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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Maternal and non-maternal time-allocation to infant care, and care during infant illness in rural Java, Indonesia.

An estimated 60% of women in Central Java are engaged in income-generating work. This study addresses the manner in which mothers allocate time to infant care as well as to household maintenance and employment. The study investigates the time-allocation to infant care by non-maternal carers, both among infants whose mother is involved in income-generating work and among infants whose mother is not employed. The longitudinal study followed 60 households, one infant per household, of the age range 3-25 months (mean infant age over the course of the study was 13.8 months). Each household was visited every 7 to 10 days from February 1991 through June 1991. One observation day and two separate recall-days were recorded per month. Daily time allocation (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) to infant care by the mother and other individuals, frequency and minutes of breastfeeding, and infants' non-breastmilk kilocalorie intake were recorded. In addition, mothers recorded any infant symptom(s) on a daily calendar provided to them, and this symptom-data and information on any treatments and/or help-seeking for the infant was collected every 7-10 days. One or more non-maternal caretaker participated in infant care on 90% of the total sample days, for a median of 3 hr 15 min (mean 3 hr 50 min per day), and participated in infant feeding on one-third of all sample days. Grandmothers, sisters, and fathers of the infants were the most important in terms of time allocated to infant care. One or more sister cared for the infant on 30% of total sample days (mean 180 min, median 150 min, 5-645 min), the father on 55% of sample days (mean 90 min, median 65 min, 5-600 min), and grandmother(s) on 32% of sample days (mean 160 min, median 130 min, 5-670 min). Non-maternal care was also substantial during days of symptom-reporting; other carers participated in infant-care on 84% of days, and fed the infant on 28% of days. The study findings suggest that health education messages related to infant care and feeding could be usefully targeted to other persons in addition to mothers. Infant care on symptom-free days were compared to symptom-days using Wilcoxon matched-pair test within each data-collection month (round). While no significant differences were found for the time-allocation to infant care by the mother or others on symptom-days compared to symptom-free days, there was a mean 25% lower non-breastmilk kilocalorie intake on symptom-days (P = 0.00) in four of five data-collection rounds. Mothers reported that lack of appetite accompanied other symptom(s) on 46% of the days of help-seeking in the modern sector. This reflects the mothers' concern for infant appetite in association with illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Productivity and selected indicators of care in maternity and infant care and children and youth projects according to sponsorship.

Bureau Common Reporting Requirements (BCRR) data tapes for Fiscal Year 1980 were analyzed to determine whether the type of sponsoring agency influenced the productivity or indicators of care of Maternity and Infant Care and Children and Youth Projects. Sponsors were classified as either health department or non-health department, health department or major medical center, or public or private in three separate sets of analyses. Some of these analyses indicated that special projects that were either health department or public agency sponsored were more likely to have more non-medical patient encounters and more health education and social work staff for a given level of expenditures. Although publicly sponsored projects employed fewer physician equivalents than did the non-public projects, those physicians were more productive. Despite these differences in encounters, staffing, and utilization of physicians, there were no differences in available measures of the process of care between categories of projects in any of the analyses.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parental division of infant care: contextual influences and infant characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of maternal employment to division of parental infant caregiving and whether infant characteristics predicted maternal and paternal caregiving during the first year. Subjects were 351 families with healthy infants from normal pregnancies. Measures included a newborn and 1-month Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment, Child Care Activities Scale at 1, 6, and 12 months, Bates Infant Characteristics Questionnaire at 6 and 12 months, and selected demographics. Mothers provided the majority of infant care though fathers' proportion increased with employment of mothers. Controlling for demographics, infant characteristics were infrequent predictors of maternal caregiving and predicted a small amount of paternal caregiving variance.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Reducing infant mortality in rural America: evaluation of the Rural Infant Care Program.

The Rural Infant Care Program (RICP), initiated in 1979, was developed to improve perinatal health care in ten rural sites with histories of high infant mortality rates. Time-series regression models indicate that neonatal mortality rates were reduced, following program initiation, by 2.6 per 1,000 live births (p = .0002); black neonatal mortality rates were reduced by an estimated 4.5 per 1,000 (p = .0004). Three sets of comparison areas exhibited no significant changes in rates. Postneonatal mortality rates did not increase in the target areas following initiation of RICP, indicating that deaths were not merely being postponed. Nine of ten individual sites showed reductions in infant mortality following program initiation. Birthweight-specific mortality data indicated that the decline was due mainly to reductions in neonatal mortality among low-birthweight infants. No reductions in the incidence of low birthweight were observed in the target areas. Substantial gaps in the delivery of prenatal care remained due to the continuing poverty of the population and the resultant lack of financial coverage for health services. We conclude that improved perinatal medical care can reduce infant mortality in poor rural areas to average levels experienced in the United States, and that the high rates still observed in some rural counties are unnecessary.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Mothers' and nurses' perceptions of infant care skills.

New mothers' confidence in their infant care skills are important concerns for maternity nurses. In this study, correlates of mothers' self-efficacy ratings on 52 infant care behaviors included in the Infant Care Scale were identified. Data on demographic variables and nurses' ratings of mothers' skill on five selected tasks were collected from 200 mothers and their nurses. Results from bivariate and multivariate analyses pointed to predictors of maternal feelings of efficacy and to discrepancies between mothers' and nurses' ratings. Maternal age, number of children, and nurses' ratings of mothers' skills were the strongest predictors of self-efficacy for infant care. Mothers of male infants showed slightly lower efficacy perceptions than did mothers of females. Implications for assessing mothers' educational needs before discharge and focusing teaching efforts are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Ethnic differences in infant care practices and in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in Birmingham.

Certain infant care practices have consistently been shown to play an important role in the aetiology of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In the UK, the incidence of SIDS amongst Asians is less than half that of whites. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 374 multiparous mothers from a multiracial community in Birmingham. We found that the majority of Asian infants slept in the parental bedroom at night, 94% compared to 61% of whites, whilst 33% of white infants slept alone compared to 4% of Asians. Three times as many white mothers as Asians placed infants prone (31% vs. 11%). We, therefore, observed marked differences in the infant care practices of Asians compared to whites in the UK, which may partly account for the low incidence of SIDS amongst infants of Asian origin.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Sudden infant death syndrome: links with infant care practices.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate infant care practices in a small ethnic minority population within Britain that might suggest possible factors contributing to the low incidence of the sudden infant death syndrome in Asian populations. DESIGN: Ethnographic interviewing, a qualitative comparative method drawn from social anthropology. SETTING: Central Cardiff. SUBJECTS: Non-random sample of 60 mothers of Bangladeshi or Welsh ethnic origin and working or middle class occupational status, who had infants under one year old. None of the families interviewed had experienced a sudden infant death. RESULTS: Broad cultural contrasts emerged as a series of themes from the interview data: living patterns, family networks, sleeping patterns, and concepts of time and dependence. CONCLUSION: Bangladeshi infants were cared for in a consistently rich sensory environment; Welsh infants, in contrast, were more likely to experience alternating periods of high and low sensory input. Long periods of lone quiet sleep may be one factor that contributes to a higher rate of sudden deaths in white than in Asian infants.

Bangladesh↗