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Passive immunization with heterologous antivirus antiserum beginning at birth successfully suppressed infectious murine leukemia virus expression in Lake Casitas wild mice (Musmusculus) at 5-7 weeks of age.
Passive administration of specific immunoglobulin led to a transient rise in antiphospholipase IgG. An observed rise of 2 microgram/ml (twofold in three cases) was associated with a very diminished response to bee venom. This did not prevent the patient's own IgG response to challenge, which was at least as good as that of non-infused patients. The infusion of IgG cannot be proposed at present as a routine mode of therapy in insect allergy. However, we present the results of our study as the best evidence to date that blocking antibody is protective.
Passive immunity in neonatal calves is influenced by environment. Placing newly born Holstein calves (108 head) in three different housing environments (shade, cooled shade, hutch) during hot weather produced differences in body temperature, serum cortocosteroids, immunoglobulin IgG1 concentrations, and mortality. Experimental design permitted examination of effects due to treatments, time, differences in colostrum, and climatic environment in an analysis of variance. Calves exposed to the hotter, less desirable environment responded by having a higher mortality, higher serum corticosteroid concentration, and lower serum immunoglobulin IgG1 at 2 and 10 days after birth. All of these were correlated. Calves that died had serum immunoglobulin IgG1 falling below the mean for all experimental calves.
Rabbits were actively immunized using a barbiturate--BGG conjugate as the immunogen. The antiserum obtained from actively immunized rabbits was administered intravenously to mice to accomplish passive immunization. The antibody binding capacity for 3H-phenobarbital was shown to be sustained in passively immunized mice for periods of up to three weeks. Serum levels of 3H-phenobarbital in passively immunized mice and control mice were compared following drug administration and found to be altered in the antibody-containing mice. There was a 4-fold higher amount of 3H-phenobarbital present in the serum of passively immunized mice compared to control animals. The higher barbiturate levels were due to binding of 3H-phenobarbital to globulin fraction of serum in passively immunized mice. Additionally, decreased pentobarbital-induced ataxia was demonstrated in passively immunized mice. The decreased responsiveness was selective for barbiturates in passively immunized mice and did not modify the ataxia produced in these animals by another depressant agent, ethanol.
The influence of passive immunity on the immune response to swine fever virus (S.F.V.) was investigated in pigs injected with variable amounts of S.F.V. antibodies instead of piglets from immune sows. The passive immunity suppresses the primary serum antibody response normally observed after vaccination with the Thiverval strain of S.F.V. This inhibition is either partial or complete depending on the amount of injected antibodies. Whatsoever the passive immunity intensity, a priming occurred (even in absence of any detectable primary response). This priming was evidenced by the clinical signs and the type of immune response following a virulent challenge. Two vaccination routes were tested: intramuscular and intranasal: 48 pigs were checked and no significant differences established, concerning protective efficiency. Intranasal vaccination induced local antibody production in pharyngeal secretions. Even in the absence of any detectable immunoglobulin transudation from serum to these secretions, local antibody synthesis was completely inhibited in passively immunized animals.
Evidence of a role for human factor(s) in immunity to experimental syphilis has been provided by the demonstration that passive immunization of rabbits by daily i.v. injections of immune serum significantly delays the appearance and markedly diminishes the severity and duration of lesions which develop after challenge with Treponema pallidum. Five rabbits were injected daily over 37 days with 3 ml/kg body weight of pooled immune rabbit serum injection with 1.1 X 10(3) T. pallidum, Nichols strain, at each of four sites. The animals developed atypical lesions of short duration after an average delay in onset of 28 days short duration after an average delay in onset of 28 days beyond the development of typical lesions in control animals similarly injected with nonimmune serum or saline. The failure of passive immunization to provide complete protection was evident not only in the development of the atypical lesions, but also in the demonstration of disseminated infection in the tissues of three of the four surviving animals 7 months after challenge. The possibility that incomplete protection may have been due to 1) insufficient immune serum levels, 2) intracellular location of T. pallidum, and/or 3) cell-mediated mechanisms is discussed.
Rats were passively immunized by an intraperitoneal injection of homologous anti-BSA serum and their salivary glands were challenged 20 min or 24 hours later with BSA by the intraductal route. Immune complex sialoadenitis developed only when challenge was early. It is concluded that immunoglobulins are transferred from the circulation into the salivary glands and are relatively rapidly cleared by a mechanism yet unknown, possibly by salivary flow.
Passive immunity, naturally acquired from immune mothers or artificially induced by the administration of homologous hyperimmune serum, conferred on suckling mice a high degree of resistance against infection with Junín virus. Maternal antibodies in the circulating blood of the young were not detectable in the first days after birth, but rised rapidly from the 8th to the 20th day of lactation. By cross-foster nursing experiments it was shown that the greater part of the transmission of passive immunity occurred after birth, although there was transmission of a significant, though small part, before birth. The virus passage from mothers to offspring was excluded, since Junín virus was not recovered from brains, livers, spleens and kidneys of uninfected young, born from infected mothers.
The effect of various doses of specific serum administered in passive immunization on the formation of primary and secondary adaptive immunity in mice of the CBA strain was studied. Primary and secondary response was more sensitive to passive immunization on a model of adaptive immunity than in vivo. Most sensitive to the immunodepressive action of specific antibodies IgM and IgG were plaque-forming cells, and most resistant -- rosette-forming cells and cells. This led to a supposition that antibodies administered in passive immunization depressed the development of the immunological response acting at the level of T- and B cells.
Passive immunization of adult male hamsters for 12 weeks against peptide (As-PIP), a sperm coating antigen, resulted in selective elevation of the blood levels of FSH, impairment of spermatogenesis, and complete infertility when males were mated with normal cycling females. Passive immunization of male marmosets with As-PIP for 8 weeks was also effective and was reversible, without causing any obvious change in mating behaviour. These preliminary studies in hamsters and marmosets indicate that antibodies to a prostatic 'inhibin' peptide represent a promising new approach to male contraception.
Specific passive immunity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis was assessed in granulocytopenic dogs. Dogs were infused with either normal or antipseudomonas immune plasma 24 h before pseudomonas challenge. They were challenged intravenously with 10(7) serotype 6 P. aeruginosa during granulocytopenia. Treatment was evaluated by observation of survival periods, febrile responses, type 6 pseudomonas antibody titers, and quantitative cultures of blood and tissues. The results demonstrated that passively immunized dogs did not survive infection. Both normal-plasma and immune-plasma recipients had bacteremia at death, with median values of 980 and 470 pseudomonas per ml of blood, respectively. All dogs had marked febrile responses 24 h after pseudomonas challenge and had high concentrations of pseudomonas in their lung tissue at death, with median values of 10(8) pseudomonas per g of wet tissue weight. After plasma infusion, immune-plasma recipients had high concentrations of anti-pseudomonas antibody, with total antibody titers ranging from 256 to 1,024 and a median value of 1,024. These titers were comparable to titers attained in a previous study from our laboratory using active immunization with pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide vaccine, where the median total anti-pseudomonas antibody titer was 2,048. Actively immunized animals, however, were significantly protected against pseudomonas sepsis and had prolonged survival periods and prevention of bacteremia. The present study demonstrates that circulating type-specific antibody is not solely responsible for the protection afforded to granulocytopenic dogs actively immunized against pseudomonas.
The effect of passive immunization with immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibody against Marek's disease virus (MDV) was examined in MDV-susceptible chickens. The production of IgY, immunoglobulin M, and probably also immunoglobulin A was depressed in passively immunized chickens when compared with that in MDV-exposed chickens which had not been given IgY anti-MDV antibody. In passively immunized chickens, the synthesis of immunoglobulin M and IgY anti-MDV antibodies in response to MDV infection also was delayed as determined by agar gel precipitin and indirect fluorescence antibody tests.
The pattern of GnRH-like stimuli capable of inducing follicular growth, ovulation, and luteal function was evaluated in ewes passively immunized against GnRH. The estrous cycles of 30 regularly cyclic sheep were synchronized using vaginal pessaries impregnated with a synthetic progestogen. Animals were passively immunized against GnRH (groups 2-5, n = 6) or the carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; group 1, n = 6), at the time of pessary removal (PR). Circhoral delivery of saline (groups 1, 2, and 5) or low amplitude GnRH agonist (des-Gly10 GnRH ethylamide [100 ng/hourly pulse]; groups 3 and 4) was initiated at PR and continued for 3 (groups 4 and 5) or 12 days (groups 1-3). In groups 4 and 5, the amplitude of the GnRH-like stimulus was increased to 800 ng/hourly pulse (stimulus-shift) during the 24-h period beginning 72 h after PR. The amplitude of the hourly stimulus was adjusted to 100 ng/pulse 96 h after PR and continued at that level to Day 12. The endocrine changes associated with follicle growth and maturation (serum concentrations of estradiol [E2] above 10 pg/ml), ovulation (surge-like secretion of LH and FSH), and normal luteal function (serum concentrations of progesterone [P] above 2 ng/ml) were evident in ewes passively immunized against KLH (group 1). In this group, the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins was noted 48.7 +/- 1.2 h after PR. These endocrine events were blocked by passive immunization against GnRH (group 2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Passive immunization has proven an important complementary method for protection of an infected organism against rabies in the very first phase after virus contact. Passive-active immunization is by far superior compared to vaccination only. A few cases of human rabies after serovaccination in due time might be due to interference (immunosuppression) of active antibody formation after vaccination by passiively administered performed heterologous rabies immune globulin. This "interference phenomenon" can probably be explained as an imbalance of antigen and antibody in vivo, i.e. antigen masking and, hence, blocking of the immune reaction on its afferent branch. Both, 19S- and 7S- antibody moleculars, are able to induce interference. Whereas the old heterologous antisera from horse or mule, in an extremely high percentage, provoked moderate or severe side effects of such as urticaria, serum sickness, immune complex nephritis etc., the now available homologous Rabies Immune Globulin of Human Origin (RIGH) is very well tolerated, of long-lasting effectiveness and does not interfere with active antibody formation after application of HDCS-tissues culture vaccine, when an amount of 20 I.U./kg bodyweight of RIGH and 6 diseases of HDCS-vaccine on days, 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 (Essen schedule postexposure vaccination) is used.
Pregnant swine were exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus by different routes, and their serum, colostrum, and mild were examined for titer and immunoglobulin (Ig) class of antibodies. When 2 to 4 days old, the litters of most of these animals were challenged with virulent TGE virus to determine the effectiveness of passive immunity. After two oral/intranasal exposures to attenuated virus, none of the six pregnant animals became sick. TGE antibodies in milk were primarily or solely of the IgG class, although low levels of IgA antibodies were detected in three animals. Pigs in the five challenged litters received some passive immunity, the mortality being 25%. After intramuscular injection of six pregnant swine with virulent virus, two types of clinical and immunological responses were observed, presumably dependent on whether the gut was infected by an hematogenous spread of the virus. Three became sick, showing typical clinical signs of TGE, and their immunological response was characterized by the occurrence in milk of antibodies of the IgA class. A good degree (0% mortality) of passive immunity occurred upon challenge of the suckling pigs. In contrast, in three pregnant animals that did not sicken, antibody in milk was primarily of the IgG calss, and poor (69% mortality) passive immunity occurred. After intramammary injections of three pregnant swine with virulent virus, no sickness was observed and the immunological response was characterized by the occurrence in colostrum of high titers of TGE antibodies that were primarily or solely of the IgG class; good (0% mortality) passive immunity occured. The occurrence in milk of TGE antibodies of the IgA class was associated with an intestinal infection, whereas antibodies of the IgG class resulted from a parenteral antigenic stimulation. The role of antigenic stimulation of the intestinal tract for providing antibodies in milk of the IgA class is discussed. Passive immunity against intestinal infection with TGE virus was generally more complete in pigs ingesting antibodies of the IgA than of the IgG class.
We performed a meta-analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials to study the efficacy of passive immunization against CMV in solid organ transplantation. The results indicate that passive immunization against CMV prevents (fatal) CMV disease in CMV seronegative recipients of a CMV seropositive allograft, even when treated with additional immunosuppression in case of rejections. Passive immunization with anti-CMV immunoglobulin preparations did not reduce the incidence of CMV infection or disease in CMV seropositive recipients.
Experience with the use of standard immune serum globulin (ISG) and the more recently available hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is reviewed. The biologic phenomena which could be affected by passive immunization are discussed, as are recommendations for the use of these forms of passive immunization in the prevention of hepatitis B infections.
In the present experiments the efficacy of murine and bovine monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization in cattle was compared. The in vivo immunoneutralization of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) by murine and bovine antibodies after repeated administration was chosen as a model for this study. Results indicate that repeated injections of murine monoclonal antibodies against PMSG (mMCA) alone did not, or only to a small extent, elicit an anti-mouse immune response. The simultaneous administration of mMCA and PMSG resulted in relatively high levels of anti-mouse antibodies after the second injection, leading to a decrease in neutralizing activity of mMCA. The results suggest that the neutralizing activity of mMCA is inhibited more by anti-idiotypic than by anti-isotypic antibodies against mMCA. In vivo, the bovine monoclonal antibody against PMSG (bMCA) only partially neutralizes PMSG. After repeated administration of bMCA, either alone or in combination with PMSG, no anti-bMCA antibodies could be detected in our assay system. In addition, no change in plasma levels of bMCA and PMSG compared with levels after the first injection was observed. Although it has to be confirmed by further experiments whether our findings can be generalized, the present results suggest that for repeated passive immunization in cattle homologous antibodies are to be preferred above heterologous antibodies.