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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effect of dose and immunization schedule on immune response of baboons to recombinant glycoprotein 120 of HIV-1.

To evaluate the immunogenicity of purified recombinant envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 (rgp120) as a potential vaccine for AIDS, the antibody response of 45 baboons to rgp120 was investigated using an adjuvant (alum) and route of administration (intramuscular) suitable for humans. The primary purpose was to evaluate the effects of different doses and immunization schedules on the antibody response to rgp120 in primates. A secondary objective was to evaluate possible adverse consequences of rgp120 immunization. A liquid-phase radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay for detection of rgp120-reactive antibodies revealed that rgp120 doses of 30-300 micrograms per administration resulted in nearly indistinguishable serum antibody responses. However, significant enhancement of serum antibody titers was observed when the interval between the second and third administrations was increased from 4 to 20 w. Although changing the interval significantly altered the magnitude of resulting peak titers, the kinetics of antibody formation were not changed. Thus, of the three schedules of immunization tested, none resulted in a sustained humoral immune response. The significance of the RIP assay for evaluating immune responses was confirmed by analysis showing that the percentage of immunized baboons that developed in vitro HIV-1 serum neutralizing responses was greatest in groups that also exhibited high anti-rgp120 RIP titers. Immunization with rgp120 had no significant adverse effect on any clinical or laboratory parameter monitored over the course of the study.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Influence of immunization schedule on immunization coverage.

The infant immunization coverage for triple antigen (DPT) from 1968 and trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) from 1972 to 1985 for Peninsular Malaysia are presented. It shows that immunization coverage improved when the recommended age for first dose of DPT was changed from the fourth to the second month of life in 1972 and declined when the recommended age for the first dose of DPT and TOPV was revised again from the second to the third month of life in 1980. The advantages of immunizing children early in life are discussed.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine↗
PubMed1993

[Active immunization against hepatitis A. Comparison of various immunization schedules].

Three different immunization schedules were compared in 144 young, healthy adults (81 men, 63 women; mean age 28.5 years). They were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group 1, immunization shots on day 0 and day 14 (n = 47), group 2, on day 0 and day 28 (n = 50), and group 3, on day 0, 14 and 28 (n = 47). All participants had a booster shot after one year. The seroconversion rate was 40-46% after first shot, 95-100% after the second one; all were anti-HAV positive after the booster injection. All subjects had specific antibodies in a mean concentration of > 400 IU/l two weeks after the second shot. In almost all subjects antibodies were demonstrable up to the 12th month after the first immunization (> 20 IU/l). Mean antibody concentration during the interval between the second and third immunization after basal immunization on day 0 and 14 or 0 and 28, respectively, was comparable. Three initial immunizations 14 days apart did not achieve much higher anti-HAV levels. The vaccine was equally well tolerated in all three groups. Thus basal immunization shortened to two injections two weeks apart presents a good alternative to the standard scheme of two injections four weeks apart. Three injections two weeks apart bring no demonstrable advantage.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Development of a single-shot subunit vaccine for HIV-1. 3. Effect of adjuvant and immunization schedule on the duration of the humoral immune response to recombinant MN gp120.

HIV-1 prophylaxis may require "sterilizing immunity" (i.e., the prevention of infection), and this is likely to demand a vaccine that gives high, long-lasting antibody titers. Although it is known that vaccine adjuvants and immunization schedule affect the magnitude of the immune response, there are few reports on antibody decay rates and persistence. Guinea pigs were immunized with recombinant gp120 using different adjuvants and immunization schedules, and the anti-gp120 and HIV-1 neutralization titers were determined over time following the last booster immunization. As observed previously in the literature, a longer time between boosting gave higher titers, with a slight increase in the decay half-life as the booster was spaced farther out from the primary immunization. The decay rate of the antibody titers showed surprisingly little effect of adjuvant, except for sustained-release polymer-based formulations. Adjuvants that gave high titers initially after boosting showed the greatest persistence of antibody titers (persistence defined as the residual titers at long times). These data show that high, long-lasting titers may be achieved by using sustained-release formulations, and these are likely the prime vaccine candidates for prophylaxis requiring prolonged sterilizing immunity.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1998

Persuasive messages. Development of persuasive messages may help increase mothers' compliance of their children's immunization schedule.

Effective immunization campaigns can be designed by determining which persuasion strategy is most effective in attracting the attention of mothers of preschoolers. The authors assess the impact of three persuasional strategies: fear-arousal, motherhood-arousal, and rational messages, on mothers of preschoolers who are late for their immunizations. The fear-arousal message was found to be most effective, followed by the motherhood-arousal, and then the rational message, in attracting mothers' attention to their child's immunization status.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Updating immunization schedules in France].

Complete updating of the immunization schedules can be a major problem in children arriving in France from developing countries either to join their families or to be adopted. It is necessary to determine which vaccinations have already been administered prior to arrival in France and if necessary complete the schedule in accordance with the French immunization schedule. In case of doubt or difficulty in reading or interpreting records, it may be helpful to obtain a translation or consult the prevailing immunization schedule in the country of origin. In case of doubt about the quality of previous vaccination due to missing immunization records, the child should be considered as exposed and undergo vaccination. For vaccination requiring a series of injections, circulating antibodies should be measured after the first dose. The series should be completed only if results show a primary reaction. This approach avoids administration of unnecessary doses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Antigenic diversity in Eimeria maxima and the influence of host genetics and immunization schedule on cross-protective immunity.

Eimeria spp. are a group of highly successful intracellular protozoan parasites that develop within enterocytes. Eimeria maxima from the chicken is characterized by high immunogenicity (a small priming infection gives complete immunity to subsequent homologous challenge) and naturally occurring antigenically variant populations that do not completely cross-protect. In this study we examined the expression of antigenic diversity in E. maxima, as manifested by cross-strain protection in a series of inbred chicken lines. The IAH line of Light Sussex chickens and all lines of inbred White Leghorns were susceptible to primary infections with either of two strains (H and W) of E. maxima and were protected completely against challenge with the homologous strain of parasite. The extent of cross-protection against the heterologous parasite strain varied from 0 to almost 100% depending on host genetics. Interestingly, in one inbred line of chickens (line 15I) the cross-protective phenotype was directional and intensely influenced by the infection history of the host. The basis for the observed variation in cross-protection is not known, but our results suggest that the major histocompatibility complex is not a major genetic component of the phenotype. These results are discussed in relation to the number of protective antigens presented by complex pathogens and the development of immunoprotective responses in hosts of different genetic backgrounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Alternative diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough immunization schedule to evoke a Th2 tetanus and a Th1 pertussis immune response.

In a previous study, using BALB/c mice, we found that while diphtheria (D), tetanus (T) and whooping cough (Pw, whole-cell Bordetella pertussis) immunization induces a Th1/Th2 tetanus response and memory T cells able to proliferate in response to in vitro stimulation with B. pertussis, DTPa immunization induces a Th2 tetanus immune response and no memory T cells that recognize B. pertussis as stimulus. Considering that a pro-inflammatory cytokine production is not necessary for protection against tetanus and therefore should be avoided, an alternative DTP immunization schedule with minimal Pw exposure was assessed in order to obtain a Th2 tetanus response and a Th1 pertussis response. BALB/c mice were primed with DT vaccine at day 0, with Pw vaccine at day 14 and boosted with DTPa vaccine at days 21 and 28. A control group was inoculated with saline. Antibodies against B. pertussis surface antigens, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were produced by mice. Spleen cells stimulated in vitro with B. pertussis produced IL-6 and IFNgamma. Only IL-5 was produced by cells in response to tetanus toxoid stimulation. These results are in line with the low IgG1/IgG2a ratio for pertussis antibodies compared with those corresponding to tetanus and diphtheria. The immunization protocol presented herein succeeded in producing tetanus and pertussis immune responses of Th2 and Th1 type, respectively. In contrast to previous results obtained with DTPw immunization, no IL-12 production was observed. Our findings provide direct evidence that an immunization protocol with an interval of 14 days between DT and Pw primings, followed by DTPa boosters, can induce appropriate immune responses against DTP vaccine antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Immunological effects of hemoglobin, encapsulated hemoglobin, polyhemoglobin and conjugated hemoglobin using different immunization schedules.

Repeated subcutaneous immunizing injections into rats of Freund's adjuvant containing rat hemoglobin or o-raffinose rat polyhemoglobin did not result in increase in IgG antibody titers. However, heterologous hemoglobin injected as above is antigenic (49.50 + 6.70 % CPM). Crosslinking heterologous hemoglobin into o-raffinose polyhemoglobin further increased its antigenicity (75.60 + 4.08). Thus, unlike homologous hemoglobin, cross-linking of heterologous hemoglobin increased its antigenicity. Liposome encapsulated homologous hemoglobin injected subcutaneously with or without Freund's adjuvant did not show antigenicity. Encapsulated heterologous hemoglobin resulted in a minimal increase in antibody titers (10.73 + 4.64) only with Freund's adjuvant, but no increase when injected without Freund's adjuvant. Conjugated heterologous hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) injected intravenously by itself at weekly intervals did not result in significant increase in antibody titers on the 5th week.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Relative efficacy of different immunization schedules for the prevention of serogroup C meningococcal disease: a model-based evaluation.

Different immunization strategies have been implemented for the control of serogroup C meningococcal disease (CMD) in Canada and in other developed countries. Results from effectiveness studies of conjugate vaccines in the UK and Spain indicate waning immunity over time. To estimate the life-time protection conferred by different immunization schedules, a simulation model was constructed based on the current epidemiologic situation in Canada. Results showed that the efficacy of any immunization schedule was highly influenced by the rate at which immunity waned and that the benefit of a booster dose increased with increasing rates of waning immunity. Schedules including several doses in early infancy provided little additional benefit over programs starting with 1 dose at the age of 12 months. One-dose programs provided low levels of protection, unless the vaccine was administered at the age of 12 months, and a waning immunity rate of 1% per year or less was assumed. The most effective schedule was 5 doses given at age 2 months, 4 months, 1 year, 12 years, and 18 years, but was only marginally better than 2 doses provided at 12 months and 12 years of age. Existing routine immunization schedules may not be optimal and should be designed to achieve the highest level of protection using the lowest number of doses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Provider response to different formats of the adult immunization schedule.

BACKGROUND: Providers' failure to administer vaccines in accordance with established recommendations is a well-recognized barrier to national immunization efforts. This study evaluated the ease of use of two different formats of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) adult immunization schedule by physicians in private practice, where the majority of adult immunizations are administered. METHODS: A series of focus groups was conducted with 94 physicians and other clinical staff in 11 private practices (family medicine and internal medicine) in six U.S. cities. Each session was based on a structured set of questions that explored barriers to adult immunizations, followed by three mock clinical scenarios to examine how each of two graphical depictions of the 2003-2004 adult immunization schedule (one from the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, and the other from the Immunization Action Coalition) might facilitate assessments of recommended immunizations. Group dialogue and individual participants' written responses to the scenarios and the alternate schedule formats were analyzed. RESULTS: Providers perceived multiple barriers to adult immunization independent of immunization schedule formats, chiefly patients' low interest in immunization and refusal of vaccines. Most participants were not familiar with either format of CDC's adult immunization schedule before the study, but quickly developed strong preferences for one versus the other (usually the second format that they encountered). About half of the providers changed their vaccine recommendations for clinical scenarios when they consulted either schedule format, although some of the changes were not clinically appropriate. Participants suggested several ways to enhance the availability of the information contained in the schedule formats, especially through electronic means. CONCLUSIONS: This qualitative study suggests ways in which graphic depictions of an adult immunization schedule may address adult immunization barriers. Greater provider familiarity with schedule formats will be critical to their appropriate application in clinical encounters.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Recommended childhood immunization schedule--United States, 1997.

Since publication of the recommended childhood immunization schedule in July 1996, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) have made important changes in recommendations for preventing pertussis and poliomyelitis. Following the licensure of two acellular pertussis vaccines for infants, the advisory groups now recommend use of acellular pertussis vaccine (Tripedia or ACEL-IMUNE) as the preferred vaccine for pertussis vaccination for infants beginning at age 2 months. To reduce the risk for vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), recommendations for poliovirus vaccination have expanded the use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) by providing three options for poliovirus vaccination (sequential IPV/oral poliovirus vaccine [OPV], all IPV, or all OPV). In addition, a combination Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and hepatitis B vaccine and a combination diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) and Hib vaccine have been licensed for use in certain situations. This report presents the recommended childhood immunization schedule for 1997 and explains the changes that have occurred since the last publication of the schedule.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Hepatitis A vaccine: immunogenicity following administration of a delayed immunization schedule in infants, children and adults.

Current immunization schedules for hepatitis A vaccine specify administration of a booster within 6-12 or 6-18 months of the primary dose. However, there may be circumstances that disrupt this schedule and the efficacy of administering a booster beyond the recommended time is a practical concern for healthcare providers. In this study, a booster was administered to 268 participants (137: <18 years old), an average of 27 months (range 20-31) after the primary dose. In those tested after the booster, the median anti-HAV GMT was 1544 milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/ml). Response to a delayed booster was strong in children over 2 years old (GMT 1500-1960 mIU/ml) and adults (GMT 1622 mIU/ml), but was significantly lower in children under 2 years old (GMT 1109 mIU/ml). Findings suggest a booster administered 20-31 months after the primary dose is immunogenic and GMT in persons >2 years of age were comparable to those seen in adults and children who receive hepatitis A vaccine per schedule.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Recommended childhood immunization schedule--United States, 1998.

Since publication of the recommended childhood immunization schedule in January 1997, CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) have changed recommended ages for administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) and poliovirus vaccines. In addition, these organizations have clarified recommendations for administration of MMR, varicella vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccine during the routine visit to health-care providers for adolescents aged 11-12 years; the interchangeability of the three licensed Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines for primary and booster vaccination; and the timing for the third dose of hepatitis B vaccine. This report presents the recommended childhood immunization schedule for 1998 and explains the changes that have occurred since publication of the last schedule. Detailed recommendations about the use of vaccines are available from the manufacturers' package inserts, the 1997 Red Book, or ACIP statements on specific vaccines.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule--United States, January-June 1996.

In January 1995, the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule, developed by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), was published. This unified schedule represented the first such schedule developed through a collaborative process among the recommending groups, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, and the Food and Drug Administration. This process is intended to maintain a common childhood immunization schedule and to work toward further simplification of the schedule. The Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule--United States, January-June 1996 (Figure 1) has been updated by these groups to incorporate newly licensed and/or recommended vaccines and to clarify specific issues. Since publication of the schedule in 1995, Varicella Zoster Virus Vaccine (Var) has been licensed, and recommendations for adolescent hepatitis B vaccination have been developed. The following changes are incorporated into the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Immunization of hepatitis B vaccine integrated with expanded program on immunization schedule in children].

We studied the immunization of hepatitis B vaccine integrated with of EPI. 180 children (0-9 months of age) from three towns of Shunde County were randomly divided in to three groups (two trial groups and one control group). Which were vaccinated by three different immunization schedule. The serum antibodies to different vaccines were measured before and after immunization. The results show that the seroconversion rate and GMT of each EPI vaccine are conformed with the expected EPI indexes. The seroconversion rate of anti-HBs antibody is found no significantly different among the three groups. The titres of pertussis agglutinating and three types polio neutralizing antibody is higher in trial groups than that in the control group. We conclude that the immunization of hepatitis B vaccine can be integrated into the EPI schedule. And third dose of hepatitis B vaccine can be simultaneously given with measles vaccine.

Child↗
PubMed1997

[A serological study on the immunization schedule at first dose of domestic BRD II strain rubella vaccine].

In order to develop a valid immunization schedule on the initial vaccination at different age of domestic BRD II strain rubella vaccine, a total number of 268 children at the age of 6 to 18 months from Yantai city of Shandong Province, China were selected for the serological study on hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody level against rubella from August to October, 1995. The results showed that the negative rates of HI antibody among children of 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 18 month olds before inoculation with rubella vaccine were 100.00%, 95.56%, 93.02%, 96.36%, 97.96% and 93.94% with geometric mean titers (GMTs) 0.00, 1.17, 1.21, 1.12, 1.07 and 1.13, respectively. After one month of immunization with rubella vaccine, the positive rates and GMTs of HI antibody were 97.67%, 95.56% 97.67%, 98.18%, 97.96%, 96.67% and 110.17, 197.02, 155.32, 177.63, 192.92, 142.17, respectively. There was no significant difference on immuno-response to rubella vaccine in children regardless the previous titers. Taking these results together with the current vaccine immunization schedule for expanded programme on immunization (EPI) in China into consideration, the author recommended that the immunization schedule at first vaccination for BRD II strain rubella vaccine should be started at 8 month olds.

Age Factors↗