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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Identification of proteins released by pancreatic cancer cells by multidimensional protein identification technology: a strategy for identification of novel cancer markers.

The purpose of this study is to identify novel proteins released by cancer cells that are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling using small-volume samples and automated technology. We applied multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), which incorporates two-dimensional capillary chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to small quantities of serum-free supernatants of resting or phorbol ester-activated Suit-2 pancreatic cancer cells. Selected markers were validated in additional pancreatic cancer cell lines, primary cancers, and xenografted cancer cells. MudPIT analysis of 10 microl of supernatants identified 46 proteins, 21 of which are classified as secreted, and 10 have never been associated with pancreatic cancer. These include CSPG2/versican, Mac25/angiomodulin, IGFBP-1, HSPG2/perlecan, syndecan 4, FAM3C, APLP2, cyclophilin B, beta2 microglobulin, and ICA69. Evidence that cancer cells release these proteins in vivo was obtained for CSPG2/versican and Mac25/angiomodulin by immunohistochemistry on both primary pancreatic cancers and in a model consisting of Suit-2 cells embedded in an amorphous matrix and implanted in athymic mice. MudPIT allowed efficient and rapid identification of proteins released by cancer cells, including molecules previously undescribed in the type of cancer analyzed. Our finding that pancreatic cancer cells secrete a series of proteoglycans, including versican, perlecan, syndecan 1 and 4, challenges the common view that fibroblasts of tumor stroma are the sole source of these molecules.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of accuracy and repeatability of identification of food-borne pathogens by automated bacterial identification systems.

The performances of five automated microbial identification systems, relative to that of a reference identification system, for their ability to accurately and repeatedly identify six common food-borne pathogens were assessed. The systems assessed were the MicroLog system (Biolog Inc., Hayward, Calif.), the Microbial Identification System (MIS; MIDI Inc., Newark, Del.), the VITEK system (bioMérieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo.), the MicroScan WalkAway 40 system (Dade-MicroScan International, West Sacramento, Calif.), and the Replianalyzer system (Oxoid Inc., Nepean, Ontario, Canada). The sensitivities and specificities of these systems for the identification of food-borne isolates of Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli were determined with 40 reference positive isolates and 40 reference negative isolates for each pathogen. The sensitivities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 42.5 to 100%, and the specificities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 32.5 to 100%. Some of the systems had difficulty correctly identifying the reference isolates when the results were compared to those from the reference identification tests. The sensitivity of MIS for the identification of S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and C. jejuni, for example, ranged from 47.5 to 72. 5%. The sensitivity of the Microlog system for the identification of E. coli was 72.5%, and the sensitivity of the VITEK system for the identification of B. cereus was 42.5%. The specificities of four of the five systems for the identification of all of the species tested with the available databases were greater than or equal to 97.5%; the exception was MIS for the identification of C. jejuni, which displayed a specificity of 32.5% when it was tested with reference negative isolates including Campylobacter coli and other Campylobacter species. All systems had >80% sensitivities for the identification of Salmonella species and Listeria species at the genus level. The repeatability of these systems for the identification of test isolates ranged from 30 to 100%. Not all systems included all six pathogens in their databases; thus, some species could not be tested with all systems. The choice of automated microbial identification system for the identification of a food-borne pathogen would depend on the availability of identification libraries within the systems and the performance of the systems for the identification of the pathogen.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed2002

Recommendations for improving the quality of care through stroke centers and systems: an examination of stroke center identification options: multidisciplinary consensus recommendations from the Advisory Working Group on Stroke Center Identification Options of the American Stroke Association.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The American Stroke Association (ASA) assembled a multidisciplinary group of experts to develop recommendations regarding the potential effectiveness of establishing an identification program for stroke centers and systems. "Identification" refers to the full spectrum of models for assessing and recognizing standards of quality care (self-assessment, verification, certification, and accreditation). A primary consideration is whether stroke center identification might improve patient outcomes. METHODS: In February 2001, ASA, with the support of the Stroke Council's Executive Committee, decided to embark on an evaluation of the potential impact of stroke center identification. HealthPolicy R&D was selected to prepare a comprehensive report. The investigators reported on models outside the area of stroke, ongoing initiatives within the stroke community (such as Operation Stroke), and state and federal activities designed to improve care for stroke patients. The investigators also conducted interviews with thought leaders in the stroke community, representing a diverse sampling of specialties and affiliations. In October 2001, the Advisory Working Group on Stroke Center Identification developed its consensus recommendations. This group included recognized experts in neurology, emergency medicine, emergency medical services, neurological surgery, neurointensive care, vascular disease, and stroke program planning. RESULTS: There are a variety of existing identification programs, generally falling within 1 of 4 categories (self-assessment, verification, certification, and accreditation) along a continuum with respect to intensity and scope of review and consumption of resources. Ten programs were evaluated, including Peer Review Organizations, trauma centers, and new efforts by the National Committee on Quality Assurance and the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations to identify providers and disease management programs. The largest body of literature on clinical outcomes associated with identification programs involves trauma centers. Most studies support that trauma centers and systems lead to improved mortality rates and patient outcomes. The Advisory Working Group felt that comparison to the trauma model was most relevant given the need for urgent evaluation and treatment of stroke. The literature in other areas generally supports the positive impact of identification programs, although patient outcomes data have less often been published. In the leadership interviews, participants generally expressed strong support for pursuing some form of voluntary identification program, although concerns were raised that this effort could meet with some resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of stroke centers and stroke systems competencies is in the best interest of stroke patients in the United States, and ASA should support the development and implementation of such processes. The purpose of a stroke center/systems identification program is to increase the capacity for all hospitals to treat stroke patients according to standards of care, recognizing that levels of involvement will vary according to the resources of hospitals and systems.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of rapid identification of gram-positive cocci in positive blood cultures by use of the AutoMicrobic system Gram-Positive Identification Card.

Because rapid identification of gram-positive organisms from blood cultures may provide valuable information for patient care and because the AutoMicrobic system Gram-Positive Identification (AMS-GPI) Card (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) is designed for the identification of these organisms in 4 to 13 h, we designed this study to evaluate the performance of the AMS-GPI Card in the direct identification of gram-positive organisms upon detection of growth in blood culture bottles. We compared direct identification by the AMS-GPI Card with the final AMS-GPI Card identification and with our standard identification methods. We evaluated 51 gram-positive organisms from clinical blood cultures as well as 49 simulated blood cultures. The isolates included Streptococcus pneumoniae (17), Streptococcus pyogenes (13), group D enterococci (12), Streptococcus agalactiae (11), viridans streptococci (10), coagulase-negative staphylococci (21), Staphylococcus aureus (15), and Listeria monocytogenes (1). The AMS-GPI Card identified all of the group D enterococci, viridans streptococci, and coagulase-negative staphylococci and all but one each of the Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae isolates. L. monocytogenes was also correctly identified. However, the AMS-GPI Card identified only 12 of 17 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 9 of 15 Staphylococcus aureus isolates by direct inoculation. We therefore conclude that the results of direct identification of gram-positive organisms by the AMS-GPI Card may be used cautiously for rapid direct identification of gram-positive organisms from positive blood cultures.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2003

Usefulness of the MicroSeq 500 16S ribosomal DNA-based bacterial identification system for identification of clinically significant bacterial isolates with ambiguous biochemical profiles.

Due to the inadequate automation in the amplification and sequencing procedures, the use of 16S rRNA gene sequence-based methods in clinical microbiology laboratories is largely limited to identification of strains that are difficult to identify by phenotypic methods. In this study, using conventional full-sequence 16S rRNA gene sequencing as the "gold standard," we evaluated the usefulness of the MicroSeq 500 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-based bacterial identification system, which involves amplification and sequencing of the first 527-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA genes of bacterial strains and analysis of the sequences using the database of the system, for identification of clinically significant bacterial isolates with ambiguous biochemical profiles. Among 37 clinically significant bacterial strains that showed ambiguous biochemical profiles, representing 37 nonduplicating aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative, anaerobic, and Mycobacterium species, the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA-based bacterial identification system was successful in identifying 30 (81.1%) of them. Five (13.5%) isolates were misidentified at the genus level (Granulicatella adiacens was misidentified as Abiotrophia defectiva, Helcococcus kunzii was misidentified as Clostridium hastiforme, Olsenella uli was misidentified as Atopobium rimae, Leptotrichia buccalis was misidentified as Fusobacterium mortiferum, and Bergeyella zoohelcum was misidentified as Rimerella anatipestifer), and two (5.4%) were misidentified at the species level (Actinomyces odontolyticus was misidentified as Actinomyces meyeri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus was misidentified as Arcobacter butzleri). When the same 527-bp DNA sequences of these seven isolates were compared to the known 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GenBank, five yielded the correct identity, with good discrimination between the best and second best match sequences, meaning that the reason for misidentification in these five isolates was due to a lack of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these bacteria in the database of the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA-based bacterial identification system. In conclusion, the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA-based bacterial identification system is useful for identification of most clinically important bacterial strains with ambiguous biochemical profiles, but the database of the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA-based bacterial identification system has to be expanded in order to encompass the rarely encountered bacterial species and achieve better accuracy in bacterial identification.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

An automated system for bedside verification of the match between patient identification and blood unit identification.

BACKGROUND: The administration of blood to the wrong patient remains the leading cause of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and subsequent death. A process control system for blood administration was developed that verifies, at the bedside, the match between barcoded patient identification and blood unit identification. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The system is composed of 1) a portable bedside scanner that reads barcoded patient identification and blood unit identification, 2) a host computer system capable of accepting transfusion data from the bedside scanner, 3) printed documentation of the transfusion episode, and 4) audit trail monitoring of whether all steps in the automated patient and blood unit identification process have been performed. Software design, development, and validation protocols followed industry standards. RESULTS: A pilot study was performed over a 2-month period evaluating the blood administration process using the computerized bedside transfusion identification system prototype for transfusions in 39 oncology patients. CONCLUSION: This system controls the blood administration process and includes bedside verification of the match between patient identification and blood unit identification.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed2006

[Identification errors and delusions of false identification in Alzheimer's disease: a regional survey].

INTRODUCTION: Misidentification syndromes are the main symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Underlain by complex cognitive, agnosic, and amnesic disturbances of degenerative etiology, they can be expressed by misidentification delusions, as in psychoses. To date, research has focused on identification disturbances of persons selected according to various definitions. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to evaluate the frequency of identification disturbances among patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease within the current conditions of diagnosis and treatment. The secondary objective aimed to establish a detailed analysis of symptoms and clinical correlations, and evaluate the effects of the troubles on the caregiver. METHODS: We conducted a regional survey using a questionnaire designed for the caregiver, proposed to the 60 geriatric doctors and neurologists in the Poitou-Charentes region of France, for all patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (defined according to DSM IV criteria) seen between June 1st and August 31st of 2003. Statview software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The survey was completed for 104 patients: 69.5 percent women and 30.5 percent men, with a mean age of 79 years. The majority of the patients were seen by a neurologist and presented an average cognitive deficiency (MMS ranging from 11 to 20). An identification disturbance, whether or not it was delusional, all domains included, was found in 81.6 percent of the patients and was related to a more severe cognitive deficiency and greater hardship on the part of the caregiver. DISCUSSION: We observed a high prevalence of identification disturbance, which can be explained by the systematic and exhaustive search for identification disturbance. The most frequent disturbance concerned the identification of places, whereas self-identification was less often affected; the authentic Capgras delusion was found less often. CONCLUSION: The study of identification disturbances in Alzheimer's disease can contribute to a better understanding of the cognitive, psychopathological, and physiopathological aspects of the disease as well as to a better knowledge and better care for the patient.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Identification of clinical isolates of gram-negative nonfermentative bacteria by an automated cellular fatty acid identification system.

An automated cellular fatty acid (CFA) bacterial identification system, Microbial Identification System (MIS; Microbial ID, Newark, Del.), was compared with a conventional system for the identification of 573 strains of gram-negative nonfermentative bacteria. MIS identifications were based exclusively on the CFA composition following 22 to 26 h of growth at 28 degrees C on Trypticase soy agar. MIS identifications were listed with a confidence measurement (similarity index [SI]) on a scale of 0 to 1.0. A value of greater than or equal to 0.5 was considered a good match. The MIS correctly listed as the first choice 478 of 532 (90%) strains contained in the data base. However, only 314 (59%) had SI values of greater than or equal to 0.5. Of the 54 strains in which there was not agreement, 37 belonged to the genera Acinetobacter, Moraxella, or Alcaligenes or were Pseudomonas pickettii. Reproducibility studies suggest that SI variation is most likely a function of a difference in culture age at the time of analysis, which is due to the relatively low temperature and time of incubation. Other discrepancies were attributable to insufficiently characterized library entries or an inability to differentiate chemotaxonomically closely related species. The MIS, as the first automated CFA identification system, is an accurate, efficient, and relatively rapid method for the identification of gram-negative nonfermentative bacteria. The development of a CFA library with the media and incubation conditions routinely used for the isolation of clinical pathogens could further decrease the identification time and provide an increase in accuracy.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1992

[Identification of crystals in synovial fluid: joint-specific identification rate and correlation with clinical preliminary diagnosis].

The diagnostic clarification of joint effusions of unknown origin is a challenge to every primary-care physician. Important diagnostic procedures are arthrocentesis and analysis of the aspirated synovial fluid. Synovial fluid analysis frequently allows differentiation between harmless effusions due to osteoarthritis and crystal induced inflammation, or the more devastating septic arthritis. 4475 synovial fluids were evaluated retrospectively to calculate the identification rate of crystals compatible with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) and monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM). 40.8% (1827) of synovial fluids were taken from females and 59.2% (2648) from males. The frequency of crystal identification varied considerably: 13.2% CPPD crystal identification in females, 10.9% in males; MSUM was identified in 1.5% of females, and in 10.9% of males. The spectrum of joint involvement was nearly identical in CPPD and MSUM positive synovial fluids. Exceptions were the higher frequency of CPPD identification in shoulder joints (CCPD:MSUM = 15.6:1), the higher frequency of MSUM identification in the ankle (MSUM:CPPD = 15.6:1) and the first metatarsophalangeal joints (MSUM:CPPD = 8:1). Clinical suspicion correlated well with crystal identification in MSUM positive samples (60%), but was poor in CPPD positive samples (36%). The poor correlation between clinical suspicion and crystal identification in CPPD positive synovial fluids is explicable by the less characteristic clinical presentation of pyrophosphate arthropathy in contrast to classical gout. A high percentage of crystal identification was found in joints or periarticular swellings in which aspiration is difficult and therefore rare (e.g. tendon sheaths, first metatarsophalangeal and first metacarpophalangeal joints), underlining the importance of synovial fluid aspiration despite the difficulty of arthrocentesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Orthogonal cultural identification theory: the cultural identification of minority adolescents.

A theory of cultural identification is presented indicating that identification with different cultures is orthogonal. Instead of cultures being placed at opposite ends of a continuum, cultural identification dimensions are independent of each other, and increasing identification with one culture does not require decreasing identification with another. Studies of Native-American and Mexican-American youth show that: (1) identification with Anglo (White American) culture is related to having Anglo friends and to family acceptance of an Anglo marriage, (2) identification with either the minority or the majority culture is a source of personal and social strength, and (3) this greater strength, however, does not translate automatically into less drug use, because drug use is related to how much the culture that the person identifies with approves or disapproves of drugs.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of API Rapid Strep, Baxter MicroScan Rapid Pos ID Panel, BBL Minitek Differential Identification System, IDS RapID STR System, and Vitek GPI to conventional biochemical tests for identification of viridans streptococci.

Viridans group streptococci (36 stock strains and 167 single patient blood culture isolates) were assessed using API Rapid Strep, Baxter MicroScan Rapid Pos ID Panel, BBL Minitek Differential Identification System, IDS RapID STR System, and Vitek GPI methods. Identification data obtained with these systems were compared with those indicated by conventional biochemical procedures. API, Baxter MicroScan, BBL, IDS, and Vitek corresponded with conventional biochemical identification in 74%, 66%, 65%, 50%, and 61% of the isolates, respectively; using recommended supplemental tests, agreement was augmented in 9%, 11%, 20%, 11%, and 21% of the isolates, respectively. Disagreement with conventional biochemical methods occurred in 14%, 17%, 14%, 32%, and 10% of the commercial techniques, respectively; no identification was possible in 2%, 5%, fewer than 1%, 6%, and 8% of specimens, respectively. BBL, API, and Baxter MicroScan systems provided the most reliable rapid identification, although supplemental testing often was required. Until a higher percentage of correct identification data can be obtained without supplemental procedures, conventional biochemical techniques will remain the methods of choice for identification of viridans streptococci.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the autoSCAN-W/A rapid bacterial identification system and the Vitek AutoMicrobic system for identification of gram-negative bacilli.

The autoSCAN-W/A (W/A; Baxter MicroScan, West Sacramento, Calif.) with the new fluorometric Rapid Neg Combo 1 (RNC) panel is a fully automated fluorometric system for identification of both enteric and nonenteric gram-negative bacilli within 2 h. We compared the W/A with the Vitek AutoMicrobic System (Vitek AMS; Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) for identification of 383 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli. The API 20E (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and conventional biochemical testing were used as the reference systems. The W/A correctly identified 336 isolates (87.7%) to the species level and classified an additional 29 isolates (7.6%) as correct with low probability (overall identification = 95.3%); the Vitek AMS correctly identified 355 isolates (92.7%) to the species level and classified an additional 8 isolates (2.1%) as correct with low probability (overall identification = 94.8%). A common set of 134 isolates of gram-negative bacilli was tested in both participating laboratories as a means of assessing interlaboratory agreement with both the W/A and the Vitek AMS. The overall agreements between the two laboratories were 86% with the W/A and 92% with the Vitek AMS. The W/A performed comparably to the Vitek AMS for identification of most gram-negative bacilli, actually exceeding the Vitek AMS for identification of nonenteric bacilli. Rapid time to identification and a high level of automation make the W/A an attractive system for clinical microbiology laboratories.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the Microbial Identification System for identification of clinically isolated yeasts.

The Microbial Identification System (MIS; Microbial ID, Inc., Newark, Del.) was evaluated for the identification of 550 clinically isolated yeasts. The organisms evaluated were fresh clinical isolates identified by methods routinely used in our laboratory (API 20C and conventional methods) and included Candida albicans (n = 294), C. glabrata (n = 145), C. tropicalis (n = 58), C. parapsilosis (n = 33), and other yeasts (n = 20). In preparation for fatty acid analysis, yeasts were inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar and incubated at 28 degrees C for 24 h. Yeasts were harvested, saponified, derivatized, and extracted, and fatty acid analysis was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fatty acid profiles were analyzed, and computer identifications were made with the Yeast Clinical Library (database version 3.8). Of the 550 isolates tested, 374 (68.0%) were correctly identified to the species level, with 87 (15.8%) being incorrectly identified and 89 (16.2%) giving no identification. Repeat testing of isolates giving no identification resulted in an additional 18 isolates being correctly identified. This gave the MIS an overall identification rate of 71.3%. The most frequently misidentified yeast was C. glabrata, which was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae 32.4% of the time. On the basis of these results, the MIS, with its current database, does not appear suitable for the routine identification of clinically important yeasts.

Candida↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of Vitek GNI+ and Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems Crystal E/NF identification systems for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative, glucose-fermenting and non-glucose-fermenting bacilli.

We evaluated the Vitek GNI+ and Becton Dickinson Crystal E/NF identification systems for their ability to accurately identify 619 and 626 strains, respectively, of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other glucose-fermenting and non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative rods. All strains tested were taken from a stock collection and passed three times on 5% sheep blood agar prior to testing. These strains represented a more rigorous challenge to both systems than one resulting from the testing of consecutive clinical isolates. Testing with both systems was done according to the manufacturers' instructions, and tests were repeated in duplicate when errors occurred. Vitek version 5.01 and Crystal version 3.0 softwares were used for identifications. The identification results from each system were compared with identifications previously determined with reference biochemicals. At the completion of the appropriate incubation period, the GNI+ and Crystal systems correctly identified 80.1 and 71.1% of the total isolates, respectively. After additional tests suggested by the software programs were completed, the GNI+ had an accuracy of 87.6% and the Crystal system's accuracy had improved to 87.9%. The error rates for the GNI+ and Crystal systems were 6.5 and 5.3%, respectively. A report of "no identification" was given for 6.0 and 6.9% of the isolates, respectively, and was associated with no particular organism group. One isolate each of Acinetobacter lwoffii and Vibrio alginolyticus would not grow in the Vitek card. The average times to detection for correct enteric identifications in the GNI+ system were 4.1 and 6.8 h for nonenteric identifications, while the Crystal results were routinely read at 18 h. We conclude that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the results of the GNI+ card and those of the Crystal E/NF system after additional testing was performed with the group of organisms tested, but the overall accuracy for both systems in this study was below 90%.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Sequence-based identification of Mycobacterium species using the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA bacterial identification system.

We evaluated the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA Bacterial Sequencing Kit (PE Applied Biosystems), a 500-bp sequence-based identification system, for its ability to identify clinical Mycobacterium isolates. The organism identity was determined by comparing the 16S rDNA sequence to the MicroSeq database, which consists primarily of type strain sequences. A total of 113 isolates (18 different species), previously recovered and identified by routine methods from two clinical laboratories, were analyzed by the MicroSeq method. Isolates with discordant results were analyzed by hsp65 gene sequence analysis and in some cases repeat phenotypic identification, AccuProbe rRNA hybridization (Gen-Probe, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), or high-performance liquid chromatography of mycolic acids. For 93 (82%) isolates, the MicroSeq identity was concordant with the previously reported identity. For 18 (16%) isolates, the original identification was discordant with the MicroSeq identification. Of the 18 discrepant isolates, 7 (six unique sequences) were originally misidentified by phenotypic analysis or the AccuProbe assay but were correctly identified by the MicroSeq assay. Of the 18 discrepant isolates, 11 (seven unique sequences) were unusual species that were difficult to identify by phenotypic methods and, in all but one case, by molecular methods. The remaining two isolates (2%) failed definitive phenotypic identification, but the MicroSeq assay was able to definitively identify one of these isolates. The MicroSeq identification system is an accurate and rapid method for the identification of Mycobacterium spp.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Effects of report order, identification method, and stimulus characteristics on multidimensional stimulus identification.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of order of report, identification method, redundant color coding, and stimulus location under dual task conditions on multidimensional stimulus-identification performance. Analysis showed that order of report and identification method did affect speed and accuracy of identification. Subjects reacted faster and more accurately if this order of reporting stimulus-dimension values was appropriate. Physical identification was also faster and more accurate than identification of meaning, but there was no effect for redundant color coding, stimulus location, and difficulty of the dual task on identification. The implications of the results for design of visual displays were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection-mass spectrometry, automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as tools for trace level detection and identification.

The complexity of a matrix is in many cases the major limiting factor in the detection and identification of trace level analytes. In this work, the ability to detect and identify trace level of pesticides in complex matrices was studied and compared in three, relatively new methods: (a) GC-PFPD-MS where simultaneous PFPD (pulsed flame photometric detection) and MS analysis is performed. The PFPD indicates the exact chromatographic time of suspected peaks for their MS identification and provides elemental information; (b) automatic GC-MS data analysis using the AMDIS ("Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification System") software by the National Institute of Standards and Technology; (c) GC-MS-MS analysis. A pesticide mixture (MX-5), containing diazinon, methyl parathion, ethyl parathion, methyl trithion and ethion was spiked, in descending levels from 1 ppm to 10 ppb, into soil and sage (spice) extracts and the detection level and identification quality were evaluated in each experiment. PFPD-MS and AMDIS exhibited similar performance, both superior to standard GC-MS, revealing and identifying compounds that did not exhibit an observable GC peak (either buried under the chromatographic background baseline or co-eluting with other interfering GC peaks). GC-MS-MS featured improved detection limits (lower by a factor of 6-8) compared to AMDIS and PFPD-MS. The GC-PFPD-MS-MS combination was found useful in several cases, where no reconstructed ion chromatogram MS-MS peaks existed, but an MS-MS spectrum could still be extracted at the elution time indicated by PFPD. The level of identification and confirmation with MS-MS was inferior to that of the other two techniques. In comparison with the soil matrix, detection limits obtained with the loaded sage matrix were poorer by similar factors for all the techniques studied (factors of 5.8, >6.5 and 4.0 for AMDIS, PFPD-MS and MS-MS, respectively). Based on the above results, the paper discusses the trade-offs between detectivity and identification level with the compared three techniques as well as other more traditional techniques and approaches.

Automation↗
PubMed1984

Comparative evaluation of the API 20S system and the automicrobic system gram-positive identification card for species identification of streptococci.

Two commercial methods, the API 20S system (API; Analytab Products, Inc., Plainview, N.Y.) and the Gram-Positive Identification Card (GPI; Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.), were evaluated without additional tests for the identification of 241 streptococcus strains. Organisms included 60 beta-hemolytic strains, 36 group D strains, 26 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains, and 119 viridans streptococcus strains. API correctly identified to species 68.3% of beta-hemolytic strains, 86.1% of group D strains, 53.9% of S. pneumoniae strains, and 12.6% of viridans streptococci. This method provided excellent identification of group A and B and S. faecalis strains. Overall, API correctly identified 41.9% of strains to species, with 41.1% good likelihood but low selectivity, 15.8% incorrect, and 1.2% not identified. GPI correctly identified to species 58.3% of beta-hemolytic strains, 97.2% of group D strains, 80.8% of S. pneumoniae strains, and 57.2% of viridans streptococci. Group A, B, and D strains were all accurately identified by this system. Overall, GPI correctly identified to species 66.0% of strains, with 8.7% correct preliminary identification, 20.8% incorrect, and 4.6% not identified. Both methods represent a worthwhile advance in streptococcal identification. Neither system, however, can be recommended for species identification of the viridans group at this time.

Bacteriological Techniques↗