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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Psychophysiologic chronometry: detection of facilitating and inhibiting processes in information processing using electroencephalographic and electromyographic data].

The objective of the present research was to tally the potential usefulness of psychophysiological measures in the systematic analysis of human information processing. Different context conditions were established in two cued choice-reaction time experiments. The context could either facilitate or inhibit the processing of an imperative stimulus. Event-related brain potentials (EEG-ERP) and event-related electromyograms (EMG-ERP) were recorded and from these biosignals latencies and duration times for different aspects of stimulus evaluation and movement execution were derived. The EEG-ERP provided measures for the time of primary stimulus categorization (N2), the time necessary to test actual stimulus information against stimulus expectancies (P3b), and the time necessary to check the decision about the stimulus-response mapping (pSW). From the EMG-ERP, processing times were derived which are related to the initiation of a motor program and to distinct sections of the movement trajectory. Results show that these latency measures react differently to different context manipulations. EEG-ERP measures, for example, reflected differences during stimulus evaluation which were not detectable in response- or EMG-derived movement times. The parallel analysis of EEG-ERPs and EMG-ERPs allowed delineation of processing modules which are responsible for particular context-dependent facilitation and inhibition effects. Moreover, the data revealed substantial overlap of evaluation times and movement times. This finding seems to be more compatible with a parallel processing model than with a strictly sequential model.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A study suggesting two kinds of information processing of the sexual response.

Genital and subjective sexual arousal in response to sexual imagery was studied. In a previous study subjects who were encouraged to process information on sexual stimuli and sexual responses were more sexually aroused than subjects encouraged to process information on sexual stimuli only. In the present study, the reverse effect was found in subjects who had received further verbal training to differentially process information on sexual stimuli or responses. This suggests two different kinds of processing information on sexual responses. They may result from simple encouragement or verbal training to process sexual information.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of closed-head injury on attentional processes: an information-processing stage analysis.

The present study, based on Sternberg's (1969) additive-factor method, examined attentional processes in terms of four information-processing stages (feature extraction, identification, response selection, and motor adjustment). Four task variables were used to operationally define the stages (signal quality, signal similarity, signal-response compatibility, and foreperiod uncertainty). In two studies, a visuo-spatial reaction-time task was undertaken by a group of university subjects (Experiment 1) and by three groups of closed-head-injured patients (severe short-term, severe long-term, and mild short-term) and their corresponding matched controls (Experiment 2). The results indicated that both patients and normals exhibited a similar mode of linear information processing. In addition, it was found that the severe short-term group was impaired on the response-selection stage and response selection stage; the severe long-term group was impaired only on the response-selection; and no evidence of impairment was found for the mild short-term patients. The implications of these findings with reference to the study of attentional processes in closed-head injured patients and to neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of coupled cardiovascular and respiratory afferent signals on the central processes of human information processing].

On the basis of contemporary knowledge on close functional connections between respiratory and cardiovascular afferents a computerized experimental device was developed by means of which central information processing can be studied in dependence on respiration phase and the level of baroreceptor activity. In all the examined parameters (time of motor reaction of two hands, latency of eye-lid reflex) the greatest changes were observed at maximum baroreceptor activity. These changes were clearly distinguished by direction during the phases of inhalation and exhalation. Such effect is probably based on the fact that the influence of cardiovascular afferents on the level of central activity is modulated in respiration rhythm through the mechanism of breath "gating" of postsynaptic STN structures.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

[How people process increasing amounts of information as trials go on: reduction of the trade-off between memory and information-processing in the mental resources].

In solving problems in which the amount of memory required increases during the course of solution the subjects would select such strategies as to cope with the deterioration of performance due to the trade-off between the memory load and the information-processing efficiency. To test the above hypothesis 58 graduates and undergraduates were asked to solve a number-guessing problem. In Experiment I, the subjects' responses were categorized and two different information-processing strategies were extracted; the condensation-of-information strategy and the partiality-decision strategy. These strategies were coded as flow charts. In Experiment II, to clarify the relation between processing and memory strategies, memory load was varied by giving the subjects different amount of cues for the solution. Results suggested that the subjects coped flexibly with the demand of situation by adaptive usage of two-layer solving strategies corresponding to the amount of memory load; one was a memory strategy and the other was a processing strategy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Asymmetry of information processing in hallucinators and nonhallucinators.

In previous work we had developed evidence suggesting that hallucinating schizophrenics differ from nonhallucinators in the pattern of errors made in a shadowing task. Non hallucinators appeared to be less willing to guess when they were unsure. The errors of the hallucinators seemed more semantically elaborate. The experiment had not been designed to study these factors and the current experiment was conducted using a technique reported by Pisoni et al. These workers had studied normal Ss in an immediate recall task, using semantically well integrated (SWI) or poorly integrated (SPI) sentences. Pisoni et al. had shown that right ear presentation produced more accurate recall of SWI as compared to SPI sentences, whereas left ear presentation failed to discriminate these sentences. Utilizing the methods of Pisoni et al., we replicated their findings in a normal control group. The results from our hallucinating and nonhallucinating groups were different from each other, the nonhallucinators being less accurate, discriminating semantic integration level on left rather than right ear input, and making more fragmented errors. Little support could be found for attributing this pattern of performance to nonspecific aspects of the procedures. It appears that the nonhallucinators process information differently from hallucinators. These differences may reflect alterations in language development. It is speculated that such differences might be consistent with interference with the development of brain asymmetry.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Informational processing of complex sound. I: Intensity discrimination.

This paper reports on some initial experiments using the sample discrimination paradigm to investigate normal-hearing listeners' ability to process information in complex, nonspeech sounds. An important feature of the sample discrimination experiment is that the value of the difference to be discriminated randomly varies from trial to trial. It is this variation that yields potential information. In the present study, listeners heard a pair of multitone complexes (or sequences) on each trial. The individual levels of the tones were drawn from two normal distributions differing only in mean. The listener's task was to identify the sound having the higher mean tone level. For an ideal observer in these experiments, performance in d' grows as the square root n, where n is the number of tones. Obtained d' grew more nearly as the cube root of n regardless of whether the tones were played sequentially or simultaneously or whether they were increased in number from high frequencies to low or from low frequencies to high. A preliminary model is proposed in which discrimination performance depends predominantly on the information content of the sounds and is largely independent of the physical dimensions along which the sounds vary. Information content is defined in terms of the variance of the underlying stimulus distributions and a stimulus equivocation factor that is derived from the data. Based on this model, transmitted information is estimated to be between 1.0 and 2.6 bits.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

Informational processing of complex sound. II. Cross-dimensional analysis.

A series of experiments investigated listeners' ability simultaneously to process information across different acoustic dimensions. On each trial, the listener heard a pair of brief n-tone sequences (n = 1 to 12). The frequency, intensity, and duration of each tone in the sequence varied randomly from trial to trial. On average, the values of these three parameters were greater for one sequence, the target, than the other, the nontarget. The listener's task was to identify the target on each trial. For an ideal observer in this task, d' performance grows as the square root n. Obtained d' grew at a rate slightly less than the square root of n. Close to cube root of n growth was observed when the average difference occurred in only one of the three tone parameter values within a block of trials. Although performance fell short of ideal, optimum weights were consistently given to each tone and each parameter. The results are consistent with a model in which performance depends predominantly on the information content of the sounds regardless of how the information is "packaged" in the stimulus. Transmitted information is estimated to be 0.9-2.0 bits within a single acoustic dimension, 2.1-3.0 bits when distributed across dimensions.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Information processing immunogenetic analysis. IV. Information amount and predictive power of different immunogenetic models.

Principles of information theory are imposed on immunogenetic information processing, whereby the 'information amount', simplicity, 'redundancy' and 'predicatability' of different encodings, models, theories or mappings can be objectively compared. As an example, the experimental observables emanating from the Rh system at its 10 reagent-8 haplotype level is shown to obtain an information amount of 140,120 and 78 bits when interpreted (encoded according to a simple-complex, complex-simple and complex-complex theory, model or program, respectively. The 'predictive' or 'accomodating' power of the simple-complex and complex-simple theories is shown to be 134, respectively 366 bits for a given set of experimental observables emanating from a S3 universe.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

[Changes in the rate and accuracy of information processing in the computer training of upper-grade pupils].

The basic activity of the student during the "computer training process" is the introduction and processing of information. In the dialogue regime of work, between student and computer, the velocity and accuracy of the information processing take important place. In this aspect, special attention is given to the changes in the indicated indices during the computer lesson, computer plays and the traditional training. Studies are carried out on 30 students from classes X and XI, educated in vocational school "V. Levski", the town of Pravets. For the purpose is used electron determinator with test programme, containing consecutively exposure to 50 visual stimulators in red, blue, green, yellow and white colours at 1,2 s/speed. The results as a whole show that the most favourable results concerning the computer plays, very likely could be explained with the diversion effect and the positive motivation adjustment to the activity performed. By means of dispersion analysis is established, that only the type of activity has an essential effect on the velocity and accuracy of the information processing.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1989

Biological information processing: the use of information for the support of function.

In biological systems, the processing and use of information has evolved out of the need for survival in the face of an uncertain environment. As a consequence, the information-function relationship in these systems is shaped by their adaptability characteristics. In contrast, the information-function relationship in man-designed, goal-oriented organizational systems depends on the ability of the information processing system to support the achievement of the organization's goals. In this paper we use results from adaptability theory in the analysis of control-related aspects of the information-function relationship in man-designed organizational systems. In particular, we use a conceptual model of organizational control to characterize features of functional and control structures and their effect on the adaptability of these systems. The concept of implicit control and a design principle for adaptability-enhancing information systems are derived for this analysis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

[EEG correlates of information processing in acute and remittent schizophrenic patients].

Studies of the EEG correlates of information processing in normals indicate that different cognitive processing of information is correlated with different functional brain states. Studies in experimental psychology have demonstrated a communication and performance deficit in schizophrenics which indicates a deviation in one or more stages of information processing. Accordingly it can be hypothesized that the functional brain states as manifested in the EEG during information processing in schizophrenics are different from these states in normals or former schizophrenics. The paper tested this hypothesis in drug-free acute and former schizophrenics, neurotics and normals. The results indicate 1) that acute schizophrenics show a deviant electrical brain state during information processing; 2) former schizophrenics in a good clinical remission have electrical brain states during information processing which in some aspects are normalised, and in other aspects still differ from these states in normals and neurotics. The importance of these physiological findings for the assessment of the efficacy of the biological and psychological treatments in schizophrenia is discussed.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1990

The information-processing approach.

The information-processing (IP) approach to perception and cognition arose as a reaction to behaviourism. This reaction mainly concerned the nature of explanation in scientific psychology. The "standard" account of behaviour, phrased in strictly external terms, was replaced by a "realist" account, phrased in terms of internal entities and processes. An analysis of the theoretical language used in IP psychology shows an undisciplined state of affairs. A great number of languages is simultaneously in use; no level of analysis is unambiguously referred to; and basic concepts such as information and processing remain largely undefined. Nevertheless, over the past 25 years the IP approach has developed into a disciplined and sophisticated experimental science. A look at actual practice hints at the basic reason for its success. The approach is not so much concerned with absolute or intrinsic properties of the human information processor, but with what can be called its relative or differential properties. A further analysis of this feature of the IP approach in terms of the formal language of a logical system makes explicit the basis of its success. The IP approach can be regarded as developing an empirical difference calculus on an unspecified class of objects, phrased in terms of a simulated "theory-neutral" observation language, and with operators that are structurally analogous to logical operators. This reinterpretation of what the IP approach is about brings a number of advantages. It strengthens its position as an independent science, clarifies its relation with other approaches within psychology and other sciences within the cognitive science group, and makes it independent of philosophical subtleties.

Cognition↗
PubMed1990

Structural information processing in peripheral vision.

Structural visual information processing was investigated in peripheral vision. Perceptual completion, as observed at the blind spot, occurred across a vertical blank stripe in a test pattern, presented in the peripheral visual field. That is, a shape, organized by structural processing, was perceived under critical visual conditions when it was presented in peripheral vision. The results indicate that structural processing, as indicated by perceptual completion, occurs in the peripheral visual information handling process. The results suggest that structural processing of shape information is built into the peripheral visual system and reduces the information load on the higher visual processes under conditions in which visual information is not adequate.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Advances in radiologic reporting with Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP).

Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP) is a system of radiologic reporting in which the user interacts with a computer keyboard and cathode-ray tube terminal to generate coded reports. The hierarchical medical classification on which the code is based permits rapid on-line compilation of reports of any degree of complexity. The system provides organized sets of pre-assembled statements that are rapidly accessed and modified for each examination. Although the reports are printed in English, they are held in the computer as a succinct code that is eminently suited for permanent storage and rapid retrieval.

Classification↗
PubMed1989

Smoking and human information processing.

There is much evidence which indicates that smoking improves various aspects of human information processing (Wesnes 1987). The aim of the present study was to elucidate the stages of human information processing which are improved after cigarette smoking. Twelve regular smokers were tested on three cognitive tasks using a repeated measures design. Tasks used were: rapid visual information processing (RVIP), digit symbol substitution (DSST), and inspection time (IT). Performance parameters derived from these were intended to index different stages of the information processing sequence. Only those measures which involved a motor component were improved after smoking: response time on the RVIP task (P less than 0.025) and DSST performance (P less than 0.1). These findings suggest that central cholinergic pathways are involved in the late, response-related stages of the processing sequence.

Adolescent↗