A defence of Western medicine: whole health or holistic health?
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A forthright rebellion against the philosophical and clinical orientations of scientific medicine has occurred in the United States during the 1970s. This rebellion includes a growing number of people engaged in self-care practices in attempts to alter their health status through "lifestyle" adjustments, as well as a diverse amalgamation of practitioners (both medical and otherwise), who offer a wide range of therapies outside the mainstream of modern medical practice. Holistic health care has lately become the rubric under which these therapies are grouped. Scientific medicine is the term commonly used to refer to procedures officially sanctioned by the organized medical profession. In the late 19th century, scientific medicine emerged as an advance beyond allopathic medicine after germ theory provided an explanation and, later treatment for infectious diseases. Financial support by private philantropic foundations came in the wake of the Flexner Report on medical education, which provoked a reorganization of medical education in the United States. The subsequent hegemony of scientific medicine thus became assured. To date, few policy analysts have attempted to assess holism and its health policy implications. This article delineates several of the more important policy issues raised by the holistic movement, a phenomenon that represents a challenge to the present organization of health care institutions as well as to scientific medicine.
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This essay presents a preliminary overview of the holistic health movement in the San Francisco Bay Area. In part drawing upon ethnographic data, it examines the juxtaposition of the drive for professionalization and resistance to professionalization on the part of various alternative healers. It also considers the growing interest of biomedical physicians, corporations and government policy makers in holistic health. Despite the frequent claim that the holistic health movement constitutes a counterhegemonic effort that challenges the basic premises of biomedicine, we argue that the holistic health movement exhibits strong hegemonic attributes in that it tends to offer individualistic solutions rather than social structural ones in addressing health problems.
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The purpose of this investigation was to identify the fundamental theories of holism and holistic health. Two objectives of this study were: 1) to review selected Western 20th Century writings during the time period of 1925-1979 which reflected the concepts of holistic thought; and 2) to synthesize the basic principles of holistic thought from the literature. Four principles of holism and 12 components of holistic health were identified from a variety of fields of study. These 16 concepts represent the key ideas of holistic thought. An overview of holism and holistic health was presented followed by a discussion of each concept of holistic thought. The relationship of these concepts to health education was also briefly explored.
As a result of the evolution of health problems in the United States, the current health care system must change its focus from the traditional biomedical model to a holistic health oriented model. The holistic health oriented system is based on the enhancement and maintenance of health, not on the cure of disease. Given positive research findings concerning the health and cost benefits of worksite health promotion programs, it appears that industry, along with third party payers, nurses, and other health care professionals, could alter the emphasis and direction of health care. The worksite provides an ideal setting for the development of holistic programs. The occupational health nurse, whose role involves health promotion, health protection, environmental screening, and illness intervention, is in the best position to work with management in developing health promotion programs.
Investigations performed in several centres have established beyond doubt the direct effects of psychological states upon immune function. This has led to the evolution of a new branch of medical science, termed psychoneuro-immunology. Based upon these findings, the individual is seen necessarily to assume a far greater responsibility for his or her state of health or disease. A new holistic health system has been proposed which is based upon this concept. This health care system combines a primary health care component together with an ongoing active patient involvement with contemporary medical management. An important consequence of this system is a cheaper but more effective arrangement of health care.
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This article discusses the nature and significance of the holistic health movement in four ways. First, a general characterization of the movement is proposed, based on shared commitment to five assumptions: (1) a positive view of health as well-being, (2) individual responsibility for health, (3) the importance of health education, (4) control of social and environmental determinants of health, and (5) low technology of "natural" therapeutic techniques. Second, a basic difference among advocates of holistic health/medicine is proposed in terms of the presence or absence of commitment to scientific method. Third, holistic health/medicine is briefly compared with concepts of holism in biology and in the social sciences. Finally, criticisms of each of the basic tenets of the holistic health movement are offered.
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Jesus's healing ministry is making a comeback in Christian congregations today. One method the church is using to facilitate this healing ministry is through the parish nurse ministry. The parish nurse model uses the holistic health concept that health is an interplay of body, mind, and spirit. The parish nurse ministry implements the gospel through health education, health counseling, patient advocacy, referrals, support groups, and the training of volunteers. The focus of this article is meeting the holistic health needs through a religious organization: the congregation. This article briefly reviews the concepts of holistic health and Christianity and healing, and it gives an example of implementing this concept in a congregation.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of health professionals as educators, counsellors and support system persons for couples undergoing in-vitro fertilisation/embryo transfer (IVF/ET). All health care professionals must take a more assertive role in promoting the holistic health care approach to IVF patients so that they may be protected from unnecessary emotional distress. Prolonged insensitive evaluations with no clear end in view intensify frustrations and erode the patient's self-esteem. Comprehensive medical/nursing services are needed, as well as ongoing education, counselling and psychological support. Holistic health care considers all diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Emphasis should be put on answering patients' questions, allaying fears and recognising any medical or psychological factors that may be important during the course of therapy. Adequate pre- and post-operative preparation of the couple should be a priority for health professionals.
A quiet revolution in health care is currently spreading across the country. Many nurses are actively engaged in the practice of holistic health as this model of health care delivery joins the medical model. If this new direction in health care is followed, more nurses will be re-educating themselves in a way that allows them to expand their view of the patient to include acknowledging the interaction among body, mind, and spirit. This means researching and learning about such things as energy fields of the body and methods of using one's own mind as an instrument of healing. As nurses, we will also need to rethink what the business of helping people with their health problems is all about. A holistic health model provides nurses with an opportunity to be creative and efficient in helping others heal themselves.
Occupational therapy is a predominantly female profession; 93% to 95% of occupational therapists are women. The implications and ramifications of this reality have seldom been directly addressed. In this article, beliefs about balance, activity, environment, and autonomy are explored from the perspectives of occupational therapy, feminism, holistic health, and medicine. The assertion that occupational therapy has more in common philosophically with feminism and holistic health than it does with medicine is supported. This awareness provides a new framework for examining current issues of concern to the profession, such as support for purposeful activity, existence outside the mainstream of power holders, and problems and powers inherent in being seen as a women's profession. Recommendations are made that occupational therapists commit more money and energy to encourage, facilitate, and support female leadership; develop innovative strategies for keeping members who take time out to raise families informed; support more holistic and feminist reorganization of work settings; instill awareness of these issues in our students; and address our strengths as a women's profession. All occupational therapists must also confront their own anti-women prejudice.