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Results for “INFANT, PREMATURE”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

In vitro effects of inosine-pyruvate-phosphate on P50 values and DPG contents of fresh and stored blood from healthy neonates, symptom-free premature infants and premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

A study was made of the effect of a 3-hour incubation with inosine-pyruvate-phosphate (IPP) on the P50 values and 2,3-DPG contents of fresh blood and blood which had stood for 96 h, from healthy adults, term neonates, 1-2-week-old symptom-free premature infants and RDS premature infants. It was found that the P50 value and the 2,3-DPG content could be increased considerably by IPP treatment in both the fresh and the stood blood in the various groups of neonates. The question remains open as to whether the effect of IPP, in significantly improving the O2 transport in neonates, is a consequence of the 2,3-DPG alone or of some other metabolite. In RDS the stimulating effect of the IPP mixture is appreciably lower.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of arterial stiffness in very low birth weight premature infants.

Premature birth is a factor of increased blood pressure in adulthood. Little is known about the physiologic characteristics of the arterial bed in neonates. The aim of this study was to characterize in vivo the arterial compliance in neonates and its maturation profile in very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants. A group of stable, VLBW premature infants was compared with a control group of near term neonates. The abdominal aortic wall distensibility coefficient (DC) and whole-body arterial compliance (WBAC) were determined using specifically designed noninvasive methods, based on ultrasonic measurements in combination with synchronous, beat-to-beat recording of aortic pulse pressure (PP). On the fifth day of life, WBAC and the CD were lower in VLBW premature infants than in controls. Furthermore, WBAC and the DC remained unchanged in VLBW premature infants 7 wk after birth. In conclusion, VLBW premature infants are characterized as early as the fifth day of life by high arterial stiffness, which persists when they reach their theoretical term. It can be speculated that early alteration of arterial elastic properties may pave the way for long-term elevation of arterial pressure in VLBW premature infants.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary care issues for the healthy premature infant.

Premature infants born between 32 to 35 weeks' gestation have a 98% survival rate and comprise 84% of all preterm infants in the United States. These infants may have a relatively benign hospital course and may be considered by some to be a "healthy premature infant." At the time of discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit, infants will be gaining weight, feeding by mouth, and maintaining temperature homeostasis. Support of growth, feeding choices, management of gastroesophageal reflux, developmental issues, monitoring at home, and recommended special vaccinations are issues that primary care nurse practitioners will face in caring for preterm infants. This article is Part II of a three-part series focusing on the care of preterm infants after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. This installment will look specifically at preterm infants who are considered to be healthy preterm infants. Part I addressed issues related to all premature infants. Part III will focus on the primary care issues in medically complex premature infants.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1980

Selenium in premature infants.

Premature infants have a lower selenium concentration in serum than full-term infants and children. The selenium concentration goes down quickly in infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome without supplementation. One premature infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had persistently low concentrations of selenium. Vitamin E supplements did not affect the serum selenium concentration in healthy premature infants. Supplementation with 3 microgram/kg of selenium in parenteral fluids prevented the fall in the concentration seen in other infants not supplemented. Premature infants and especially those treated with oxygen may warrant selenium supplementation to the parenteral nutrition solution. Vitamin E supplements alone are apparently not sufficient to prevent selenium deficiency and potential oxygen toxicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effect of carbohydrates on calcium absorption in premature infants.

Premature infants are susceptible to disease related to deficient dietary calcium intake. Studies in adults suggest carbohydrates can enhance calcium absorption. However, little is known about how carbohydrates affect calcium absorption in premature infants due to a lack of direct in vivo studies. We adapted the triple lumen perfusion method for use in premature infants to compare calcium absorption 36 mmol/L (1.44 g/L) in the absence and presence of either 70 g/L lactose or glucose polymers. 44Ca was added to determine endogenous calcium losses. Fourteen infants were studied (gestational age: 31 +/- 0.4 wk; study weight: 1590 +/- 105 g; mean +/- SEM). Calcium absorption from the glucose polymer solution was greater than that from the control and lactose solutions (0.17 +/- 0.05 mumol.min-1.cm-1 versus 0.04 +/- 0.04 and 0.008 +/- 0.045 mumol.min-1.cm-1, respectively). Calcium absorption correlated positively with water and carbohydrate absorption. The rate of carbohydrate absorption was greater from the glucose polymers than from the lactose solution (0.40 +/- 0.10 mg.min-1.cm-1 versus 0.22 +/- 0.06, respectively). Based upon 44Ca absorption, endogenous calcium loss appeared to account for less than 1% of total calcium flux. We conclude that glucose polymers, but not lactose, enhance calcium absorption in the premature infant, a fact that may be useful in formula design.

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed1990

The role of the lumbar puncture in the admission sepsis evaluation of the premature infant.

Premature infants with respiratory distress commonly receive evaluation for sepsis, including a lumbar puncture, within a short time after admission to a neonatal intensive care unit. We questioned the use of the lumbar puncture during the early sepsis evaluation, and since 1979, have omitted this procedure as part of the initial evaluation for sepsis (within 6 hours of birth) of premature infants. We monitored this policy to detect any change in the incidence of meningitis, and now report results accumulated over a 7-year period. From 1979 to 1986, 1390 inborn premature infants of 34 weeks' gestation or less were evaluated for early sepsis within 6 hours of birth. Thirty-two infants (2.3%) were diagnosed with sepsis. Fifteen of these infants died in the first 24 hours of life. Meningitis was not demonstrated by autopsy evaluation. The surviving 17 infants diagnosed with sepsis did not have meningitis. One hundred twenty-three infants whose initial blood cultures were negative developed infection later in their hospital course. Eleven of these 123 infants had infections with perinatally acquired organisms; two had group B streptococcus (GBS) meningitis. Their cases were not compatible with missed meningitis. The remaining 112 infants developed nosocomial infections of which 38.3% developed meningitis without associated bacteremia. These results suggest that the omission of the lumbar puncture in the early sepsis evaluation of the premature infant did not result in any missed meningitis and spared many infants the procedure shortly after birth. The lumbar puncture, however, continues to be vital in the assessment of late infections of the neonate.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Strabismus and pseudostrabismus in premature infants].

Prematurity is a factor that predisposes to strabismus. Three hundred of the 1785 children with strabismus in out patient care during the latter five years were preterm babies, showing that prematurity intervenes in 16.7% of cases in the onset of strabismus. The onset age of strabismus deviation was also earlier before the age of two in 30% of cases. Visual acuity, refraction, strabismus deviation and fixation in terms of the degree of prematurity are analyzed. Neuropsychological examination revealed neurologic disturbances in 28.2% of these children, of which 5% encephalopathy. The neurologic disturbances, frequently of polycentric origin also represent an obstacle in reestablishing binocular vision. Seven premature infants presented pseudostrabismus with abnormal kappa angle and small deviation angle due to macula ectopia.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Transition to breast/bottle feedings: the premature infant.

Premature infants present a nutritional challenge to the health care provider for a variety of reasons: reduced gastric capacity, poorly integrated intestinal motility, limited digestive capabilities, neurobehavioral immaturity and limited ability to take feedings by mouth. There is often a prolonged need for oro-gastric/nasogastric supplementation until nipple feedings can commence. Neurobehavioral organization is essential for a smooth and gradual transition to full nipple feedings. This article describes the expected progression of behavioral competencies as reflected in recognizable infant cues which can be identified by care providers to facilitate an optimal feeding interaction. The essential components of nutritive sucking, including the integration of suck-swallow-breathe, are detailed. Common problems with their warning signs and methods of prevention are described. Specific recommendations to limit hypoventilation during feedings are discussed, as well as optimal route and rate of delivery of milk. Prefeeding techniques used to arouse the infant to best performance are delineated including state modulation, correct positioning and oral motor stimulation. The second half of the article focuses on the breast-fed premature infant and includes information on maternal markers for success/failure, a detailed discussion of lactogenesis and the establishment of lactation, and specific recommendations for maintaining lactation in the absence of a suckling infant. Practical guidelines based on neurobehavioral development are provided for facilitating the transition from gavage feeding to nursing. Common concerns encountered at discharge are reviewed, including those parameters which require continued healthcare supervision.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Immunisation of premature infants.

Premature infants are at increased risk of vaccine preventable infections, but audits have shown that their vaccinations are often delayed. Early protection is desirable. While the evidence base for immunisation of preterm infants is limited, the available data support early immunisation without correction for gestational age. For a number of antigens the antibody response to initial doses may be lower than that of term infants, but protective concentrations are often achieved and memory successfully induced. A 2-3-4 month schedule may be preferable for immunisation of preterm infants in order to achieve protection as early as possible, but an additional dose may be required to achieve persistence of protection. This update focuses on the use of routine childhood vaccines in premature infants.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Diet and bone mineral content at term in premature infants.

Premature infants are at risk of developing metabolic bone disease mainly because of low calcium and phosphorus intake. We have examined the effect of different mineral supplements on bone mineral content at term in 127 premature infants with gestational age <32 wk in a double-blinded randomized trial. We used either phosphate supplementation of human milk as recommended by the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition or fortified supplementation with protein, calcium, and phosphorus or preterm formula as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The intervention period was from 1 week old until 36 wk of gestational age, and the infants were fed approximately 200 mL x kg(-1) x d(-1). Bone mineral content was measured at term by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. Surprisingly, neither phosphate, fortifier, nor preterm formula supplementation had any significant effect on bone mineral content at term compared with infants fed their own mother's milk only. There was a tendency to higher total bone mineral content in infants fed preterm formula compared with infants fed their own mother's milk only (p = 0.05), but when the bone mineral content was corrected for the size of the infant, there was no difference (p = 0.68). Infants fed preterm formula had a significantly higher weight at term compared with infants fed their own mother's milk only (p = 0.02), but did not differ significantly in length or head circumference. In a regression analysis, the amount of supplemented phosphorus was significantly associated with weight at term (p = 0.008). We conclude that when feeding 200 mL x kg(-1) x d(-1), mineral supplementation of human milk or use of preterm formula does not significantly improve bone mineralization outcome at term.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1987

A seat for premature infants.

Premature infants may benefit from short periods of supported sitting for position change, to facilitate the development of head control, to help with feeding and respiration, and to decrease intracranial pressure. This paper describes a seat designed for premature infants weighing 900 g to 2,000 g and made from thermoplastic material. The seats have been used with 30 infants with varying medical conditions.

Humans↗