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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Feeding infants and toddlers study: Improvements needed in meeting infant feeding recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence to infant feeding recommendations among a sample of infants and toddlers four to 24 months of age in the United States. DESIGN: Descriptive analysis of data collected in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) based on telephone interviews and 24-hour dietary recalls collected with the Nutrition Data System for Research of the University of Minnesota. SUBJECTS: A national random sample of 3,022 infants and toddlers age four to 24 months, including 2,024 infants age four to 11 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and adherence to infant feeding recommendations. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Means and standard errors, percentile distributions, and percentages by age group (four to six months, seven to eight months, and nine to 11 months). RESULTS: About 76% of infants and toddlers were fully or partly breastfed at birth. This percentage declined to 30% at six months and 16% at 12 months-short of Healthy People 2010 goals of 50% and 25%, respectively. The average duration of breastfeeding was 5.5 months for all who initiated breastfeeding. About two-thirds of infants had been introduced to complementary foods between four and six months-the period recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP); 17% consumed juice before the AAP recommended age of six months or later. Twenty-two percent of infants nine to 11 months consumed cow's milk on a daily basis before the recommended age of 12 months or later, and one in 10 consumed french fries and/or sweetened beverages on any given day. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: More parents and caregivers can benefit from guidance about the introduction of developmentally appropriate, micronutrient-rich first solid foods such as iron-rich infant cereals, iron-fortified grain products, meats, soft fruits, and cooked vegetables and the importance of breastfeeding through the first year of life. A smaller proportion of parents and caregivers require guidance on delaying the introduction of juices until six months of age and cow's milk other than formula until one year of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Examining the correspondence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples' infant feeding attitudes.

Examining the correspondence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples' infant feeding attitudes This report focuses on the comparison of infant feeding attitudes within breastfeeding (n = 126) and bottle-feeding (n = 101) couples and their socio-demographic details. The findings from this study reinforce the view that socio-demographic factors are associated with the mothers' choice of feeding method. However, this study highlights the influence of maternal and of paternal knowledge and attitudes which distinguish between breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples. Fathers of bottle-feeding babies were found to have limited knowledge of health benefits of breastfeeding to both mothers and infants. However, bottle-feeding mothers, when compared with their partners, were more supportive towards bottle feeding and less negative towards breastfeeding. Fathers of breastfeeding babies, compared with their partners were found to be less aware of the benefits of breastfeeding. Furthermore, breastfeeding mothers when compared with their partners were more supportive towards breastfeeding. Fathers of both bottle and breast feeding babies were also found to be more embarrassed than their partners about mothers in general breastfeeding in front of nonfamily members. It seems that bottle-feeding mothers and all fathers could be better prepared in many aspects of breastfeeding by the nursing professions to allay the many misconceptions and the social embarrassment associated with breastfeeding, by providing appropriate information and support.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Methods of feeding infants at home and in Homes for Small Children in Cracow in the past 20 years].

The observations of infants feeding practices are a part of a longitudinal study on the effect of nutrition upon health and development in the first years of life. The food intake of infants living in families was evaluated by 24-hour dietary recall, monthly for six months and then at three-monthly (till 1 year) and half-yearly intervals. In "Homes for Small Children" the individual weighed inventory method was used. The basis of presented results are 772 questionnaries about infants feeding in first six months and 445 questionnaries of infants feeding till the age of 24 months, the data for 14 days of nutritional survey in "Homes for Small Children" in the years 1961/62 and for 17 days in 1973/74. The number of feedings per day decreases in infants throughout the first year from mainly 7 in the first month till mainly 5 at the age of 12 months. Meals composition of infants aged 4 months and older is comparable to the schedule recommended by the National Research Institute for Mother and Child. Of importance is the observation concerning the short duration of wholly breast (41,5% of infants at the 1 month and nearly null at 4 months) and the early introduction of "solid" foods (that is gluten containing cereals), by adding them to milk formulas (30% of infants at 1 month and 78% at 2 months). In conclusions, there is stressed the need for encouragement by medical staff of all mothers to longer full breast feeding of their babies. Further observations are necessary to evaluate the effect of meals number and the possible unsatisfactory contribution of early cereals introduction for the health and wellbeing of infants.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1984

The body build and composition of Samoan children: relationships to infant feeding patterns and infant weight-for-length status.

The relationships between infant feeding patterns, infant weight status, and subsequent growth are not yet firmly established. This study attempts to address these topics among Samoan children. The study population consists of 1,186 children born between October 1974 and September 1976 who were subsequently seen in the Well Baby Clinic in American Samoa. On the basis of the clinic records the children were categorized into feeding groups (breast vs. bottle) and weight-for-length groups (less than 25th percentile or greater than 75th percentile of National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) standards). A survey of 74 of these children was conducted in 1982. The average age of the children was 6.6 years. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and divided into three groups: skeletal, adipose, and mixed. Multiple analysis of variance was used on each of the groups of measurements to assess effects of infant feeding and weight-for-length. This analysis demonstrated significant relationships between infant weight-for-length and childhood skeletal size (heavy infants are larger children); between infant feeding patterns and childhood adiposity (bottle-fed children are fatter); and between both infant patterns and the mixed measurements (heavy and bottle-fed infants are heavier children with larger circumferences). The relationship between infant weight-for-length and skeletal size may be a continuation of infant patterns of high musculoskeletal weight in heavy infants. The relationship between infant feeding and childhood fatness was not affected by family income.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2004

Preventing postnatal transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding: modifying infant feeding practices.

Approaches to reducing or preventing the risk of postnatal transmission through breast-feeding include the avoidance of all breast-feeding and the use of exclusive replacement feeds or exclusive breast-feeding for a limited duration with early and rapid cessation of breast-feeding around 4-6 months of age. The efficacy and safety of the latter approach have not been established and studies are in progress to provide further information. In addition, inactivation of HIV in breast milk would allow breast-feeding to continue while reducing the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV and may be usefully applied in certain circumstances, such as for premature infants or while a mother recovers from mastitis. In this review, experience is reported from clinical trials or studies additional to their main objective of assessing rates and risk factors for mother-to-child transmission. This may inform policy, programming, and training options and may be especially valuable in the absence of conclusive data on the efficacy of the interventions to be applied during the breast-feeding period.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Predicting mothers' choice of infant feeding method.

There is relatively little published research concerning the relationship between mothers' attitudes towards methods of feeding infants and their choice of breast-feeding or bottle-feeding as methods of feeding their own babies. The present study used Fishbein & Ajzen's theory of reasoned action to analyse the impact of the attitudes, perceived norms and beliefs of 50 primiparous mothers on (i) their intentions to breast-feed or bottle-feed, assessed antenatally; and (ii) their self-reported use of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding during the first six weeks of the baby's life. The findings were generally consistent with the theory of reasoned action. Attitudes to the infant feeding methods accounted for a large and significant amount of variation in infant feeding behaviour. However, there were some aspects of the findings that were not entirely consistent with the theory. Attitudes to behaviour contributed significantly and independently to the prediction of behaviour, and beliefs about the consequences of behaviour explained a near-significant amount of variation in intentions, beyond that already accounted for by attitudes and normative beliefs. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Perinatal factors influencing infant feeding practices at birth: the Bedouin Infant Feeding Study.

Bedouin Arab women delivering newborns at Soroka Medical Center, Israel, during 1 year were interviewed in hospital to determine the factors influencing infant feeding practices at birth. Eighty-six per cent breastfed, 11% breast and bottlefed, and 3% bottlefed at birth. Based on a multiple logistic regression analysis, the factors that significantly reduced the odds ratio (OR) of exclusive breastfeeding vs. breast and bottle feeding or bottle feeding at birth include: delivering during the high birth season (OR = 0.49); maternal recall of feeling unwell during pregnancy (OR = 0.59); delivering a low birthweight newborn (OR = 0.10); a newborn diagnosed with major malformations (OR = 0.30) or with major illnesses (OR = 0.32); and delivering by Caesarean section (OR = 0.09). In contrast, multiparae experienced an increased odds (OR = 1.67) of breastfeeding. Among primiparae, the factors that significantly reduced the odds of exclusive breastfeeding include: delivering during the high birth season (OR = 0.47); delivering a low birthweight newborn (OR = 0.12); and delivering by Caesarean section (OR = 0.18). Mothers of high-risk neonates and those who deliver by Caesarean section need to be educated about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Young primiparae are a challenge and require qualitative and quantitative research into the reasons precluding exclusive breastfeeding.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1986

Parental weight and its relation to infant feeding patterns and infant obesity.

Mother-infant feeding behaviour as a possible determinant of obesity was studied. Seventy-eight healthy primiparous couples and their newborn children were divided into three groups according to parents' weight status (normal weight parents; one overweight and one normal weight parent; both parents overweight). Infants' weight and length measurements were obtained at birth and at 6 months of age. Mother-infant dyads were observed during feeding sessions at 55-77 hr after birth, at 2 weeks, 1, 2, 4 and 6 months postpartum. Feeding behaviour of mother and infant did not differ, nor did mother-infant interaction differ between the three groups throughout the observation period. However, infant weight status, although not different at birth, differed significantly at 6 months of age. Bartholomew's test showed the proportion of infants greater than or equal to 90%il increased significantly from infants of normal weight parents to infants of one overweight and one normal weight parent, to infants both parents of whom were overweight (chi 2 = 6.904, c = 0.44, P less than or equal to 0.01). While data of this study do not show any behavioural differences between overweight and normal weight parents and their offspring, they confirm results reported by other researchers showing children of overweight parents at risk of becoming overweight at 6 months of age as well.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of breast-feeding promotion on infant feeding in the Czech Republic.

OBJECTIVES: To assess infant feeding practices, identify factors that influence the duration of exclusive breast-feeding, and evaluate the impact of the National Breastfeeding Promotion Programme in the Czech Republic. HYPOTHESIS: We predicted the positive effect of the program in terms of increased prevalence of breast-feeding at discharge from the hospital and 6 months later. DESIGN: Multicenter cross-sectional survey. Mothers were randomly selected and interviewed in maternity hospitals in 1998 and were reinterviewed 6 months later. SETTINGS: Nine maternity hospitals in 6 cities across the country and households. PARTICIPANTS: 1104 mothers who gave birth within the 38th to the 42nd week of pregnancy to a healthy child with a minimum birthweight 2500 g; 1019 mothers were reinterviewed 6 months later. INTERVENTION: The National Breastfeeding Promotion Programme implemented since 1991. VARIABLES MEASURED: Breast-feeding rates at discharge from the hospital and 6 months later, participation in prenatal classes, strategies related to breast-feeding promotion in the hospital, and support following discharge. ANALYSIS: Epi Info 6, SPSS (analysis of variance, F test), chi2. RESULTS: On leaving the hospital, 93.5% of newborns were exclusively breast-fed. Six months later, 23.1% of infants were breast-fed exclusively and 29.9% of infants were breast-fed while receiving complementary food. Participation in prenatal classes, first suckling within 2 hours of birth, breast-feeding on demand in the hospital, exclusive breast-feeding on leaving the hospital, and the duration of breast-feeding recommended by a pediatrician were positively related to the duration of exclusive breast-feeding (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Compared with national data from the last 2 decades, the data from this study proved the increasing rates of breast-feeding at discharge from the hospital and 6 months later. The findings indicate the effectiveness of the National Breastfeeding Promotion Programme. However, further implementation of breast-feeding promotion strategies in health facilities coordinated by the Ministry of Health is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Infant feeding practices in western Tanzania and Uganda: implications for infant feeding recommendations for HIV-infected mothers.

Current infant feeding guidelines of UNICEF/UNAIDS/WHO for HIV-infected women recommend the avoidance of breastfeeding or to breastfeed exclusively. In the context of a prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission programme we assessed the feeding practices in peripheral areas of Tanzania and Uganda. A total of 237 mothers in south-western Tanzania and 424 mothers in western Uganda attending urban and rural antenatal care services as well as village women were interviewed with regard to duration of breastfeeding, time of introduction of additional nutrients and type of solid and liquid nutrients. The average reported duration of breastfeeding was 24 months in Tanzania but 18 months in Uganda (P < 0.001). Solid nutrients were added on average at month 6 in both areas while liquids were given significantly earlier in Tanzania (month 4) than in Uganda (month 5; P < 0.001). A total of 19% and 48% of the study participants, respectively, stated to breastfeed their infants exclusively at the age of 4 months in Tanzania and Uganda. Age between 26 and 35 years, urban residence and ethnic group were the risk factors for earlier introduction of nutrients in Uganda. In Tanzania, solid maize porridge was the most frequent (94%) and often single nutrient given during breastfeeding, while in Uganda combinations of nutrients such as bananas, millet and beans were used. Milk was the most frequently added fluid in Uganda whereas in Tanzania various liquids such as liquid maize porridge, milk, juice or water were used. Feeding practices differed considerably in the two countries. According to the interviewees, exclusive breastfeeding was rarely practiced in Tanzania. Our findings underline the necessity to promote exclusive breastfeeding if infant feeding recommendations are to be realized and emphasize the need to assess the local situation in order to ensure that locally appropriate information and recommendations are given to the target groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of infant feeding decisions on infant growth.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE: To determine the effects of feeding decisions on infant growth in the first 6 months of life. DESIGN AND METHODS: Growth measurements were collected twice during the first 6 months of infancy as part of a larger investigation of infant feeding practices (N = 52). RESULTS: Infants who received solid foods before the age of 4 to 6 months weighed less than those who received solid foods after 4 to 6 months. There were no differences in growth measurements between formula-fed and breast-fed infants, although breast-fed infants weighed more at birth. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Emphasize the importance of feeding breast milk (preferably) or formula only for the first 6 months. Advise parents to withhold fruit juices until the infant is at least 6 months old.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1997

Maternal anthropometry and infant feeding practices in Israel in relation to growth in infancy: the North African Infant Feeding Study.

Relations between maternal anthropometric status during pregnancy and infant feeding practices and growth from birth through the first 6 mo of life were examined in a cohort of 351 Israeli mother-infant pairs of North African descent. Maternal weight, height, and triceps skinfold thicknesses were determined at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy, while infants' weights and lengths were measured at birth and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 mo of age with concurrent collection of age-specific maternal-reported infant feeding data. On the basis of multiple-linear-regression analysis that adjusted for potential covariates, mean maternal weight at the first prenatal visit and at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy were positively associated with birth length (P for trend in all cases < 0.0001) and with linear growth between birth and 1, 3, and 6 mo of age. Maternal skinfold thickness at 9 mo of pregnancy and maternal height were also significantly associated with birth length. Moreover, maternal height, weight, and skinfold thickness at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy were positively associated with mean birth weight. After adjustment for morbidity in the past month and other covariates, infants breast-fed exclusively had greater attained weight and weight gain in the first 3 mo compared with infants who were bottle-fed exclusively, breast-fed and bottle-fed, or solid-fed exclusively. These findings underscore the need for programs that improve the nutritional status of women before, during, and after pregnancy, and encourage exclusive breast-feeding of infants for at least the first 3 mo of life.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed2003

Hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers in summer: a justification for vitamin D supplementation of breast-feeding infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers in a community where maternal sunshine exposure is low. STUDY DESIGN: Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD), and intact parathyroid hormone were measured in 90 unsupplemented healthy term breast-feeding Arab/South Asian infants and their mothers in summer. Maternal dietary vitamin D intake was also estimated. RESULTS: The median age of infants was 6 weeks. The median serum 25-OHD concentrations in mothers (8.6 ng/mL) and infants (4.6 ng/mL) were low, and 61% of the mothers and 82% of the 78 infants tested had hypovitaminosis D (serum 25-OHD <10 ng/mL). The infants with hypovitaminosis D had elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and a tendency to higher serum intact parathyroid hormone levels. The average daily maternal vitamin D intake from commercial milk was 88 IU. CONCLUSIONS: Hypovitaminosis D is common in summer in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers. The results provide justification for vitamin D supplementation of breast-feeding infants and mothers in the United Arab Emirates. Low vitamin D intake probably contributed to low maternal vitamin D status.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗