Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Ingredients And Chemicals”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Phototoxicity and DNA damage induced by the cosmetic ingredient chemical azulene in human Jurkat T-cells.

Previous study showed that the cosmetic ingredient chemical azulene and its derivative gauiazulene exhibited photomutagenicity four- to five-fold higher than spontaneous mutation in Salmonella typhimurium TA102. In this study, phototoxicity including photogenotoxicity of azulene in human Jurkat T-cells is reported. When the cell suspensions are irradiated by light (UVA plus visible light) in the presence of azulene, an azulene dose-dependent cellular DNA damage is observed. At the highest azulene concentration of 50 microM, the average DNA fragmentation is 33 +/- 10%, determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay). Cell viability assay using fluorescein diacetate indicates that the cells could endure the damage and remain viable. Further study revealed that the combination of light and azulene can cause single-strand cleavage on pure PhiX174 plasmid DNA in solution. Studies using scavengers reveal that singlet oxygen and free radicals are involved in causing DNA cleavage. This suggests that the photomutagenicity of azulene in S. typhimurium TA102 could be due to DNA fragmentation caused by the concurrent exposure to azulene and light.

Azulenes↗
PubMed1978

Hidden food ingredients, chemical food additives and incomplete food labels.

Many foods and medications containing hidden ingredients are described; labelling is usually incomplete and often misleading. Patients sensitive to foods and chemicals are advised to read and interpret labels. Consumers, manufacturers, government agencies and allergists should cooperate to ensure an adequate national food supply without unduly jeopardizing an increasingly sensitive population.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Post-harvest alteration of the main chemical ingredients in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Rhizoma Chuanxiong).

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong HORT.) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal herb for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Significant variations of the main components in this herb were observed in commercial samples. The present study investigated effects of post-harvest drying and processing methods on nine main components in the herb. Results showed that drying at 60 degrees C or under the sun the contents of three major constituents, namely senkyunolide A (4), coniferylferulate (5) and Z-ligustilide (6), decreased significantly, while the contents of ferulic acid (1), riligustilide (8) and levistolide A (9) increased significantly. Senkyunolide I (2) and senkyunolide H (3), which were not detected in fresh herbs, appeared in dried samples. Similar chemical alterations, such as decrease in the contents of three major ingredients and increase in the contents of compounds 1, 2, 3, 8 and 9, were also observed in differently processed herbal samples. The possible converting mechanisms of these components were clarified by employing pure major components treated under the same conditions.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Photomutagenicity of cosmetic ingredient chemicals azulene and guaiazulene.

The photomutagenicity of the popular skin conditioning agents azulene and guaiazulene were tested in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA102. Following irradiation with UVA and/or visible light, both azulene and guaiazulene exhibited mutagenicity 4-5-fold higher than the spontaneous background mutation. In contrary, naphthalene, a structural isomer of azulene, was not photomutagenic under the same conditions. Azulene was photomutagenic when irradiated with UVA light alone, visible light alone, or a combination of UVA and visible light. Azulene and guaiazulene are not mutagenic when the experiment is conducted with the exclusion of light. Therefore, extreme care must be taken when using cosmetic products with azulene/guaiazulene as ingredients since after applying these products on the skin, exposure to sunlight is inevitable.

Azulenes↗
PubMed2003

Simultaneous analysis of seventeen chemical ingredients of Ligusticum chuanxiong by on-line high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry.

An on-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD)-mass spectrometry (MS) analytical method has been developed to simultaneously separate and identify seventeen main constituents of Chuanxiong ( Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. In three Chuanxiong samples, nine compounds were unequivocally determined as vanillin (1), ferulic acid (2), senkyunolide I (4), senkyunolide H (5), senkyunolide A (6), coniferyl ferulate (7), Z-ligustilide (8), neocnidilide (9) and 3-butylidenephthalide (10) by comparing their t R, UV, and MS data with those obtained for the authentic compounds. Furthermore, additional eight compounds were tentatively identified as senkyunolide J (11), senkyunolide F (12), 3-butylphthalide (13), cnidilide (14), riligustilide (15) or Z,Z'-6,8',7,3'-diligustilide (16), tokinolide B (17), levistolide A (18) and senkyunolide P (19), based on their MS data and the comparison of their UV spectra with the published references. This is the first report to describe the development of an on-line HPLC-DAD-MS method to simultaneously analyse seventeen main constituents present in Chuanxiong and to construct the chemical profiles of various Chuanxiong samples.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

[Research on chemical ingredients of the root from cultivar Aralia cordata Thunb].

Eight components were isolated and purified from the ethereal extract from cultivar Aralia cordata Thumb. By means of UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13CNMR, they were identified as (I) kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, (II) docosanoic, (III) hexadecanoic acid, (V) stigmasterol, (V) 16-formyl-kaur-15-en-19-oic acid, (VI) 7-oxo-ent-pimara-8 (14), 15-dien-19-oic acid, (VII) 17-Hydroxy-ent-kaur-15-en-19-oic acid, (VlII) sitosterol. Among them, components II, III, V were isolated from the gunus of Aralia for the first time.

Aralia↗
PubMed2003

Information theory applied to chromatographic fingerprint of herbal medicine for quality control.

At present, the construction of chromatographic fingerprints plays an important role in the quality control of complex herbal medicines. In this work, information theory was applied to obtain chromatographic fingerprints with good performance. Moreover, according to the characteristics of the chromatographic fingerprints obtained, some modifications of the calculation of the information content were conducted. In comparison with the information content from several chromatographic fingerprints obtained, reliable chromatographic fingerprints with a high separation degree and uniform concentration distribution of chemical components could be determined. The successful application of information theory with modification to simulated chromatographic fingerprints together with real herbal medicines such as Rhizoma chuanxiong and Ginkgo biloba from different sources demonstrated clearly that the proposed method to determine chromatographic fingerprints was reasonable and reliable and it was user-friendly. Chromatographic fingerprints determined with high separation degrees and uniform concentration distribution of chemical ingredients might also chemically represent characteristic components of herbal medicines for quality control.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1993

Prediction of digestibility of nutrients and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis.

The DE and ME values and digestible nutrient contents of 114 diets were measured in 45-kg growing pigs (four to five animals per diet) fed approximately 500 kcal of ME/kg BW.60. Diets differed widely with regard to their chemical characteristics and their ingredients. Chemical composition of each diet was measured by at least four laboratories. The results were used to establish prediction equations of DE or ME values, digestible nutrient contents, and digestibility coefficients of energy and nutrients from chemical characteristics. Digestibility coefficients of energy (range: 65 to 95%) and CP (range: 64 to 94%) were highly dependent on dietary fiber and mineral contents. The digestibility coefficient of ether extract increased curvilinearly (from 2 to 84%) with the dietary fat content. The digestibility of fiber was lower (45% for NDF) than for the other chemical constituents. The ME:DE ratio averaged 96.3% and was negatively correlated to the dietary protein content. The DE and ME values could be accurately predicted (R2 > .90 and CV < 2%) from chemical characteristics; the best equations were obtained when the following predictors were combined in a linear model: ash, ether extract, crude protein, and an estimate of dietary fiber. The accuracy of the prediction was higher with NDF than with ADF or Weende crude fiber. The results suggest that even a rather large proportion of dietary fiber (approximately 50%) is degraded in the digestive tract, the amount of available energy from fiber digestion is negligible in connection with increased endogenous protein and fat losses. The equations obtained in the present study represent a basis for the prediction of the energy values of mixed diets with a composition of unknown ingredients.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

The cosmetic ingredient review self-regulatory safety program.

The CIR's 13-year history of cosmetic-ingredient safety review appears to have successfully accomplished its goal of reviewing in a scientific manner the safety of cosmetic chemical ingredients. The method of prioritization has allowed for the identification of the most frequently used and the most biologically active chemicals. To date, 310 cosmetic ingredients have been reviewed, and 33 ingredients are under current review. Although CIR does not have a safety-evaluation report available for every cosmetic ingredient in use, it has proved that CIR is a system of documentation, review, and analysis that can be used to address any safety problem that may exist with any cosmetic ingredient.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed1994

Drug data coding and analysis in epidemiologic studies.

In epidemiologic studies that collect comprehensive information on medication use, the complexity of dealing with a large number of trade and generic names may limit the utilization of these data bases. This paper shows the specific advantage of using two coding systems, one to maximize efficiency of data entry, and the other to facilitate analysis by organizing the drug ingredients into hierarchical categories. The approach used by two large surveys, one in the USA and one in Italy, is described: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) and the 'Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell' Anziano' (GIFA). To enter the medications into a computerized database, codes matching the drug product names are needed. In the EPESE the prescription and over the counter drug products are coded with the Drug Products Information Coding System (DPICS) and the Iowa Nonprescription Drug Products Information Coding System (INDPICS), respectively. The GIFA study uses the coding system of the Italian Ministry of Health (MINSAN), with a unique numeric code for each drug product available in Italy. To simplify the analytical process the drug entry codes are converted into hierarchical coding systems with unique codes for specific drug ingredients, chemical and therapeutic categories. The EPESE and GIFA drug data are coded with the Iowa Drug Information System (IDIS) ingredient codes, and the Anatomical Therapeutic and chemical (ATC) codes, respectively. Examples are provided that show coding of diuretics in these two studies and demonstrate the analytic advantages of these systems.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1979

[Anatomical structures, physiology and pathophysiology of cerebrospinal fluid metabolism; a review for an understanding of cerebrospinal fluid findings].

The very different macroscopic and microscopic details of the structures involved in production and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the different parts of the central nervous system are causing confusing laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluids, the ingredients of which change even under normal condition in these different parts. Moreover the chemical ingredients of cerebrospinal fluid differ especially from the normal situation during some diseases of the central nervous system. Although we can be sure that there is much more diagnostic information in cerebrospinal fluid, we mainly prefer certain standard methods today, as there are cell counts and measuring of the protein concentration, as diagnostic parameters. Their unspecific changes during several pathologic states do not yet allow to point out the exact localization of the disease, nor can they contribute in every case in finding the cause of the disease. Therefore other and more specific diagnostic laboratory methods are to be developed, which will make possible more precise statements about the nature and the localization of central nervous system diseases.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health protection: Toxic agent and radiation control.

It is estimated that of the four million chemical compounds which have been synthesized or isolated from natural materials, more than 55,000 are produced commercially. Approximately 1,000 new compounds are introduced annually; pesticide formulations alone contain about 1,500 active chemical ingredients. Diagnostic x-rays are used extensively in medicine and dentistry. Over 2,000 chemicals are suspected carcinogens in laboratory animals--epidemiologic evidence suggests that 26 of these chemicals and/or industrial processes are carcinogenic in humans. More than 20 agents are known to be associated with birth defects in humans; 47 atmospheric contaminants have been identified in animal studies as recognized carcinogens and 128 as mutagens; and, of the 765 contaminants identified in drinking water, 12 were recognized carcinogens, 31 suspected carcinogens, and 59 mutagens. Radiation has known carcinogenic and genetic effects at significant levels of exposure. Problems with toxic agents and radiation sources occur not only in industry, but also in medical and dental care (x-rays and drugs), agriculture (pesticides and herbicides), Government activities (biological and chemical agents), consumer products (incorrect use of consumer products which contain toxic substances), and natural sources (fungal products).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Mutual interactions among ingredients of betel quid in inducing genotoxicity on Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The purpose of this study is to explore the mutual interactions among the chemical ingredients of betel quid including arecoline, sodium fluoride, catechin and glycyrrhizin in producing genotoxicity on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using the micronucleus method. Our results show that arecoline at a rather low concentration of 0.2-2 microM which could be in the oral cavity during betel quid chewing and NaF(0.8-2.4 mM) significant elevated the number of micronucleated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, significant prolongation of cell cycles was observed by treatment with arecoline (> or = 2.0 microM) or NaF (2.4 nM) in CHO cells. Both catechin and glycyrrhizin could antagonize not only the increased micronucleated cells induced by arecoline and NaF but also the prolonged cell cycle induced by arecoline in CHO cells. This find implies that the adjuvant ingredients, catechu and liquorice root extract provide not only a flavor but also an antagonist against the genotoxicity of arecoline and fluoride containing betel quid.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Batch-consciousness in dermatologic management.

The chemical ingredients can vary between batches of industrial products. That means that the sensitizing capacity is also variable. This should be considered in taking histories, performing patch testing and analyzing chemicals.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shikonin, an ingredient of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, inhibits angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro.

Angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and inflammation. Shiunko is a Chinese herbal ointment used for the treatment of burns in Japan. Its main ingredient is the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, which had been used for treating tumors and inflammation in China since the 5th century. We report here that shikonin, the main chemical ingredient of L. erythrorhizon is a novel inhibitor of angiogenesis. It inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced and B16 melanoma-induced angiogenesis in mice and normal developmental angiogenesis in the yolk-sac membranes of chick embryos. Shikonin also inhibited proliferation and migration of endothelial cells in culture and network formation by endothelial cells on Matrigel in vitro. The dose-responsive study suggests that the mechanism of this inhibitory effect on angiogenesis involves the prevention of network formation by endothelial cells via blocking integrin alpha v beta 3 expression.

Animals↗