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Results for “Holtzman Inkblot Test”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Aspects of personality structure in Ethiopian and Swedish adolescents. A transcultural study with the Holzman inkblot technique.

A number of findings in different studies on mental health and disease in Ethiopia indicate differences in personality structure between traditional Ethiopians and people in Western countries. An attempt was made to study differences in personality structure between Ethiopian and Swedish adolescents. The projective Holtzman inkblot test was administered to a class of 12th grade Ethiopian students and a class of 11th grade Swedish students, using the group method. The Ethiopian students scored significantly higher on "anatomy" than the Swedish students and significantly lower on "integration", "abstract", "anxiety", "hostility" and "popular". These findings are discussed against the difference in socio-cultural background between the two groups, and it is concluded that the Holtzman inkblot technique could be a valuable tool in cross-cultural studies of personality variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Verbal productivity and expression of primary process.

The effects of verbal fluency upon the production of primary-process thinking on the Holtzman Inkblot Test as scored by the Holt system were investigated for a group of 49 male university students. Increasing verbal productivity resulted in a significant increase in primary-process scores in both high and low primary-process groups, selected on the basis of a trial of unlimited verbal productivity. In addition there were consistent significant differences in primary-process scores comparing the high and low primary-process groups at different levels of fluency. The importance of considering the level of verbal fluency when using scores from inkblot records in discussed.

Cognition↗
PubMed1975

Response to cigarette deprivation as a function of oral fantasy.

The role of oral fantasy in reactions of heavy smokers to smoking deprivation was studied. Experimental subjects were first evaluated with the Holtzman Inkblot Test to measure amount of oral fantasy. They also evaluated themselves on a number of Semantic Differential continua. Smoking deprivation followed. Retest Holtzman blots and Semantic Differential rating scales were then administered. Subjects also indicated number of somatic symptoms and body image distortions produced by deprivation. Control subjects followed the same paradigm except they smoked throughout the procedure. It was found that the greater the orality of experimental subjects the greater the number of somatic symptoms and body distortions they experienced following deprivation; and the more they viewed self as having shifted in a less favorable and less potent direction. Such relationships were absent in the control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Program of studies on psychiatric epidemiology in Argentina. General report].

This paper is an outline of a wide program that is currently under development in the large territory of Argentina. The Director of the Program is Dr. Fernando Pagés Larraya; it is supported by the National Council of Scientific Researches (CONICET) and the National Board of Mental Health. The general purpose of the program is to study the prevalence of mental disorders in different ethnographic areas within the country. Epidemiology allows the forecasting of disease occurence. A research work this area may be qualified "effective" if it provides useful data for prevention programs. Therefore, it is necessary that researches and professional responsibles of Mental Health Governmental decissions work together. This rapprochment is being attempted in developing the Argentine research program. It has a cross-cultural approach. It can be called "a way of thinking" as opposed to a precise methodology. A considerable variety of research tools are being used, depending on the specific purposes and the characteristics of the ethnographic areas. One of the main difficulties in choosing a technique for "case-finding" is uncertainty about where to place the "cut-off point" between presence and absence of illness. In this program the Present State Examination (PSE) is used in population surveys of large urban centers. It is a semi-structured interview that has been extensively tested. In small rural communities, the work is done using "key-informants" and applying the snow-ball sample technique. One specific purpose of the research is the study of the modal personality structure in each ethnographic area, formulated in terms of the Holtzman Inkblot Test. The paper shows the relationships between purposes, research tools and responsible professionals. There is hardly time or surplus intellectual energy for polemic and alienation between clinicians and social scientists. Theories, methodologies, research data and prevention programs have not developed harmoniously. We need to carry out research work not divorced from Public Health responsible authorities, in order to avoid that useful data from Epidemiological Studies will not be used in prevention programs.

Argentina↗
PubMed1975

Personality dimensions as assessed by projective and verbal instruments.

An attempt was made to explore personality dimensions with projective and verbal tests. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (RDS) were administered to 161 college students of both sexes. A description of the canonical correlations between the two subsets of projective and verbal instruments is presented, as well as three separate factor analyses, one of the HIT, another of the CPI-RDS and the third of the HIT and CPI-RDS together. The results support the conclusion that, with the exception of one factor that includes HIT and CPI-RDS variables, the HIT factors have no relationship with the CPI-RDS factors. Furthermore, of the 19 canonical correlations only the first is significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Psychometric correlates of episodic violent behaviour. A multidimensional neuropsychological approach.

Three groups of neuropsychiatric out-patients, homogeneous according to parameters of violent behaviour, were identified in a previous study using a cluster analysis procedure and compared in this study on psychometric variables. These groups were (a) a group manifesting frequent, impulsive violence (n = 35), (b) a non-violent group (n = 57), and (c) a group whose violent behaviour was much less frequent and severe than in the first group, and more provoked (n = 31). Impulsively violent patients showed language and visual-perceptual deficits, but no other neuropsychological or intellectual deficits. The MMPI F, K and Ma and MacAndrews Alcoholism scales and a perceptual organisation factor derived from the Holtzman Inkblot Test significantly discriminated groups. Results of this and the initial study have implications regarding psychological aspects of aggression and underlying biological mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Verbosity and projective test performance in the aged.

Using normative data collected by Hayslip (1980) where form A of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was administered to 102 elderly adults, aged 59-94, correlational and factor analyses were carried out in order to investigate the extent to which response length (RL), as previously identified in HIT research with younger age samples, influences HIT scores. RL correlated significantly with HIT scores for 14 of 22 variables and loaded on two factors: A bodily integrity/vulnerability factor, and a cognitive problem-solving factor. While no differences in RL across sex and level of education were obtained, within-sample age effects (in favor of the younger) for RL were found. Implications of these data for the projective assessment of older persons were discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Projective tests.

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Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Primary process thinking, primitive defensive operations and object relationships in borderline and neurotic patients.

In the present paper Kernberg's hypothesis concerning the connection between primary process thinking on the one hand and primitive defense mechanisms and modes of object relationships on the other hand were tested empirically in a sample of 30 hospitalized borderline and 30 hospitalized neurotic patients. The diagnoses of the patients were given according to the 'Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines' of Gunderson and Kolb, the functions mentioned above were assessed on the basis of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique applying scoring systems of Lerner and coworkers for primitive defense mechanisms and of Urist for the scoring of object relationships to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. According to the results the hypothesis derived from assumptions of Kernberg could be corroborated. Primary process thinking in borderline patients seems to be closely connected with high levels of anxiety and hostility, projective identification/projection, primitive denial and sadomasochistic relationships. A model for the coming about of primary process thinking in borderline patients is proposed.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1981

[HIT scale for Argentinian adolescents].

The study presents the abridged HIT pattern (30 plates) for argentine adolescents. HIT advantage over an other inkblot tests is that it provides for its evaluation a standardized score system. Although it is a very long test in its original version (47 plates) and demands a considerable lapse for being administered and evaluated, there is an abridged version of this tests that includes only the first 32 plates. The subject must give an answer to each plate, indicating what he sees, where and why. The test may be individually or group administered, being the former the chosen in clinical cases. The abridged HIT was group administered to a sample of 156 argentine subjects, both seventeen year old boys and girls (67 boys and 89 girls), pupils of the last year in secondary schools of Buenos Aires city. Means, standard deviations and percentile ranks for both sexes and for the whole sample were obtained. The rules provided by this report are based on a rather heterogeneous but not random sample. Besides, the work has been done with a relatively small group, because of the difficulties implied in the administration of the test concerning with time and conditions required. Anyhow, the sample on which this present baremo is based does not differ too much in reference to the number and way of being extracted from those samples used by Holtzman to elaborate the original rules of the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Body experience before and after surgery.

20 hospitalized male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body-perception tests both pre- and post-operatively. Their scores were also compared with those of normal healthy adults. The results indicated great stability in organization of body experience even in the context of the surgical experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Methylphenidate hydrochloride effects on psychological tests in acute schizophrenic and nonpsychotic patients.

Actively psychotic schizophrenic and nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients received intravenous methylphenidate hydrochlroide (0.5 mg/kg). Each patient was rated for level of psychosis and talkativeness, and each received the Holtzman projective ink blot tests and the Kent-Rosanoff word-association tests before, during, and after methylphenidate infusion. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Goldberg Index scores were also obtained as a general measure of psychosis. For the entire patient group, methylphenidate infusion was followed by a significant increase in talkativeness and psychosis ratings and in pathological responses to the Holtzman ink blot test. There was a significant decrease in common word associations. Since neither of the psychological tests allow more than one response per item, it appears that methylphenidate truly effects pathological thought processes and decreases common word associations as such, rather than merely making these processes more evident by increasing verbalization.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Body-image correlates of anxiety in a sample of male alcoholics.

Body-image testing of 10 male alcoholics with and 7 without anxiety disorders showed those with panic disorder had low barrier scores. Those with phobias emphasized their hearts and those with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder emphasized their backs. The barrier score correlated positively with both intensity of physical symptoms and with sense of blocked body openings.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Freud's penis-baby equation: exploratory tests of a controversial theory.

Freud developed the controversial idea that pregnancy has phallic significance for women. He theorized that one aspect of the natural development of femininity involves the substitution of the wish for a baby in place of a desire for a penis. Two exploratory studies are described testing whether there is a link between pregnancy and phallic imagery as Freud's theory indicates. Study I supported such a link by showing that a group of women produced significantly more phallic imagery, on an inkblot measure, during pregnancy than they produced in the non-pregnant state. The pregnant women also produced significantly more phallic imagery than did a control group of non-pregnant women. Study II supported a 'penis-baby' link by showing that a group of women increased significantly in their phallic imagery under the impact of a subliminal pregnancy message while no increase occurred in a group of women receiving a subliminal message dealing with being penetrated. Alternative explanations for the findings are explored and issues are discussed in terms of other empirical findings related to Freud's ideas. The results suggest that Freud's speculations concerning pregnancy deserve further attention.

Adult↗