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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Head injuries in ice hockey exemplified by the National Hockey League "Hockey Canada" and European teams].

Ice hockey is one of the fastest and roughest of all sports. Based on prospective injuries reports of the North American National Hockey League, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association and three European teams (USSR, Sweden and Switzerland) the patterns, topography, circumstances and sequelae of the head injuries related to ice hockey are described. Although mandatory helmets and face masks have reduced the large number of facial and eye injuries, the rates of head injury and concussion are still to high. A number of steps must be taken by the hockey organisations, players, equipment manufacturers and health-care professionals to prevent injuries for specific prevention of head, face and eye injuries the rules should be strictly enforced, e.g. no checks from behind, high-sticking penalties, and mandatory helmets with face masks.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Three hockey skills tests as predictors of hockey playing ability.

The purpose of this study was to compare the test result times of 3 different hockey skills with the individual player ratings of coaches. By making these comparisons to the control rating, each test was evaluated as a predictor of hockey ability. The hockey players were all between the ages of 12 and 20 years of age and all 90 players were competitive team players. The three hockey skills tests were: the Illinois Agility Skate, the Finnish Skills Test, and the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test. Each player was allowed 3 trials and the best times were recorded in all cases. The preliminary results indicate that the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test was the best predictor (r = .7) with the results of the other two tests showing a coefficient of correlation of approximately 0.5. It was therefore concluded that in a competitive team of hockey, players' ability can best be assessed by using the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test. The two other tests were not as successful in their prediction of ability when compared to the criterion variable of coaches' ratings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the reliability of two field hockey specific sprint and dribble tests in young field hockey players.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the reliability of two field hockey specific tests: the shuttle sprint and dribble test (ShuttleSDT) and the slalom sprint and dribble test (SlalomSDT). METHODS: The shuttle sprint and dribble performances of 22 young male and 12 young female field hockey players were assessed on two occasions within 4 weeks. Twenty one young female field hockey players took part in the slalom sprint and dribble test twice in a 4 week period. The ShuttleSDT required the players to perform three 30 m shuttle sprints while carrying a hockey stick alternated with short periods of rest and, after a 5 minute rest, three 30 m shuttle sprints alternated with rest while dribbling a hockey ball. The SlalomSDT required the players to run a slalom course and, after a 5 minute rest, to dribble the same slalom with a hockey ball. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean time scores between the two test sessions. The mean differences were small when compared with the means of both test sessions. With the exception of the slalom sprint time, zero lay within the 95% confidence interval of the mean differences indicating that no bias existed between the two measurements. With the exception of delta shuttle time (0.79), all intraclass correlation coefficient values for the ShuttleSDT, met the criterion for reliability of 0.80. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for SlalomSDT were 0.91 for slalom sprint time, 0.78 for slalom dribble time, and 0.80 for delta slalom time. CONCLUSIONS: ShuttleSDT and the SlalomSDT are reliable measures of sprint and dribble performances of young field hockey players.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Review of typical ice hockey injuries. Survey of the North American NHL and Hockey Canada versus European leagues.

Ice hockey is considered to be one of the fastest and roughest of all sports. Prospective injury reports of the North American National Hockey League, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association and of several European teams (UdSSR, CSSR, Sweden and Switzerland) are reviewed to evaluate the patterns, anatomic locations, circumstances and sequelae of ice hockey-related injuries. Although different injury reporting systems are used in North America and Europe, knee injuries (sprains of the collateral ligaments) accounted for the majority of games missed (40%), followed by injuries to the shoulder (dislocation, acromio-clavicular joint separation, rotator cuff strain and tears, 20%), the groin (15%), and the back (10%). Mandatory helmets and face masks reduced the number of facial and eye injuries to a quarter from 1972 to 1983. The frequency of only concussion but also cervical spine lesions is increasing. The prevention of head, face, eye and neck injuries should mainly be accomplished by enforcement of current rules (mandatory helmets with face masks) and institution of new rules. Improvement in protective equipment would also have the effect of decreasing the frequency of injuries. Ice hockey is the fastest team sport and involves both finesse and controlled aggression. It is also considered to be one of the roughest of all sports. In recent years, ice hockey has grown tremendously in popularity, not only in the United States and in Canada but also in many European countries [1]. The number of both professional and amateur hockey players has increased with the expanding interest in the sport around the world [1].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Operative management of "hockey groin syndrome": 12 years of experience in National Hockey League players.

BACKGROUND: At the elite level of hockey, groin injuries can threaten a player's career. The aim of this review is to describe the clinical presentation and evaluate our operative approach to "hockey groin syndrome" in National Hockey League (NHL) players. METHODS: Between November 1989 and June 2000, 22 NHL players with debilitating groin pain underwent operative exploration. A repair, including ablation of the ilioinguinal nerve and reinforcement of the external oblique aponeurosis with a Goretex (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc, Flagstaff, Ariz) mesh, was performed. Medical records were reviewed, and the players or their trainers were contacted by telephone after a mean follow-up period of 31.2 months to assess function, symptoms, and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: All patients had tearing of the external oblique aponeurosis, with branches of the ilioinguinal nerve emerging from the torn areas. At follow-up, 18 players (82%) had no pain, whereas 4 (18%) reported mild, intermittent pain. All 22 patients returned to playing hockey, with 19 (85%) able to continue their careers in the NHL. CONCLUSIONS: The "hockey groin syndrome," marked by tearing of the external oblique aponeurosis and entrapment of the ilioinguinal nerve, is a cause of groin pain in professional hockey players. Ilioinguinal nerve ablation and reinforcement of the external oblique aponeurosis successfully treats this incapacitating entity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cardiovascular effects of strenuous exercise in adult recreational hockey: the Hockey Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: More than 500,000 men play "gentlemen's" recreational hockey in Canada, but the safety of this exercise has not been studied. Exercising at extremes of intensity has been associated with an increased risk of cardiac events. Our objective was therefore to determine baseline cardiac risk factors among adult recreational hockey players and to measure any cardiac abnormalities they experienced while playing hockey. METHODS: We assessed baseline cardiac risk factors in 113 male volunteers recruited from a recreational hockey league. Each subject underwent holter electrocardiographic monitoring before, during and after at least one hockey game (maximum of 115 holter data sets). We used the data to assess exercise heart rate, arrhythmias and ST-segment changes and for correlation with symptoms and other predictors of fitness. RESULTS: For all participants, maximum heart rate (HRmax) (mean 184 [standard deviation 11] beats/min) was greater than target exercise heart rate (calculated as 55% to 85% of age-predicted HRmax), and in 87 (75.6%) of the 115 holter data sets, the heart rate exceeded the age-predicted HRmax. The mean period for which heart rate exceeded 85% of the age-predicted HRmax was 30 (SD 13) min. For 80 (70.1%) of 114 data sets, heart rate recovery was poor. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was seen in data from 2 holter monitoring sessions and ST-segment depression in data from 15 sessions. INTERPRETATION: The physical activity pattern that occurred during recreational hockey caused cardiac responses that might be dangerous to players' health. More specifically, the players exceeded target and maximum heart rates, had poor heart rate recovery after exercise, and had episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and ST-segment depression of uncertain clinical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ice hockey injuries: a 4-year prospective study of a Swedish élite ice hockey team.

In this prospective study, we have investigated the incidence of injuries of different severity, types of injury, and mechanisms of injury during ice hockey practice and games. One Swedish élite hockey team was closely observed during four seasons (1986-1990). There were 376 injuries, of which 148 resulted in absence from practice or games. The incidence of injury (injuries associated with later absence) during practice was 2.6 per 1000 player-practice hours and 74.1 per 1000 player-game hours. Nuisance injuries (without any later absence) and minor injuries (absence < 1 week) constituted the vast majority (95.2%) and only 4.8% (18 cases) were classified as moderate or major injuries (absence > 1 week). Of the injuries 85% were caused by trauma and 15% by overuse. Injuries were most often localized to the lower limb (37.8%) and head/face (31.4%). The commonest injuries were contusions, lacerations/wounds, strains and sprains. Most injuries resulted from stick or player contact (predominantly checking). The results are in close agreement with those of a previous investigation of another Swedish élite hockey team covering the years 1982-1985. It should be possible to reduce the number of injuries by stricter enforcement of the hockey rules, especially against stick violations, and a more widespread use of visors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Injuries in international ice hockey. A prospective, comparative study of injury incidence and injury types in international and Swedish elite ice hockey.

In this prospective study, we have investigated incidence, nature, and mechanisms of injury in the Swedish national hockey team during 40 international games. There were 19 injuries associated with absence from practice or games, and 17 facial lacerations. The incidence of injuries associated with absence was 79.2 per 1,000 player-game hours, compared to the corresponding incidence of 78.4 found for Swedish national hockey. The incidence of facial wounds was 70.8 per 1,000 player-game hours, compared to the incidence of 21.8 for Swedish national hockey. The high incidence of facial injuries in international hockey is due to a high rate of stick contact injuries. Stricter enforcement of rules and more widespread use of visors would reduce the number of facial injuries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence, nature, and causes of ice hockey injuries. A three-year prospective study of a Swedish elite ice hockey team.

In this prospective study, we have investigated incidence of injuries of different severity, types of injury, and mechanisms of injury during ice hockey practice and games. One Swedish elite hockey team was closely observed during three seasons (1982 to 1985). There was a total number of 95 injuries and 29 facial lacerations. The majority of injuries were minor (73%) and only 8% were classified as major. Seventy-six percent of the injuries occurred during games and 24% during practice. The incidence of injury during practice was 1.4 per 1,000 player-practice hours and 78.4 per 1,000 player-game hours. In comparison with other sports, the incidence of injury during hockey practice is very low, while that during games is high. Eighty percent of the injuries were caused by trauma and 20% by overuse. The most common types of injury were contusions, strains, and sprains. Complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee was the most common severe injury. Most injuries resulted from body contact, predominantly tackling (checking), and from puck or stick contact. A reduction of the number of minor and moderate injuries should be possible by stricter enforcement of the hockey rules, especially against stick violations, and more widespread use of visors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attitudes of Central Collegiate Hockey Association ice hockey players toward athletic mouthguard usage.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine Central Collegiate Hockey Association ice hockey players' attitudes regarding the use of athletic mouthguards and to determine the effects of mouthguard type, player position, education, and usage time with respect to attitudes. METHODS: A questionnaire measuring players' attitudes toward mouthguards was sent to certified athletic trainers (ATC) responsible for providing healthcare coverage at 10 institutions of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). The ATC's distributed the surveys to all the players on their respective collegiate teams. Out of a total of 265 players listed on the roosters of the CCHA, one hundred and sixty five (62%) players returned the surveys, with 158 surveys used in the analyses (60%). RESULTS: Approximately 13.3% of players (n=21) reported wearing mouthguards 50% of the time or greater during games and 3.8% (n=6) reported wearing mouthguards 50% of the time or greater during practices. Twenty-six percent (n=41) of the players never received educational information regarding using mouthguards. Thirty-nine percent (n=59) of the players reported altering mouthguards to obtain a better fit while 91% of the players were not influenced by the cost of the mouthguard. A 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVA revealed a significant interaction among player position and mouthguard type with respect to player attitudes (F(1,131) = 4.96, P < 0.05), with defensive players having more negative attitudes toward mouthguard usage compared to offensive players. CONCLUSION: No one specific factor affecting attitudes was identified, however, players reported limited educational opportunities to learn about the effectiveness of mouthguards. Therefore, coaches, dentists, and healthcare providers should engage in more preventive educational programs to increase player attitudes and compliance.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

[Dynamic characteristics of hockey sticks and efficacy of shooting in ice hockey].

Previous studies have established that efficiency in shooting is influenced partly by the dynamic characteristics of the stick being used and partly by the morphology of the player. The purpose of the present study was therefore to verify the hypothesis stating that flexible sticks were superior to rigid ones in respect to the proficiency of shooting of pee-wee hockey players. This study has confirmed the superiority of the flexible stick over the rigid one in terms of speed and accuracy of shooting among pee-wee hockey players. Moreover morphological parameters and muscular strength were found to play a determining role in efficiency of shooting. In fact, it was suggested that the smaller and weaker the player the more advantageous is the use of a flexible stick. Through the use of strain gages fixed to the experimental hockey sticks, it was possible to determine that the speed of shooting is directly related to the acceleration imparted to the stick during the forward phase of the movement. It was also possible to demonstrate that for a given speed of the puck the more flexible stick required a smaller force than the rigid one.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

Safety in Canadian junior ice hockey: the association between ice surface size and injuries and aggressive penalties in the Ontario Hockey League.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between ice surface size and injuries and aggressive penalties in Canadian junior hockey. DESIGN: Injury (all injuries and neurotraumas) and penalty data (aggressive and nonaggressive) were categorized into the ice surface size on which they occurred: larger than standard (LTS), standard (S), and smaller than standard (STS). PARTICIPANTS: There were 328 injury records and 538 penalty records collected for all 16 teams in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) during the 1993-94 season. The OHL is a junior A league comprised of amateur players aged approximately 16-20 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: In the absence of any evidence, the null hypotheses of no association between injuries and ice surface size and penalties and ice surface size were tested. RESULTS: The rates of injury per game were inversely related to ice surface sizes (95% confidence intervals: LTS, 0.33 +/- 0.20; S: 0.58 +/- 0.08; and STS, 0.76 +/- 0.06). The associations for all of the paired comparisons of these rates with ice surface size were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Neurotraumas per game and aggressive penalty rates showed no significant relationship with ice surface size (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that ice surface size is a risk factor to consider in assessing overall injury rate. The larger the ice surface is, the lower is the rate of injury. It appears that the medical community was correct in suspecting ice surface size as a factor in creating a safer environment for ice hockey players. Penalty data do not appear to be important factors in relation to ice surface size.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Ten years of ice hockey-related-injuries in the German Ice Hockey Federation - A Ten Year Prospective Study/523 International Games -.

Since January 1986 all injuries in players of the German national hockey teams (juniors A/B and seniors A/B), which have occurred during international competitions, have been registrated and evaluated by using a strict definition of injury, standardized reporting strategies and diagnosis by the team physician. Patterns of injury have been identified and correlations between position, zone and cause of injury could be analysed and, as a consequence, measures were taken to prevent them. A total of 147 injuries forcing a consecutive absence from the game during 523 international games of the German national teams were reported. During the 10 year period there was a marked decrease of the total number and incidence of injuries. In addition, injury rate and average absence from game time improved. There were more frequent concussions of the brain but the total number of facial injuries dropped after the introduction of a visor and the full face mask especially in junior hockey. The forward was the position most at risk to be injured and most injuries were caused by players contact.

Arm Injuries↗
PubMed1996

Checking from behind in ice hockey: a study of injury and penalty data in the Ontario University Athletic Association Hockey League.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated the association between the introduction of the checking-from-behind rule (CFB) in the Ontario University Athletic Association (OUAA) hockey league and player safety. DESIGN: Injury and penalty data were collected for the 3 years prior to and the 3 years following the introduction of the CFB rule in 1989. PARTICIPANTS: There were 653 injury records and 389 penalty records for 3 OUAA teams that had complete records for the 6 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: In the absence of any a priori evidence, the null hypotheses of no association between the CFB rule and injuries or penalties, apart from a logical assumption that there would be a pre-/post difference in CFB penalties, were tested. RESULTS: Although the injury rates for each of the body segments (heat/neck, back, shoulder) demonstrated a significant independence (chi 2 = 56.66, df = 2, p < 0.001) from each other in relation to the pre-/post rule period, only the CFB penalty rates exhibited significant independence (chi 2 = 16.58, df = 2, p < 0.001) from body contact and stick-related penalties. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the introduction of the CFB rule was related to a safer playing environment as reflected by a pre-/post rule decrease in two of three categories of injury, increased CFB penalty rates, and the absence of significant association between the CFB rule and the decreases in body contact penalties and stick-related infractions. It appears that the medical community, with the supporting clinical data demonstrating CFB-related injuries, has helped create enhanced safety without significantly changing player behavior.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1999

Comparison between hockey stick and reversed hockey stick incision: gently curved single linear neck incisions for oral cancer.

Hockey stick incision (HSI) and reversed-HSI are known to be useful incisions for lymph node dissections of the neck. Both are gently curved single linear incisions without three-point suture line junctions, but are different at the base of the skin flap. The HSI allows the elevation of a superiorly-based single cervical skin flap and the reversed-HSI allows for an inferiorly-based flap. We compared the viability of the skin flaps, exposure of the operation field and cosmetic results to evaluate the characteristics of each incision. HSI appeared to be the suitable incision for radical neck dissection due to adequate exposure of the operation field while rendering excellent cosmetic results. Reversed-HSI was applied in combination with block resection of parts of the oral cavity because it provided much better exposure of the operation field than HSI, while still achieving acceptable cosmetic results. Using this technique, a small area of marginal necrosis was occasionally seen at the apex of the skin flap due to poor blood supply.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Physiology of ice hockey.

Ice hockey is characterized by high intensity intermittent skating, rapid changes in velocity and duration, and frequent body contact. The typical player performs for 15 to 20 minutes of a 60-minute game. Each shift lasts from 30 to 80 seconds with 4 to 5 minutes of recovery between shifts. The intensity and duration of a particular shift determines the extent of the contribution from aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The high intensity bursts require the hockey player to develop muscle strength, power, and anaerobic endurance. The length of the game and the need to recover quickly from each shift demands a good aerobic system. Physical characteristics of elite players show that defensemen are taller and heavier than forwards probably due to positional demands. Hockey players are mesomorphic in structure. They are relatively lean since excess mass is detrimental to their skating performance. There is a large interindividual variability in VO2 during skating. Both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems are important during a hockey game. Peak heart rates during a shift on the ice exceed 90% of HRmax with average on-ice values of about 85% of HRmax. Blood lactate is elevated above resting values confirming the anaerobic nature of the game. Glycogen depletion studies show a preferential utilisation of glycogen from the slow twitch fibres but also significant depletion from the fast twitch fibres. Elite hockey players display a muscle fibre composition similar to untrained individuals. Physiological profiles of elite hockey teams reveal the importance of aerobic endurance, anaerobic power and endurance, muscular strength and skating speed. Training studies have attempted to improve specific components of hockey fitness. Using traditional laboratory tests, a season of hockey play shows gains in anaerobic endurance but no change in aerobic endurance. On-ice tests of hockey fitness have been recommended as an essential part of the hockey player's physiological profile. Existing training procedures may develop chronic muscular fatigue in hockey players. Lactic acidosis is associated with the onset and persistence of muscle fatigue. Muscle force output remains impaired throughout the hockey player's typical cycle of practices and games. A supplementary programme of low-intensity cycling during the competitive phase of training was unsuccessful in altering VO2max. Strength decrements during the hockey season are attributed to a lack of a specifically designed strength maintenance programmes. On-ice and off-ice training programmes should focus on the elevation of aerobic endurance, anaerobic power and endurance, muscular strength and skating speed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗