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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Birthweight for length: ponderal index, body mass index or Benn index?

This study compares how effectively the ponderal index and the body mass index adjust birthweight for length at different gestations, and derives an improved index suitable for all gestations. The study was a cross-sectional survey, in a London teaching hospital, using a total of 999 neonates of 33 weeks gestation or later. Main outcome measures were the ponderal index (birthweight/length3), body mass index (birthweight/length2), and Benn index (birthweight/length(n)), where the length power n varies with gestation and is estimated by log-log regression. Results showed that up to 39 weeks gestation, the ponderal index is uncorrelated with length and so is a good index of birthweight for length. Past 39 weeks gestation, the ponderal index is negatively correlated with length, while the body mass index is uncorrelated, so that the body mass index is better. Neither index is optimal at all gestations. Deriving the Benn index (birthweight/length(n)) for each week of gestation, choosing n to make the index uncorrelated with length, shows that n falls steadily and very significantly (p < 0.0001) with increasing gestation. This in turn means that predicted birthweight for length depends on gestation: for a neonate 48 cm long, predicted birthweight varies from 2485 g at 34 weeks to 3030 g at 43 weeks, a 20% range. However, for a 54 cm long infant, predicted birthweight is the same at all gestations. A Benn index where the value of n changes linearly with gestation is described. We conclude that the ponderal index is not appropriate for measuring intra-uterine malnutrition, as it fails to adjust for length at all gestations. No other index of birthweight/length(n) with constant n is any better, as different gestations require different indices. Birthweight predicted from an infant's length depends on the infant's gestation. If, as Barker proposes, thinness at birth assessed by birthweight for length is used to predict later health status, more account needs to be taken of the complex relationship between birthweight, length and gestation.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Volume corrected mitotic index (M/V index), mitotic activity index (MAI), and histological grading in breast cancer.

A prospective study on breast cancer was started in 1975, and ended in 1987 allowing a mean follow-up of 12.4 years. At the operation tumor size was registered, and after axillary evacuation axillary status was defined histologically. In 1989-1990 volume corrected mitotic index (M/V index), and mitotic activity index (MAI) were estimated, and histological grading performed from archival paraffin sections. In univariate survival analysis axillary node status (p less than 0.0001), M/V index (p less than 0.0001), MAI (p = 0.0001), and tumor size (p = 0.0009), histological grade (p = 0.0195), and irregularity of nuclei (p = 0.0167) predicted survival, recurrence free survival, and breast cancer survival. In a multivariate survival analysis axillary node status, M/V index, tumor size and tubular growth pattern showed independent prognostic value in the order of significance. In the separate analysis of infiltrative ductal or lobular carcinomas the M/V index was the most important prognosticator. The results suggest that the M/V index is more powerful in predicting survival than the mitotic activity index (MAI) in breast cancer. Obviously this is due to better control of variation factors associated with field size and area of epithelium by the M/V index.

Axilla↗
PubMed1989

[On the usefulness of the Benn index for obesity of school children compared to the Kaup index and the Rohrer index].

The criteria of a good obesity index derived from height and weight are that (1) it should be highly correlated with weight, but independent of height and (2) it should be highly correlated with any reasonable obesity measures like skinfold thickness or body density. We examined the usefulness of the Benn index relative to the traditional indices, the Kaup index and the Rohrer index, based on the above criteria. The subjects were 1200 students (600 boys and 600 girls) in the 9th grade of 6 junior high schools in and around the city of Morioka, Iwate in 1985. Three weight-for-height indices for each grade were calculated by the longitudinal data of their heights and weights from the 1st to the 9th grades. As a result, the Benn index was found to best fit the criteria. So, we would like to recommend the use of the Benn index as the screening measure for obesity in school children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Alveolysis in adolescents: prevalence and correlation with the DMF index, the OHI-S index and the PM index according to sex, age and occupation (Geneva 1970-1972)].

A randomized sample of 1392 girls and boys, 16 to 20 years old and living in the canton of Geneva have been studied through their own history, clinically and radiologically in 1970-72 during an epidemiological and socio-economical study. The rate of alveolar bone resorption (radiographic method of Marshall-Day and Shourie, with Schei grid), the degree of gingival inflammation (PM index), the oral health (OHI-S index) and the carious frequency (DMFS index) have been determined. For the same sample, an indication of the duration of caries prevention through fluoride tablets, the frequency of daily toothbrushing and the dento-facial anomalies (Angle classes) were known. Through statistical analysis, it was shown that the mean rate of alveolar resorption was 0.85 (standard deviation 1,99) for the whole sample, that 24,16% of the subjects had a zero rate, 90% of the children having a rate of no more than 3,74 and that the maximum observed rate was 20. On the other hand, this bone resorption rate was statistically significantly correlated with the PM index and the OHI-S index. However no significant correlation has been shown between alveolar resorption and the other oral characteristics such as carious attack, toothbrushing, duration of caries prevention, dento-facial anomalies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Determination, by in situ hybridization on interphasic nucleus, a cytogenetic DNA index; application to breast cancer; comparison of this DNA index to DNA indexes determined by imaging and flow cytometry].

In oncology, flow cytometry (FCM) and image cytometry (ICM) are commonly used to detect DNA aneuploid cell populations in solid tumors. Agreement between these two approaches is good. The use of both techniques in association minimizes the rate of FCM and ICM false negatives and gives better DNA pattern characterization, particularly for detection of any tumoral component in the FCM DNA diploid peak. Nevertheless, discrepancies exist between the FCM and the ICM DNA index values: the ICM DNA index is often greater than the FCM DNA index. The aim of the present study was to establish a cytogenetic DNA index by determining the chromosomal ploidy using a molecular cytogenetic approach and to compare it to the FCM and ICM DNA indexes. We present here the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique we have adapted to the study of breast cancer in order to count the number of copies of the 22 + X human chromosomes in interphasic nuclei. This was achieved using a panel of 21 indirect FITC labeled probes which recognize specific chromosomic DNA sequences. Preliminary results obtained from DNA diploid and DNA aneuploid tumors are discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of information recorded using the Thylstrup Fejerskov index, Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis and Developmental Defects of Enamel index.

This study considers information recorded using three different indices of enamel defects/fluorosis. The comparisons were based on photographs of subjects taken in two areas with < 0.1 and with 0.7 ppm fluoride in their drinking water. The three indices used were the Thylstrup Fejerskov index, the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) and the Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) index. Each was scored by a different examiner. All three indices were able to detect significant differences in opacity/fluorosis prevalence between the two areas. However, it was clear from the results that information collected using these different enamel opacity/fluorosis indices was not directly comparable for individual teeth even though prevalences of defects were similar for two of the indices, the TSIF and the DDE index.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed2001

A test-retest reliability study of the Barthel Index, the Rivermead Mobility Index, the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale and the Frenchay Activities Index in stroke patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the test-retest reliability of a range of outcome measures in stroke patients. METHOD: Twenty-two patients > 1 year post-stroke were tested twice at an interval of 1 week using the Barthel Index (BI); the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI); the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale (NEADL); and the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI). The mean difference (bias) and reliability coefficient (random error) were calculated for the total scores. Percentage agreement and the kappa coefficient were used to analyse individual items. RESULTS: The mean differences and reliability coefficients were BI 0.4 +/- 2.0, RMI 0.3 +/- 2.2, the NEADL 0.6 +/- 5.6, FAI -0.6 +/- 7.1. There was little bias between assessments. The performance of the BI and RMI were better with lower random error. The NEADL and FAI did not perform as well having larger random error components. Percentage agreements were generally high especially for the BI (>75%) and RMI (>85%), but there was considerable variation in the kappa coefficients. CONCLUSION: Measurement of basic activities of daily living and mobility as measured by the BI and RMI is reliable post-stroke. Measurements used to assess extended activities of daily living were less reliable in this study.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) in a Spanish speaking population with spondyloarthropathies.

OBJECTIVES: The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) are the most commonly used instruments to measure disease activity and functioning in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The aim of this study was to translate, adapt and validate these instruments into the Spanish language. METHODS: The BASDAI, BASFI, and DFI questionnaires were translated into Spanish by three independent bilingual physicians who were familiar with the medical aspects of AS and by one professional translator. Two rheumatologists familiar with instrument validation, and who were aware of the purpose of the study, examined semantic, idiomatic and conceptual issues and produced by consensus unified versions of each instrument. English back-translations from the Spanish were done by a professional translator unaware of the original version. Both English versions were compared, and where needed, modifications to the Spanish versions were made. The Spanish versions were administered to 61 ambulatory patients with AS and to 80 patients with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy for validation purposes. Reliability and responsiveness were measured in 28 patients participating in a physiotherapy program. RESULTS: Reliability showed an acceptable 24-hour test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)--BASFI ICC: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.29-0.85; BASDAI ICC: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.52-0.88 and DFI ICC: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73-0.94. The construct validity of the instruments was evaluated, and BASDAI was correlated with disease activity measured by the total enthesis count (rs: 0.34); general well being in the last week (rs: 0.7); spinal pain (rs: 0.53) and duration of morning stiffness (rs: 0.64). BASFI correlated with Schöber's test (rs: -0.4); occipital-wall distance (rs: 0.38) and thoracic expansion (rs: -0.3). DFI correlated with Schöber's test (rs: -0.36); occipital-wall distance (rs: 0.29) and chest expansion (rs: -0.3). The correlation among DFI and BASFI was rs: 0.83. All instruments showed clinical responsiveness in the physiotherapy program (baseline and end of program; mean +/- SD): BASDAI: 6.25 +/- 1.97 and 3.07 +/- 2.04 (p = 0.0001); BASFI: 5.68 +/- 2.29 and 2.88 +/- 1.77 (p = 0.0001); DFI: 16 +/- 7.6 and 8.0 +/- 5.5 (p = 0.001) with effect sizes and standardized effect sizes > 1. CONCLUSIONS: The Mexican Spanish versions of the BASDAI, BASFI, and DFI showed adequate reliability, validity and responsiveness to clinical change. These instruments can be used in the clinical evaluation of Spanish-speaking patients with AS.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of the bleeding on marginal probing index and the Eastman interdental bleeding index as indicators of gingivitis.

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to compare 2 indices, i.e., the Eastman interdental bleeding (EIB) index and the bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP) index. The comparison was made (a) in terms of the degree of bleeding provoked and the relationship with plaque in natural gingivitis and (b) for the ability of these 2 methods to detect differences between the development of experimental gingivitis in a control group and a group in which the development of gingival inflammation was suppressed by treatment. For the present studies, subjects were selected without interdental recession of the gingival tissues. METHODS EXPERIMENT 1: In this experiment, 43 subjects having established moderate gingivitis were assessed using a random splitmouth design (1st and 3rd/2nd and 4th quadrant). Plaque was scored on all approximal sites after which the BOMP index was assessed in one half of the mouth and the EIB index in the other. RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1: The BOMP index showed a bleeding score of 84% and the EIB index of 87%. The significant correlation between plaque and gingival bleeding for the BOMP index (0.55) was higher than for the EIB index (0.44). METHODS EXPERIMENT 2: For this experiment, 25 subjects participated in an experimental gingivitis trial of the lower jaw. At baseline, first the BOMP index and immediately thereafter the EIB index were assessed at all approximal sites. Experimental gingivitis (EG) was carried out in one randomly assigned quadrant and as a treatment modality only floss was used in the other (FL). RESULTS EXPERIMENT 2: In the EG quadrant, the BOMP index increased to 69% and the EIB index to 73%. Both indices showed a significant correlation with plaque; 0.60 and 0.64 respectively. In the FL quadrant, the BOMP index increased to 38% and the EIB index to 30%. No significant correlation between both gingivitis indices and the amount of plaque was present in the FL quadrant. CONCLUSION: The ability of the BOMP index and the EIB index to assess the level gingival inflammation appears to be comparable.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed2001

New CT index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism: comparison with angiographic index and echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to define and evaluate a specific index to quantify arterial obstruction with helical CT in acute pulmonary embolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients (mean age, 56 years) with proven pulmonary emboli among 158 consecutive patients, who had undergone both CT and pulmonary angiography for clinically suspected pulmonary embolism, were eligible for the study. The CT obstruction index was defined as (n. d) (n, value of the proximal clot site, equal to the number of segmental branches arising distally; d, degree of obstruction scored as partial obstruction [value of 1] or total obstruction [value of 2]). We compared the CT obstruction index with pulmonary arterial obstruction on angiography (assessed by the Miller index), using linear regression, and correlated it with findings on echocardiography. Interobserver variability was determined for both CT and pulmonary angiography indexes. RESULTS: The CT obstruction index (29% +/- 17%) and the Miller index (43% +/- 25%) were well correlated (r = 0.867, p < 0.0001) with an excellent concordance between investigators for both the CT index (r = 0.944, p < 0.0001) and the Miller index (r = 0.904, p < 0.0001). A CT obstruction index greater than 40% identified more than 90% of patients with right ventricular dilatation. CONCLUSION: The degree of arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism may be quantified by a specific CT index that appears reproducible and highly correlated to the previously described index with pulmonary angiography. Further evaluations are needed to investigate the usefulness of the CT obstruction index for stratification of patient risk and determining therapeutic options.

Angiography↗
PubMed2000

Investigating the relationship between intrathoracic blood volume index and cardiac index.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cardiac index and intrathoracic blood volume index are "mathematically coupled" under euvolaemic conditions with increasing levels of inotropic support. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: A 14-bed general intensive care unit in a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Twelve mechanically ventilated patients, monitored with the COLD system and receiving dobutamine as inotropic support. INTERVENTION: After measuring cardiac index and intrathoracic blood volume index the rate of dobutamine infusion was increased until cardiac index rose by at least 20%. A further measurement of intrathoracic blood volume index was made at the new cardiac index. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The mean increase in cardiac index was 31.7%, compared with a mean increase in intrathoracic blood volume index of only 2.84%. CONCLUSION: Under euvolaemic conditions, raising cardiac index by increasing inotropic support does not alter intrathoracic blood volume index significantly, thus demonstrating that the two measurements are not 'mathematically coupled' under these conditions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regional wall motion index for infarct and noninfarct regions after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: comparison with global wall motion index.

A regional wall motion index has been derived from two-dimensional echocardiograms by use of a 16-segment model that was subdivided into anterior (nine segments) and infero-postero-lateral (seven segments) regions. This new method is compared with the use of a previously described global wall motion index for the analysis of serial echocardiograms after reperfusion in 23 patients who had acute myocardial infarction. Mean global index improved from 1.84 +/- 0.46 to 1.56 +/- 0.37 at 24 hours (p less than 0.01) and to 1.50 +/- 0.29 after 3 days to 7 days (p less than 0.02), whereas mean regional index for infarct regions improved from 2.28 +/- 0.73 to 1.82 +/- 0.58 at 24 hours (p less than 0.01) and to 1.70 +/- 0.42 after 3 to 7 days (p less than 0.01), with no significant change in the noninfarct index (1.34 +/- 0.32 initially and 1.28 +/- 0.36 after 3 to 7 days). Although both global and regional indexes effectively demonstrate early recovery of left ventricular function, (within 24 hours in many patients), the regional index for infarct regions is higher than the global index and effectively distinguishes between infarct and noninfarct segments. An overlap index in which an additional apical segment is included in the anterior region (10 segments) for anterior infarctions and in the infero-postero-lateral region (eight segments) for inferior infarctions results in a greater differentiation between infarct and noninfarct regions, with the mean initial noninfarct overlap index (1.17 +/- 0.33) significantly less than the nonoverlap index.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Echocardiography↗
PubMed2003

Left ventricular mass index in aortic valve surgery: a new index for early valve replacement?

OBJECTIVE: Increased left ventricular mass index has been associated with higher mortality. We analyze the effect of increased left ventricular mass index on outcomes in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. METHODS: Echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions were used to calculate left ventricular mass index in 614 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement between June 1993 and November 2001. Left ventricular mass index was considered increased if higher than the value of the superior decile (277 g/m(2) in males and 251 in females). RESULTS: Mean left ventricular mass index was: 178+/-111 g/m(2), and increased index was considered in 9.9% of patients. Postoperative complications (low cardiac output syndrome, respiratory failure, arrhythmias, pneumonia and mediastinitis), median length of hospital stay: 12 days (6-57) versus 11 days (5-51), and in-hospital mortality (11.4, 3.2%, P<0.01) were higher in patients with increased left ventricular mass index. Multivariable analysis identified increased left ventricular mass index (odds ratio: 5.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-25.0; P=0.02) and other three variables: age (P=0.04), history of chronic renal failure (P=0.03) and cardiopulmonary bypass time (P=0.004), as independent predictors of early mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Increased left ventricular mass index is associated with an in-hospital adverse outcome and a significantly higher in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Outcomes in asymptomatic patients could be improved before a clinically significant increase in left ventricular mass index. Further studies should be performed to determine the usefulness of this index in selecting patients for earlier aortic valve replacement.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The T index in the elderly with altered values of free thyroxine and/or thyrotropin. A new thyroid diagnostic-therapeutic index].

BACKGROUND: Routinary evaluation of FT4 and TSH, in elderly in-patients without thyroid disease shows frequent, isolated and, often unclear, changes from normal values of plasma TSH and FT4 concentrations. A new parameter called "T index" derived from the product of FT4 and TSH values has been used by the authors. In a previous work they studied "T index" variations in 1257 elderly subjects with normal FT4 and TSH levels. They have determined the "T index" theoretic model of distribution and identified a normality range (values from 5.78 to 50.76), a suspect range (values from 2.92 to 5.78 and from 50.76 to 68.6) and a pathologic range (values less than 2.92 and more than 68.6). Aim of this study was to investigate "T index" variations in a group of 357 elderly subjects with altered FT4 and/or TSH levels. METHODS: Patients were divided into eight groups according to different concentrations of FT4 and/or TSH levels. "T index" results were expressed as mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values. Patients were therefore divided into three groups (normality range, suspect range, pathologic range) according to "T index" distribution as previously described. RESULTS: In 20% of elderly people hospitalized, we found alterations of thyroid hormones levels represented mostly by: a) FT4 normal; TSH low. b) FT4 normal; TSH high, c) FT4 low; TSH normal. In case of hypothalamus-hypophysis hypothyroidism and in case of hyperthyroidism, "T index" score is, usually, less than 2.92, whereas in case of hypothalamus-hypophysis hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism "T index" score is, nearly always, more than 68.6. When TSH levels are into the range of normality "T index" score has always normality levels. The "T index" helps us to divide patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism into two groups: one with values from 5.78 to 2.92 (suspect range), and the other, with values less than 2.92 pathologic range). In patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, some patients have values from 50.76 to 68.6 (suspect range), other patients have values more than 68.6 (pathologic range). CONCLUSIONS: In case of subclinical hypothyroidism or subclinical hyperthyroidism the use of "T index" seems to be a good way to select the cases in which it is better to start pharmacological treatment (hormonal replacement or thyroid inhibition) from those which is better to follow-up.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

The HLD (CalMod) index and the index question.

The malocclusion index problem arises because of the need to identify which patient's treatments will be paid for with tax dollars. Both the civilian (Medicaid) and military (Champus) programs in the United States require that "need" be demonstrated. Need is defined as "medically necessary handicapping malocclusion" in Medicaid parlance. It is defined by Champus as "seriously handicapping malocclusion." The responsible specialty organization (the AAO) first approved the Salzmann Index in 1969 for this purpose and then reversed course in 1985 and took a formal position against the use of any index. Dentistry has historically chosen a state of occlusal perfection as ideal and normal and declared that variation was not normal hence abnormal and thus malocclusion. This "ideal" composes from 1% to 2% of the population and fails all statistical standards. Many indexes have been proposed based on variations from this "ideal" and fail for that reason. They are not logical. The HLD (CalMod) Index is a lawsuit-driven modification of some 1960 suggestions by Dr. Harry L. Draker. It proposes to identify the worst looking malocclusions as handicapping and offers a cut-off point to identify them. In addition, the modification includes two situations known to be destructive to tissue and structures. As of Jan. 1, 1998, the California program has had 135,655 patients screened by qualified orthodontists using this index. Of that number, 49,537 patients have had study models made and screened by qualified orthodontists using the index. Two separate studies have been performed to examine results and to identify problems. Necessary changes have been made and guidelines produced. The index problem has proven to be very dynamic in application. The HLD (CalMod) Index has been successfully applied and tested in very large numbers. This article is published as a factual review of the situation regarding the index question and one solution in the United States.

California↗
PubMed1990

Volume-corrected mitotic index and mitotic activity index in transitional cell bladder cancer.

A retrospective study was done including 265 patients with a mean clinical follow-up of 10 years. The mitotic activity in initial bladder tumor biopsies was estimated using two different methods: the traditional mitotic activity index (MAI) and the recently introduced volume-corrected mitotic index (M/V index). The grading results obtained using these indexes were compared to prognostic information obtained by subjective histological grading (WHO) and clinical staging (UICC). The progression of bladder cancer during the follow-up period was significantly related to the M/V index (p less than 0.0001), MAI (p less than 0.0001) and histological grade (p less than 0.0001) in that order. The progression in Ta-T1 tumors was significantly related to the M/V index in univariate and multivariate analysis as well. The recurrence-free period was significantly related to MAI (p = 0.006) and M/V index (p = 0.032). Clinical stage (p less than 0.0001), histological grade (p less than 0.0001), M/V index (p less than 0.0003) and MAI (p less than 0.0001) predicted bladder cancer-related survival. In a multivariate analysis the M/V index predicted the progression and survival better than MAI and gave comparable results to those obtained with subjective histological grading. The results encourage the use of the M/V index in grading bladder cancer in place of MAI.

Aged↗