestinal bacteria has been intensively studied and new probiotic strains selected specifically for synbiotic combinations with resistant starch. This paper provides an overview of probiotic research within Australia, New Zealand and a number of Asian countries, and lists scientists in the Asia-Pacific region involved in various aspects of probiotic research and development.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2000

Development and construction of a neutron beam line for accelerator-based boron neutron capture synovectomy.

A potential application of the 10B(n, alpha)7Li nuclear reaction for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, termed Boron Neutron Capture Synovectomy (BNCS), is under investigation. In an arthritic joint, the synovial lining becomes inflamed and is a source of great pain and discomfort for the afflicted patient. The goal of BNCS is to ablate the synovium, thereby eliminating the symptoms of the arthritis. A BNCS treatment would consist of an intra-articular injection of boron followed by neutron irradiation of the joint. Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations have been used to develop an accelerator-based epithermal neutron beam line for BNCS treatments. The model includes a moderator/reflector assembly, neutron producing target, target cooling system, and arthritic joint phantom. Single and parallel opposed beam irradiations have been modeled for the human knee, human finger, and rabbit knee joints. Additional reflectors, placed to the side and back of the joint, have been added to the model and have been shown to improve treatment times and skin doses by about a factor of 2. Several neutron-producing charged particle reactions have been examined for BNCS, including the 9Be(p,n) reaction at proton energies of 4 and 3.7 MeV, the 9Be(d,n) reaction at deuteron energies of 1.5 and 2.6 MeV, and the 7Li(p,n) reaction at a proton energy of 2.5 MeV. For an accelerator beam current of 1 mA and synovial boron uptake of 1000 ppm, the time to deliver a therapy dose of 10,000 RBEcGy ranges from 3 to 48 min, depending on the treated joint and the neutron producing charged particle reaction. The whole-body effective dose that a human would incur during a knee treatment has been estimated to be 3.6 rem or 0.75 rem, for 1000 ppm or 19,000 ppm synovial boron uptake, respectively, although the shielding configuration has not yet been optimized. The Monte Carlo design process culminated in the construction, installation, and testing of a dedicated BNCS beam line on the high-current tandem electrostatic accelerator at the Laboratory for Accelerator Beam Applications at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Animals↗