Development of nonimmunologic, nonspecific mechanisms and specific immunologic mechanisms in resistance to airways and pulmonary infections in infants and children.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Immunological mechanisms”
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Opiate tolerance: independence from immunological mechanisms.
The possibility that immunological mechanisms are involved in the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine was investigated, focusing on several immunological parameters. The data indicate that transfer of spleen cells and bone marrow cells obtained from morphine-tolerant donors into nontolerant syngeneic recipient mice did not result in the transfer of tolerance to the analgesic activity of morphine. Furthermore, the data indicate that the thymus, which is essential for the immunological response to many antigens, was not involved in the induction of tolerance to the opiate since tolerance was induced in thymectomized mice as well as in genetically athymic mice. The results suggest that immunological factors do not seem to play a crucial role in the phenomenon of tolerance to the analgesic activity of morphine.
Analgesics↗
Biological characteristics of peptidoglycans of group A streptococcus and some other bacterial species. II. Immunological mechanisms involved in thrombocytolysis.
Immunological mechanisms are involved in the thrombocytolytic activity of peptidoglycan of Group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Inactivation of particular components of complement (heating of blood serum to 56 degrees C,incubation with zymosan or NH4OH) inhibited the thrombocytolytic activity of group A streptococcus peptidoglycan. So did preincubation of Group A streptococcus peptidoglycan with homologous antipeptidoglycan antibody. On the other hand, antibody to Group A streptococcus peptidoglycan did not inhibit the thrombocytolytic effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan. Human platelets are resistant to peptidoglycans. They remain resistant in the presence of rabbit serum although rabbit platelets are highly sensitive to peptidoglycans. This suggests that, for the expression of the thrombocytolytic activity of bacterial peptidoglycan, specific receptors on the surface of platelets must be present in addition to serum factors.
Animals↗
Immunological mechanisms of human platelet involvement.
Several immunological mechanisms of platelet involvement in inflammation are described. Basophils degranulate and release a platelet-activating factor (PAF) when challenged with anaphylotoxins, cationic proteins (CP) from polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as well as with specific antigens from atopic patients. PAF is a newly-discovered mediator of anaphylaxis present in rabbit and human basophils. This factor is a small phospholipid, probably a lyso-1-phosphatidylcholine with a significant aggregating activity on rabbit and human platelets. PAF is released, together with a small amount of arachidonic acid, from basophils in the presence of anaphylotoxins, CP and specific antigens from atopic patients. The already well-known direct interaction between immune complexes (Ics) and human platelets is compared here with the mechanism of PAF-induced aggregation. It is shown that the latter process of aggregation differs from the former. Human platelet aggregation starts more rapidly in the presence of PAF than of Ics. PAF-induced aggregation is ADP-independent as it is not affected by ADP inhibitors. On the contrary, Ic-dependent aggregation is brought about by endogenous ADP release and therefore inhibited by ADP inhibitors. The interaction between Ics and platelets leads to the release of CP. The latter produce a cascade reaction involving basophils which degranulate and release PAF. A self-maintaining mechanism of tissue injury is thus triggered.
Adenosine Diphosphate↗
[Immunological mechanisms for tumor prevention. Changes for immuno therapy].
Present knowledge about the immune response to cancer is reviewed briefly. Various mechanisms by which tumor cells can escape from immunological destruction are discussed. Immune therapy can be successful only, when new methods and details about immunological mechanisms are available.
Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
Immunological mechanisms and diagnostic tests in allergic drug reactions.
Current knowledge about the immunological mechanisms involved in drug hypersensitivity is reviewed, with comments on the major conditions which favour the development of reactions to drugs. In spite of the numerous tests available to establish the in vitro diagnosis of allergic reactions to drugs, it is often very difficult to relate the clinical picture to the laboratory findings. The results of various tests of antibody and cell-mediated responses are presented and discussed.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
Immunological mechanisms in the reaction between drugs and the skin.
Many reactions in the skin caused by drugs would appear to be due to immunological mechanisms. Simple chemical sensitizers become antigenic after combination with carrier proteins. The bonds between the hapten and the protein are not necessarily covalent, and it is likely that weaker linkages such as hydrogen bonding or Van der Waal's forces may be involved. Reactions may be due to humoral antibody or cell-mediated immunity. Experimental models are discussed in which there is competition between B suppressor cells and T effector cells. In these situations, drugs that affect the suppressor cell system specifically can reverse a state of immunological tolerance or increase the intensity of a chemical sensitivity. Finally, the mechanism of fixed drug eruptions is discussed. It is suggested that the actions which follow the systemic absorption of the chemical and always occur at this same site are due to B cells or B cell products that remain from a previous delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the same antigen. These cells would have arrived initially as part of the non-specific inflammatory infiltrate. The initial reaction may even have been subliminal in intensity.
Animals↗
[The immunological mechanisms of psoriasis].
The occurrence of ANA in eluates of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes obtained in five untreated psoriasis patients could be demonstrated by means of the indirect immunofloruescence technique. These antibodies appear to be mainly directed against the nuclei of the basal cell layer, however, ANA directed against the nuclei of epidermal and dermal cells have also been encountered. The immunological mechanisms in psoriasis may therefore be looked upon as the result of an alteration in the structure of nucleic acid or nuclear protein of the basal layer cells. Finally psoriasis may be the result of an interplay of various exogenous factors and a special genetical make-up leading to the release of certain nuclear proteins initiating a delayed type immune response at the onset and an Arthus type reaction located in the upper layers of the epidermis at a later stage of the disease, and as a secundary phenomenon the derailment of keratinization. Moreover a slightly decreased mean percentage of circulating lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes have been found in the patients studied. This slight decrease suggests a diminution of the T-lymphocyte control facilitating the antibody production by B-lymphocytes. The course of events in psoriasis is a self perpetuating inflammatory process.
Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
Immunological mechanism for spontaneous abortion in systemic lupus erythematosus.
The incidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) was significantly lower during pregnancies ending in normal live births than in pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortions (P less than 0.005). It was possible to absorb the lymphocytotoxic antibodies from S.L.E. sera with purified trophoblast antigens. The presence of a trophoblast-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibody which fails to disappear during pregnancies which end in abortion suggests an immunological mechanism for spontaneous abortion in S.L.E.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
Immunological and non-immunological mechanisms of some of the desirable and undesirable effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs.
Studies were carried out on patients with adverse reactions to aspirin, paracetamol, phenacetin, codeine, dihydrocodeine, some pyrazolone derivatives, and indomethacin. Three clinico-pathological forms of adverse reactions received particular attention: (1) Asthma, with or without manifestations of systemic anaphylaxis; (2) Serum-sickness-like syndrome; (3) Lymph node enlargement with histological features simulating lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease, which occurred in patients receiving phenylbutazone in particular. A variety of immunological investigations, including some in vitro correlates of immediate- or delayed-type allergy, were carried out. The three syndromes seemed to be associated with immediate-type (or immediate-type-like), immediate-type plus delayed-type, and delayed-type allergy, respectively. In most of the patients with immediate-type-like reactions, and where immunological mechanisms were apparently not involved, pharmacological mediators, particularly histamine, were released from their leucocytes when challenged in vitro with the causative agent(s). This suggested that the main underlying abnormality of their asthma or peripheral vascular manifestations was a direct release of mediators by the drugs, i.e. some type of idiosyncrasy. The causative mechanism of this abnormality has not been established yet.
Anaphylaxis↗
Immunological mechanisms in choroidal melanoma.
There are now several experimental immunological assays which may occasionally be useful as additional diagnostic tests for choroidal melanoma. These tests may also be helpful as a guide to prognosis. In patients who have a poor prognosis, immunotherapy may prolong survival after enucleation.
Antigens, Neoplasm↗
Normal and abnormal immunological mechanism.
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Humans↗
Aplastic anaemia: Evidence for an immunological mechanism.
The soft agar culture assay (C.F.U.-C) has been used in vitro as a measure of haemopoietic capacity of bone-marrow. In a patient with aplastic anaemia pretreatment of the patient's bone-marrow with horse anti-human-thymocyte globulin and complement (A.T.G. + C) prior to culture led to a dramatic increase in ability to form colonies in the soft agar assay; and co-culturing marrow from a normal donor and from the patient resulted in a distinct reduction in the number of expected C.F.U.-C. These findings point ot an immunological or autoimmune mechanism in this patient by selective destruction of the suppressing cells in the patient's marrow with A.T.G. and by suppression of normal myelopoiesis following addition of the patient's marrow to normal marrow.
Adult↗
[Immunological mechanisms of specific hyposensitization in allergic diseases of an infectious nature.. I. Hyposensitization with autovaccine].
Immunological processes in 17 patients with infectious allergic bronchial asthma accompanied by chronic respiratory tract infection were studied in dynamics resulting from the hyposensitization of the patients with autovaccine. Specific sensitization was shown to produce stable clinical remission. The therapeutic effect of this method was ensured by a simultaneous hange in non-specific cellular and humoral immunity. A stable therapeutic effect was observed gainst the background of activated immunological processes and weakened sensitization.
Antibody Specificity↗
Immunologic mechanisms in systemic vasculitis.
Thirty-four patients with systemic vasculitis were studied to determine the possible type and frequency of associated immunologic abnormalities. The patients were divided into three clinical groups--those with systemic vasculitis without respiratory tract involvement, those with systemic vasculitis with respiratory tract involvement (particularly Churg-Strauss vasculitis and Wegener's granulomatosis), and those with limited vasculitis without visceral involvement. A diminished level of serum complement was found in half the patients with systemic vasculitis without respiratory tract involvement. These patients usually had diffuse skin disease that often was associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor and cryoglobulinemia and most likely represented an immune-complex induced disease. The serum IgE often was elevated in patients who had systemic vasculitis with respiratory tract involvement, particularly those with Churg-Strauss vasculitis and Wegener's granulomatosis, and may be a clue to the pathogenesis in this group of patients.
Adult↗
Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vinyl chloride disease.
Vinyl chloride (VC) disease is a multisystem disorder incorporating Raynaud's phenomenon, acro-osteolysis, thrombocytopenia, portal fibrosis, and hepatic and pulmonary dysfunction. Immunological and immunochemical investigations showed the presence of circulating immune complexes in 19 out of 28 patients with the disease and in a further two out of 30 workers exposed to VC. The immunological data were reviewed in relation to the clinical picture of the disease and to the available evidence on the metabolism of VC. The results suggest that VC disease is an immune complex disorder and that the immune response is initiated by the adsorption of VC or a metabolite on to tissue or plasma protein.
Autoantibodies↗
Immunologic mechanisms responsible for adverse reactions to routine immunizations in children.
The principal licensed biologicals for human use in the United States have been listed with special emphasis given to antiviral vaccines. Possible adverse reactions of an immunologic nature which may be encountered in the use of these agents in routine immunization programs are described, while at the same time, their relative rarity is emphasized. The special problems one may encounter in immunizing the atopic child, the immunodeficient child, the child with active tuberculosis and the pregnant woman are considered separately, as are the undesirable consequences of hyperimmunization are mentioned.
Anaphylaxis↗
[Immunological mechanisms in thyrotoxicosis].
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Animals↗