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PubMed1975

Effect of hypokinesia and the combined action of gravitational load and hypokinesia on the structure of the hepatic portal system.

General hypokinesia during 1--6 weeks resulted in dilatation of the interlobular veins. sinusoids and central veins. The sequence of alterations corresponded to terms of hypokinesia. After exposure to "gravitation stress--hypokinesia for 1--6 weeks" stagnation in the portal system of the liver was less than after exposure to hypokinesia alone, but unevenness of lumens in the interlobular veins and sinusoids was more pronounced. The foci of the vessel spasm were determined. The signs of stagnation in the system of the portal vein and unevenness of the width of all the links of the portal bed were most pronounced after combination "hypokinesia for 1--6 weeks-- gravitation stress".

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Calcium measurements in primates during and after hypokinesia in establishing calcium deficiency during prolonged hypokinesia.

Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces significant calcium (Ca) changes, but little is known about the effect of hypokinesia (HK) on Ca deficiency. Measuring Ca changes during and after HK the aim of this study was to determine Ca deficiency during prolonged HK. Studies were done on 12 male Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkeys) aged 3-5 yr (5.58-6.42 kg) during a 90-d pre-HK period, a 90-d HK period, and a 15-d post-HK period. Monkeys were equally divided into two groups: vivarium control monkeys (VCM) and hypokinetic monkeys (HKM). Hypokinetic monkeys were kept in small individual cages that restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intakes. Urinary, fecal, and serum Ca, urinary and serum magnesium (Mg) and phosphate (P), serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and calcitonin (CT) concentration, body weight, food intake, fluid consumed and eliminated in urine were measured. During the HK period, fecal Ca loss, urinary Ca, P, and Mg excretion, fluid elimination, and serum P, Ca, and Mg concentration increased significantly (p < or = 0.01), whereas serum iPTH and CT concentration, food and fluid intakes, and body weight decreased significantly (p < or = 0.01) in the HKM group when compared with the VCM group. During the initial days of the post-HK period, serum Ca, Mg, and P concentration, fecal Ca loss, urinary Ca, Mg, and P excretion, and fluid elimination decreased significantly (p < or = 0.01), whereas fluid intake increased significantly (p < or = 0.01) in the HKM group when compared with the VCM group. Food intake, body weight, and serum iPTH and CT concentrations remained significantly (p < or = 0.01) depressed in the HKP group when compared with the VCM; however, they increased as the duration of the post-HK period increased. By contrast, the corresponding parameters remained stable in the VCM group when compared with the baseline control values. It was shown that fecal and urinary Ca loss and serum Ca concentration increases significantly during HK, whereas during postHK fecal, urinary, and serum Ca decreases significantly. It was concluded that significant decrease of serum, urinary, and fecal Ca during post-HK may suggest the presence of Ca deficiency during prolonged HK.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Muscle electrolyte measurements during and after hypokinesia in determining muscle electrolyte depletion during hypokinesia in the rat.

Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces muscle mineral depletion. However, the mechanism of muscle mineral depletion during hypokinesia (HK) remains unknown. Measuring electrolyte retention and electrolyte values in muscle, plasma, and urine during and after HK, the aim of this study was to discover if HK could depress mineral retention and lead to muscle mineral depletion. Studies were done on 204 13-wk-old male Wistar rats (370-390 g) during 10 d pre-HK period, 98 d HK period, and 15 d post-HK period. Rats were equally divided into two groups: vivarium control rats (VCR) and hypokinetic rats (HKR). All hypokinetic rats were kept for 98 d in small individual cages, which restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intakes. All control rats were housed for 98 d in individual cages under vivarium control conditions. Both groups of rats were pair-fed. During the HK period skeletal muscle sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and water content and electrolyte retention decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while urinary and plasma electrolyte levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in HKR compared with their pre-HK values and their respective VCR. During the initial days of the post-HK period, mineral retention increased significantly (p < 0.05), plasma and urinary electrolyte level decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while muscle electrolyte and water content remained significantly (p < 0.05) depressed in HKR compared with VCR. Muscle mineral and water content, electrolyte retention, plasma, and urinary electrolyte values did not change in VCR compared with their pre-HK values. It was concluded that during HK decreased muscle mineral content may suggest muscle mineral depletion, while increased urinary electrolyte loss and muscle mineral depletion may demonstrate reduced mineral retention. Reduced electrolyte excretion and depressed muscle mineral content during post-HK may indicate skeletal muscle mineral depletion during HK. Dissociation between electrolyte retention and muscle mineral depletion may demonstrate the presence of decreased electrolyte retention as the mechanism of muscle electrolyte depletion during prolonged HK.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hypokinesia, nutrition and lipid metabolism. The effect of protein-vitamin deficiency on serum lipids and lipoproteins in hypokinesia].

Distinct alterations in the reactions responsible for development of lipoprotein hydrophobic nuclei was observed in rat of the August strain maintained for 60 days under conditions of hypokinesia on a ration, containing wheat gluten as a protein source and deficient in retinol, tocopherol and ascorbic acid. Under these conditions the ratio of activities of lipoprotein lipase and liver triglyceride lipase was altered; acylglycerols were accumulated in lipoproteins of low and very low density. Besides, cholesterol esters and their fractions were increased both in blood serum and in individual classes of lipoproteins. Increase in content of cholesterol bound with arachidonic and linolenic acids in lipoproteins of very low density was a typical pattern developing due to hypokinesia in animals maintained on various experimental diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Inguinal lymph nodes of Rhesus macaque in hypokinesia and combined action of hypokinesia and hypergravity].

Peculiarities of microanatomy and cytoarchitecture of inguinal lymph nodes were studied under the effect of hypokinezia and combined effect of hypokinezia and hypergravitation experimentally in mature macaque rhesus monkeys for the first time. The data obtained indicate that on the background of intensive impairing effect of hypokinezia combined action was not only neutralized but the effect of hypokinezia also intensifies immunological action of lymph nodes of monkeys. This was supported by morphological signs and changes in correlation between lymphoid cells: number growth of lymphoid nodules with widened germinal centres and high fraction of mitotically dividing cells, the presence of dense thymus dependent (paracortical) zone and more dense medullar bands, filled basically with small lymphocytes and lowered level of destructive processes in all structural components of lymph nodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Changes of hormones regulating electrolyte metabolism after space flight and hypokinesia.

The changes of hormones in plasma involved in the body fluid regulation were studied in human subjects during and after space flights in relation to redistribution of body fluids in the state of weightlessness. Since hypokinesia was used as a model for simulation of some effects of the stay in microgravity the plasma hormone levels in rats exposed to hypokinesia were also investigated. Plasma aldosterone values showed great individual variations during the first inflight days, the increased levels were observed with prolongation of space flights. The important elevation was found in the recovery period, however it was interesting to note, that in some cosmonauts with repeated exposure to space flight, the postflight plasma aldosterone levels were not elevated. The urine excretion of aldosterone was increased inflight, however in postflight period the decrease or increase were found in the first 1-5 days. The increase of plasma renin activity was observed in flight and postflight period. The rats were exposed to hypokinesia (forced restriction of motor activity) for 1, 7 and 60 days and urine was collected during last 24 hours. The animals were sacrificed and the concentration of electrolytes and of levels of corticosterone, aldosterone (A), ANF and plasma-renin activity (PRA) were determined in plasma. In urine excretion of sodium and potassium were estimated. An important increase of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration was found after short-term hypokinesia (1 day). These hormonal values appear to decrease with time (7 days) and are not significantly different from controls after long-term hypokinesia (60 days). A decrease of values ANF in plasma was observed after 1 and 7 days hypokinesia. After prolonged hypokinesia a decrease of sodium plasma concentration was observed. The excretion of sodium in urine was higher in long-term hypokinetic animals. There were no significant changes of plasma potassium levels in rats exposed to hypokinesia, however the urinary excretion of potassium was elevated. In rats exposed to hypokinesia for 7 and 60 days an increase of urine osmolality was observed. The results of hormone and electrolyte determination in plasma of cosmonauts after space flight and in experimental animals after hypokinesia suggested that in evaluation of relations between the changes of hormone levels and electrolyte in plasma and urine other factors like emotional stress working load; altered diurnal cycles should be considered in interpretation of homeostatic response of fluid and electrolyte metabolism to space flight conditions.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1989

Activation of the sympathoadrenal system in rats during hypokinesia.

The levels of plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) were examined in rats exposed to hypokinesia in special adjustable cages for 1, 7 and 75 days. One day before the collection of blood an arterial catheter was inserted into the tail artery and blood samples were collected from undisturbed animals on next day at 8 a.m. and after 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours later. The control groups of animals were kept single in standard animals cages. The content of E, NE and corticosterone was determined in plasma. In rats exposed to hypokinesia for the first time a marked increase of plasma E and NE levels were observed at 1 hour in forced restriction and both E and NE remained elevated after 6, 12 and 24 hours of hypokinesia. A permanent increase of NE and E content in plasma was found in rats exposed to hypokinesia for 7 and 75 days. However, the plasma corticosterone levels were increased only during the first day of hypokinesia, at 7 and 75 days no significant changes in plasma corticosterone were noted. These results showed that there is an important increase of plasma catecholamine levels immediately after the beginning of hypokinesia and the activation of sympathoadrenal system is maintained during the whole period of hypokinesia. No significant changes in adrenocortical system activity were noted during the long-term hypokinesia.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of hypokinesia on the intensity of gluconeogenesis in the rat kidney cortex].

The rate of gluconeogenesis was measured in the cortical layer of kidneys of 95 white rats on hypokinesia days 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60. At early stages of hypokinesia the rate of glucose formation from aspartic, glutamic, pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric acids and glycerol increased, specifically on hypokinesia day 3. The rate of glucose formation from the amino acids on hypokinesia day 30 was identical to that in the controls. The rate of glucose formation from alpha-ketoglutaric and succinic acids increased and that from pyruvic acid significantly decreased. On hypokinesia day 30 the rate of glucose formation from every substrate used, except for pyruvic acid, increased. The glucose concentration in serum was higher on hypokinesia days 1-7 and lower on hypokinesia days 15-60. The changes in the rate of glucose formation in the kidneys make inexplicable stable hypoglycemia seen at later stages of hypokinesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Changes of insulin effect on lipogenesis and insulin binding receptors during hypokinesia.

The effect of hypokinesia on insulin action and insulin binding to specific receptors in fat cells was studied. Male Wistar rats were exposed to hypokinesia in special adjustable plastic cages for 1, 7, 21 and 60 days, and the stimulatory effect of insulin (10 and 100 mU) on the incorporation of radiocarbon labelled glucose into lipids of fat tissue and the binding of insulin to receptors of isolated adipocytes was estimated. The stimulation of lipogenesis by insulin was slightly diminished after hypokinesia for 1 day, however, an important increase of insulin action was found in rats exposed to hypokinesia for 60 days. The decrease of insulin binding capacity of the number of binding sites per cell and of the insulin receptor density was found after 1 day of hypokinesia. In rats exposed to hypokinesia for 60 days, in agreement with the higher stimulatory affect of insulin, an increase of insulin receptor density was observed. These results showed that hypokinesia has an important influence on stimulatory action of insulin and on insulin receptors in adipocytes.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1992

In vivo role of corticosterone in regulation of insulin receptors in rat adipocytes during hypokinesia.

The role of corticosterone in the changes of insulin receptors of rat adipocytes during hypokinesia was investigated. Three groups of adult male Wistar rats (1. intact; 2. adrenalectomized; 3. dexamethasone treated) were exposed to hypokinesia for various period. The plasma levels of corticosterone, insulin and glucose and the binding of insulin (125I-TyrA-14 monoiodoinsulin) to isolated adipocytes were determined. A significant increase of plasma corticosterone level and a decrease of insulin binding to adipocytes were found in rats exposed to hypokinesia for one day. After 3 and 5 days of hypokinesia the corticosterone level in plasma was decreased to the concentration observed in the control animals. Also the binding of insulin to adipocytes returned to the values found in control group. In adrenalectomized rats exposed to hypokinesia no changes of insulin receptors in adipocytes were noted. The treatment of rats with dexamethasone (both, the intact and adrenalectomize ones) resulted in a decrease of insulin binding in fat cells. These results showed that an increase of corticosterone in plasma after the short term exposure to hypokinesia or the injection of dexamethasone to intact or adrenalectomized animals are followed by the decrease of insulin receptors in adipocytes suggesting that glucocorticoids participate in the regulation of insulin receptors in adipocytes during short term hypokinesia.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hormonal reaction of steroid-producing glands of female Papio to long-term hypokinesia].

The endocrine function of steroid-producing glands of hamadryas baboon females exposed to 28-day clinostatic hypokinesia at different stages of the menstrual cycle was investigated. The adrenocortical response to hypokinesia developed in two phases: early stimulation was followed by inhibition of the adrenocortical activity which persisted during the subsequent period of hypokinesia and two weeks after exposure. The degree and duration of the activation effect of hypokinesia were determined by the initial phase of the menstrual cycle: the adrenocortical response during the follicular phase was higher than during the luteal phase. The hormonal function of ovaries was inhibited under the action of hypokinesia. The ovarian response was dependent on the initial phase of the menstrual cycle. Exposure to hypokinesia that began in the follicular phase resulted in a drastic reduction of estradiol while that started at the luteal phase led to a significant decline of progesterone. Monotonously low secretion of ovarian steroids was combined with desynchronosis of their circadian rhythms. Disorders in the function of steroid-producing glands during hypokinesia were transient.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Motor activity and the prevention of the sequelae of hypokinesia (according to tissue metabolic indices)].

The content of protein, DNA and RNA was measured in rats that had been exposed to 90-day hypokinesia: hypokinesia alternating with unrestrained maintenance and hypokinesia combined with exercises (swimming). Adverse effects of hypokinesia on metabolism seemed to build up. Short-term passive rest was insufficient to make up deficiency in motor activity. The recovery of metabolic disorders after prolonged hypokinesia proceeded in a non-uniform and slow manner: most parameters did not return to the initial level within one month. During the first two weeks exercises produced effects similar to those of hypokinesia. By the 30th and 60th days they shower their normalizing effect on tissue metabolism. When developing work-rest cycles for the people who are exposed to partial hypokinesia during work and do exercises as a countermeasure against hypokinetic effects, biochemical analysis of blood (nonesterified fatty acids, acetone bodies, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, urea) and urine (potassium, calcium, creatinine) should be made to measure metabolic processes in tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Bradykinesia and hypokinesia in Parkinson's disease: what's in a name?

Because in the literature bradykinesia and hypokinesia are frequently confounded, we assessed the relation between these two fundamental aspects of altered movement and the influence of disease severity on these measures in 41 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 24 age-matched healthy controls. Bradykinesia was measured with a test microcomputer interfaced with a response-board. Hypokinesia was assessed by activity monitoring at home over a period of 5 successive days. For each subject the choice reaction time and measures reflecting bradykinesia (tap rate, movement time) and hypokinesia (movement index, duration of immobility periods) were calculated. Patients with PD had a normal choice reaction time and a significantly impaired execution of voluntary movement and reduced amount of movement over time. Bradykinesia was clearly present in the less affected patients with PD, and worsened as the disease severity increased. Hypokinesia, however, emerged prominently only in the more affected patients. There was a striking lack of relation between the measures that reflect bradykinesia and hypokinesia. The use of levodopa or dopamine agonists did not confound these findings. Our findings show the very different character and course of two tiers of altered movement in patients with PD and question the causative mechanisms of both motor features in PD. A more precise use of the terms brady- and hypokinesia is a prerequisite for future studies that attempt to provide insight in the causative mechanisms of both motor features.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Circadian-dependent effect of melatonin on dopaminergic D2 antagonist-induced hypokinesia and agonist-induced stereotypies in rats.

Although a melatonin/dopamine relationship has been well established in nonmotor systems wherein dopamine and melatonin share an antagonist relationship, less clear is the role melatonin may play in extrapyramidal dopaminergic function. Therefore, the purpose of the present experiments was to examine the relationship between melatonin and the dopaminergic D2 receptor system and behavior. Hypokinesia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with fluphenazine (D2 antagonist, 0.4 mg/kg ip) and stereotypies with apomorphine (D2 agonist, 0.6 mg/kg sc) during the light (1200 h) and dark (2200 h) phases. As expected, fluphenazine induced severe hypokinesia during the light phase (482 +/- 176 s); however, unexpectedly, fluphenazine-induced hypokinesia during the dark was almost nonexistent (25 +/- 6 s). Furthermore, melatonin treatment (30 mg/kg ip) produced a strong interaction with fluphenazine in that it reduced fluphenazine-induced hypokinesia by nearly 80% in the light (112 +/- 45 s) but paradoxically increased the minimal fluphenazine-induced hypokinesia in the dark by more than 60% (70 +/- 17 s). Melatonin also reduced apomorphine-induced stereotypies by nearly 40% in the light but had no effect in the dark. Taken together, these data show (1) a strong and unexpected nocturnal effect of fluphenazine on hypokinesia and (2) provide support for an antagonistic melatonin/dopaminergic interaction in the context of motor behavior and D2 receptor function which appears to be critically dependent on the light/dark status of the dopaminergic system.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hypodynamia--hypokinesia induced variations in expression of fos protein in structures related to somatosensory system in the rat.

There have been many reports describing modifications of the sensory and motor cortex following various types of disuse. Hypodynamia--hypokinesia is characterized by the absence of weight-bearing and by a decrease in motor activity. We have shown a reorganization of the cortical cartography after hypodynamia--hypokinesia. In order to give an anatomical account for this cortical plasticity, we set out to determine whether cerebral and spinal structures exhibited variations of their neuronal activation. For this purpose, immunocytochemical detection of Fos protein was performed in the rat brain and spinal cord. Following stimulation of the sciatic nerve, Fos protein was detected in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex in control rats and in rats submitted to an episode of 14 days of hypodynamia--hypokinesia. Results showed that the stimulation of the sciatic nerve induced an increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in all these structures. Moreover, after hypodynamia--hypokinesia, the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons was increased in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex and in the spinal cord. These results provide evidence for a higher activation of cortical cells after hypodynamia--hypokinesia in comparison to controls. These data support the hypothesis that hypodynamia--hypokinesia contributes to the development of functional plasticity.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

AMT catalepsy and hypokinesia: interaction with morphine and cocaine.

Acute morphine induced a dose-dependent hypokinesia and rigidity, but only mild and non-dose-dependent catalepsy. AMT, injected 1/2 h after morphine, slightly potentiated catalepsy but not hypokinesia during 3 h after morphine; in contrast, rigidity was decreased. The behavioral changes induced by AMT were accelerated in onset and reached their usual development, although AMT toxicity and hypothermia were completely antagonized; thus, it would appear that AMT hypokinesia/catalepsy are not the consequence of toxicity. When morphine was injected 4 h after AMT, a mutual potentiation of the two drugs on hypokinesia and catalepsy was observed, although previous biochemical measurements had shown no effect of morphine on CA depletion under these conditions. Rigidity appeared to be antagonized. After 17 days of repeated injections, morphine no longer elicited hypokinesia and catalepsy, but no cross-tolerance developed to the AMT behavioral changes. A similar lack of cross-tolerance to the effects of AMT or haloperidol was observed when morphine tolerance was induced by pellet implantation. Catalepsy and hypokinesia developed in a much more pronounced way after two large i.p. doses than after small, multiple administration of AMT; this difference was accompanied by a significantly lower concentration of brain DA, but not NA in the former group. The hyperthermic response observed after a 40 mg/kg s.c. injection of morphine was reversed to hypothermia when the same dose was given 4 or 10 h after CA synthesis inhibition. Cocaine strongly antagonized AMT hypokinesia and catalepsy when given 8 1/2 h after AMT, and, although to a lesser extent, even when injected 12 1/2 h after AMT.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Extension of hypokinesia into angiographically perfused myocardium in patients with acute infarction.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to determine whether left ventricular hypokinesia due to acute myocardial infarction lies between the site of coronary artery occlusion and the end of the infarct-related artery in patients. BACKGROUND: Normalizing for the size of the risk region reduces variability in measuring infarct size in experimental studies. The ability to gauge the size of the region at risk of becoming dysfunctional may help reduce variability in measuring regional hypokinesia due to acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Angiograms of 84 patients with acute infarction due to isolated stenosis of the right coronary artery (n = 40) or the left anterior descending coronary artery (n = 44) were analyzed. The location and length of the segment with hypokinesia more severe than -1 or -2 SD below the normal mean were determined by the centerline method. The risk region was defined as the left ventricular contour between the site of the occlusion and the end of the infarct-related artery on the angiogram. RESULTS: The segment with hypokinesia below -1 SD was longer than the risk region in 52% of patients with occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, more frequently (p < 0.01) than in right coronary artery occlusion (22%), owing to extension of hypokinesia beyond the distal end of the artery. Extension of severe hypokinesia (below -2 SD) beyond the risk region occurred in 33% of patients with an anterior infarct and in 9% of patients with an inferior infarct. CONCLUSIONS: The size of the risk region cannot be assessed accurately from coronary angiography.

Bias↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathophysiology of prolonged hypokinesia].

Hypokinesia is an important problem in modern medicine. In the pathogenetic effect of prolonged hypokinesia the main etiological factor is diminished motor activity; of major importance are disorders in the energy and plastic metabolism which affect the muscle system; the contributing factors are cardiovascular deconditioning and orthostatic intolerance. This is attributed to a decreased oxygen supply and eliminated hydrostatic influences during a prolonged recumbency. Blood redistribution in the vascular bed is related to the Gauer-Henry reflex and subsequent changes in the fluid-electrolyte balance. Decreased load on the bone system induces changes in the protein-phosphate-calcium metabolism, diminished bone density and increased calcium content in the blood and urine. Changes in the calcium metabolism are systemic. The activity of the higher nervous system and reflex functions is lowered. Changes in the function of the autonomic nervous system which include a noticeable decline of its adaptive-trophic role as a result of the decrease of afferent and efferent impulsation are of great importance. Changes in the hormonal function involve a peculiar stress-reaction which develops at an early stage of hypokinesia as a response to an unusual situation. Prolonged hypokinesia may result in a disturbed function of the pituitary-adrenal system. It is assumed that prolonged hypokinesia may induce a specific disease of hypokinesia during which man cannot lead a normal mode of life and work.

Aldosterone↗