Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Housing--cost”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Housing costs for adults who are mentally ill and formerly homeless.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the costs, under two different housing conditions, to the state mental health agency of caring for adults who are homeless and mentally ill. One hundred and twelve clients of the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, living in psychiatric shelters, were randomly assigned to one of two housing types: Evolving Consumer Households or Independent Living apartments. For the next 18 months each client was followed so that the cost of treatment, case management, and housing could be collected and compared. The authors found that treatment and case management costs did not vary by housing type, but housing costs were significantly higher for those assigned to Evolving Consumer Households. Regardless of original housing assignment, treatment costs were lower for clients who remained where they were originally placed. The authors conclude that providing support for clients that increases housing stability reduces their need for treatment and that independent living arrangements may be a more cost-effective policy choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Homeless and housed families in Los Angeles: a study comparing demographic, economic, and family function characteristics.

We studied 196 homeless and 194 housed poor families in Los Angeles, California to gain an understanding of events that precipitate family homelessness. Both homeless and housed poor mothers averaged 29 years old and were accompanied by two or three children. Three-fourths of both the homeless and housed families had income below the poverty level, and both groups expended almost two-thirds of their income on housing. Mothers in homeless families more commonly reported spousal abuse (35 vs 16 percent), child abuse (28 vs 10 percent), drug use (43 vs. 30 percent), or mental health problems (14 vs 6 percent) and weaker support networks. Homeless mothers more commonly came from homes where their parents abused drugs or alcohol (49 vs 34 percent) or more commonly lived outside the home or in foster care (35 vs 25 percent). Homelessness was reported as due primarily to economic pressures of housing costs, but personal and family problems frequently played a contributing role, especially for single parent families. Burdens of increasing housing costs and family dysfunction among housed poor families place many at risk for homelessness.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Immigrant characteristics and Hispanic-Anglo housing inequality.

This paper seeks to explain why Hispanic households in the United States live in housing markedly inferior to Anglos'. I argue that immigrant characteristics of Hispanic households and the metropolitan areas in which Hispanics live play important roles in determining such inequality in the housing market. Empirical analyses of homeownership, household crowding, and housing costs demonstrate that immigration plays a role in explaining relatively low homeownership and high household crowding for each of four large Hispanic populations (Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Hispanics). The role of immigrant characteristics in determining housing costs is much weaker.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1993

Rural emergency medical volunteers and their communities: a demographic comparison.

This research compares the personal, household, and professional characteristics volunteer emergency medical service (EMS) providers in Ulster County, NY with those of the general population of this rural upstate county, using a survey instrument implemented by the author in conjunction with the 1990 U.S. Census data. A principal objective of this research was to identify the characteristics of these volunteers in order to support the recruitment and retention efforts of volunteer EMS organizations. Statistically significant deviations between these two sample populations include age distribution, maximum educational attainment, size of household, years in residence, type of employer, employing industry, occupation, household income, and commuting distance from work. Population differences for race, sex, marital status, household site, home ownership, housing costs, and in-county employment were not statistically significant. Additional data reported for the EMS volunteers include total emergency responses, active squad membership, length of service, level of medical qualifications, and intensity and nature of individual participation, age of recruitment, family involvement, tenure in the community, rates of household work participation, other volunteer activity, motivation, and receptivity to alternative incentive programs. The relevance of these data is interpreted with respect to the prospects for effective recruitment of volunteers, the level of commitment and retention of the volunteers, the degree of support which volunteers can expect from their communities, and the extent of cohesiveness and integration which volunteer EMS squads provide to their communities.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The relative deprivation of U.S. elderly households as judged by their housing problems.

A substantial number of U.S. elderly households have excessive housing costs or live in physically deficient dwellings. It is unclear, however, whether they are more likely than nonelderly households to experience these housing problems. Using American Housing Survey data, this study investigates whether elderly households are more likely than nonelderly households to have these problems after controlling for their owner-renter status, race, and income. The findings do not support the more deprived housing status of elderly households.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Organisation of a clinical trial unit--a proposal.

The urgent need for the performance of more, better designed, and better conducted randomised clinical trials is increasingly recognised. Based on structured interviews with leading persons of 43 outstanding organisations and units involved in clinical trials in Europe and North America during 1993, ways of organising and staffing clinical trial units were investigated. The present proposal is based on this experience from which an attempt to extract a composite set of minimal requirements has been made regarding pertinent objectives and aims, organisational aspects, staffing, and estimated costs of establishing a clinical trial unit. The core staff is suggested to consist of two chief physicians, one statistician, one data manager, one project coordinator, and two secretaries. In order to fulfil the minimal requirements for running such a unit, it is calculated that about GBP 450,000 per year is needed to cover investments, core staff, and running costs, but excluding housing costs and costs of randomised clinical trials that do not originate from trial coordination. In return, such a unit should be able to mount and launch 6-7 multicenter randomised clinical trials during a 5 year period, corresponding to a total cost for coordination per trial of about GBP 340,000. However, with a larger staff more studies may be coordinated possibly reducing the cost per trial depending on greater effectiveness in utilisation of the basic facilities.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Cost effectiveness of clozapine in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether clozapine is a cost-effective treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. METHOD: Data were collected on 96 treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia for 2 years before they entered a clozapine treatment study and for at least 2 years after they entered the study. Information about the cost of inpatient and outpatient treatment, housing costs, other costs, and family burden through direct interview or questionnaire of these patients and their families were available for 47 of the 96 patients. Data on lost income and Social Security disability insurance were also obtained. Outcome measures included psychopathology, quality of life, global functioning, work function, and rehospitalization. RESULTS: The cost of treatment was significantly decreased in the patients who continued clozapine treatment for at least 2 years. This was primarily due to a dramatic decrease in the frequency and cost of rehospitalization. Costs were nonsignificantly lower in patients who dropped out of treatment. The estimated total 2-year cost for the 59 patients who continued clozapine treatment, the 34 patients who dropped out, and the three who interrupted treatment decreased from $7,390,206 to $5,719,463, a savings of $8,702/year per patient. There was a decrease in total costs of $22,936/year for the 37 patients who continued clozapine treatment for whom cost data were available. There were no significant changes in lost income or Social Security disability insurance payments in either group. Clozapine produced a marked improvement in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total scores as well as positive negative symptom scores, Global Assessment Scale scores, Quality of Life Scale scores, work functioning, capacity for independent living, and rehospitalization rates. CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine is a cost-effective treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. Cost savings result almost exclusively from the reduced cost of hospitalization.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The housing and neighborhood conditions of persons with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the housing and neighborhood conditions of persons with serious mental illness with those of the general population. METHODS: Data were derived from two surveys: the Community Care Survey administered in 1988-1989 in Baltimore, Maryland, and in Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio, as part of the national evaluation of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program on Chronic Mental Illness and the American Housing Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Department of Housing and Urban Development. RESULTS: Persons with serious mental illness generally have worse housing and neighborhood circumstances than the overall population. Persons with serious mental illness typically had housing cost burdens that were significantly higher than the general population; their dwellings and neighborhoods often had higher rates of physical deficiencies and other problems, especially crime. CONCLUSIONS: Although the relationship between the well-being of seriously mentally ill persons and the condition of their housing and neighborhood has not been established definitively, the results of this study suggest that many persons with serious mental illness are not now achieving adequate housing and its associated benefits.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

Elderly mobility and mobility outcomes: households in the later stage of the life course.

Recent research has demonstrated that elderly residential mobility is conditioned more often by economic factors than is mobility in general. This article explores these issues, specifically those related to the effects of mobility, aging in place, and migration on elderly economic well-being. Using the American Housing Survey national file for 1985, different types of mobility and migration for households in the later stages of the life course are examined. The evidence reiterates central city/suburban locational differences for the elderly, emphasizes the role of house costs, and house cost/income ratios in creating stress for the elderly, and strongly suggests that the elderly population is not simply grouped into young-old, old, and old-old, but is better treated in a continuum of life course changes.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Neighborhood social environments and the distribution of low birthweight in Chicago.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the socioeconomic precursors of disparities in maternal health by measuring the associations of nine neighborhood-level indicators of social phenomena with low infant birthweight. METHODS: Vital records and census data for the Chicago metropolitan area in 1990 were merged (n = 112,327); a logistic regression model predicting low birthweight was estimated by backward elimination. RESULTS: With individual-level variables held constant, six neighborhood-level indicators predicted low birthweight, together contributing to a variation in rate of 5.5%. Community economic hardship and housing costs were positively associated with low birthweight, while community socioeconomic status, crowded housing, and high percentages of young and African-American residents were negatively associated with low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal health inequalities should be explored in the context of historical segregation, social stratification, the dynamics of social support, and resource sharing among communities. Several community characteristics associated with poverty are negatively associated with low birthweight. The traditional focus on individual risk factors for low birthweight limits our understanding.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Elderly housing needs: an examination of the American Housing Survey.

The graying of the population will have a profound impact on the nation's ability to provide safe, quality, affordable housing to its elderly citizens. Meeting the housing challenge in the twenty-first century requires determining the nature and condition of the housing stock as well as the needs and concerns of the elderly. For example, one economic challenge is based on tenure. There is a tremendous disparity in housing costs between renters and homeowners. Almost 70 percent of renters pay 25 percent or more of their income for shelter while only 30 percent of homeowners are in the same category. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's American Housing Survey is a valuable tool which can help gerontologists and planners address a broad range of housing and related issues.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

In-house versus off-site sterilization.

After a comprehensive review of in-house costs versus off-site sterilization costs, and considering financial and physical constraints, the decision was made to use the contracted service. Through the incorporation of the innovative concept of off-site sterilization. Flushing Hospital Medical Center was still able to provide a high standard of quality care as well as realize a significant cost savings. As hospitals face increasing demands to control costs, they may be forced to explore "uncharted waters" and give serious consideration to the use of outside services for a more efficient and effective CSS department.

Central Supply, Hospital↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Technology on wheels: evaluating the options.

Housing costly technology in a mobile unit may promote flexibility in where and how it is used. Mobile technology allows hospitals and physician groups to provide services that they might not be able to offer otherwise. Joint ventures with mobile technology bring both services to communities and patients to support those services. Mobile units harbor a range of complex procedures, but the road to using them in an appropriate and cost-effective manner can present unexpected twists and turns.

Capital Expenditures↗
PubMed1988

Contracting issues regarding life care retirement communities.

This article provides a brief discussion of the nature of the life care industry and its history, as well as a summary of the reasons why analysts now believe that life care communities can be a significant part of the solution to the problem of runaway health care and housing costs for the elderly. Because the life care contract is the key distinguishing characteristic of a life care community, the author focuses on the significant legal issues that arise in the context of life care contracts.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The paradox of psychiatric deinstitutionalization: historical perspective and policy implications.

Deinstitutionalization has, in effect, resulted in the creation of new forms of asylum for the mentally ill. Rather than being generated in a planful, humanitarian manner, the reduction in the census of state hospitals has been governed by federal health and welfare programs not designed for the mentally ill. By relying upon Medicaid and SSI, states were able to shift their financial burden for the mentally ill to the federal government. Reliance upon Medicaid has resulted in nursing homes playing a major role in psychiatric care. SSI stipends are not adequate to cover rising housing costs--even in low-income areas. As a result, large numbers of the mentally ill are among the populations of homeless persons in the United States.

Deinstitutionalization↗
PubMed1994

Living arrangements of older Malaysians: who coresides with their adult children?

More than two-thirds of Malaysians age 60 or older coreside with an adult child. Data from the Senior sample of the Second Malaysian Family Life Survey (MFLS-2) are used to investigate which "seniors" (persons age 60 or older) live in this way. The analysis generally supports the notion that coresidence is influenced by the benefits, costs, opportunities, and preferences for coresidence versus separate living arrangements. For example, married seniors are more likely to coreside with adult children when housing costs are greater in their area or when the husband or wife is in poor health. This finding suggests that married parents and children live together to economize on living costs or to receive help with household services. Unmarried seniors who are better off economically are less likely to live with adult children, presumably because they use their higher incomes to "purchase privacy."

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Programs that mitigate the effects of poverty on children.

This article reviews six federally funded in-kind public assistance programs that are intended to mitigate the effects of poverty on low-income children by providing access to basic human necessities such as food, housing, education, and health care. The evidence suggests that, while each program can be improved, these programs do achieve their basic objectives. In general, food stamps, the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and school nutrition programs are successful at providing food assistance to low-income children, starting with the prenatal period and continuing through the school years. The Food Stamp Program provides food assistance nationwide to all households solely on the basis of financial need and is central to the food assistance safety net for low-income children. The WIC program has helped reduce the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in infants and children and has increased intakes of certain targeted nutrients for program participants. The school nutrition programs provide free or low-cost meals that satisfy the dietary goals of lunches and breakfasts to most school-age children. The Medicaid program has extended health insurance coverage to millions of low-income children. However, many children remain uninsured, and children enrolled in Medicaid do not have the same access to medical care as privately insured children. Relatively little is known about the effects of Medicaid on children's health status. For Head Start, empirical evidence suggests that participating children show enhanced cognitive, social, and physical development in the short term. Studies of the longer-term impacts of Head Start are inconclusive. Although housing assistance improves housing quality and reduces housing costs for recipients, there is a large unmet need for acceptable, affordable housing among poor families. Important gaps remain in our knowledge of the effects of these programs on the well-being of children. Questions regarding a program's effects over time on health and developmental outcomes particularly need more study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Economic and cultural influences on the decision to leave home in Peninsular Malaysia.

Although the departure of children from the parental home is an important life-cycle event, few studies have investigated nest-leaving in developing countries. Using retrospective data from the Second Malaysian Family Life Survey, we estimate hazard models of nest-leaving in Peninsular Malaysia. We find that the departure of children, especially sons, responds to economic incentives, including housing costs, family businesses, education, and economic growth, and that ethnic differences in nest-leaving are important. We also find that the median age of departure from home has declined sharply over the past 40 years, a period of rapid social and economic change in Malaysia.

Adolescent↗