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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

The history of responses to epidemic disease in the United States since the 18th century.

History offers some guidance for understanding social and policy responses to the AIDS epidemic. Pertinent themes in the history of responses to epidemic disease in the United States in the past two hundred years include an initial underestimation of the severity of the epidemic; the prevalence of fear and anxiety; flight, denial, and scape-goating as a result of fear; efforts to quarantine and isolate carriers and the sick; the assertion of rational policies by coalitions of business, government, and medical leaders; the recruitment of a special cadre of physicians to treat the sick; the similarity of responses to both epidemic and endemic infectious diseases; and the high cost of epidemics, which is shared by government, philanthropy, and private individuals. However, until more is known about the natural history of AIDS, generalizations about past epidemics must be cautiously applied to our present circumstances.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[Urethral stricture. A history. From antiquity to the 18th century].

Long undistinguished from the other causes of lower urinary tract obstruction, stenosis of the urethra was truly individualized only in the XVIIIth century. Throughout this long history, treatment opposed repeated dilatations, capable of maintaining an acceptable urethral caliber, and methods aimed at directly destroying the stenosis, thereby ensuring permanent recovery.

Europe↗
PubMed1994

The history of urinary microscopy to the end of the 19th century.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, several authors performed urinary microscopy occasionally and were often unable to give their observations a practical diagnostic application. Such men included De Peiresc, Boerhaave, Ledermüller and Galeazzi. In the 1st half of the 19th century, however, urinary microscopy began to be used systematically. Rayer and Vigla identified for the first time elements other than crystals in urine and contributed to the methodology of handling samples for microscopy. Becquerel described dysmorphic erythrocytes, and Simon and Henle observed casts in urine and in histological preparations. In contrast, Bird mentioned casts only in passing, though he described many other elements and published the first complete book on urinary microscopy. The 2nd half of the 19th century was characterized by further advances, and in the book of Beale tubular cells were distinguished from other epithelial cells. Different types of casts were also linked with different renal diseases. By 1875 the classification of casts was complete. The work of the 19th century microscopists culminated in Rieder's book on clinical microscopy, which described each element of urinary sediment through 36 beautiful chromolithographic plates.

England↗
PubMed1990

The history of algology, algotherapy, and the role of inhibition.

Cephalalgia (1st century AD), nostalgia (1678), neuralgia (18th century), causalgia (1872) were terms followed in the 1950's by Bonica's 'algology... a disease state of its own', addressed by ever-growing numbers of pain clinics, strongly foreshadowed by Leriche's douleur maladie in the 1930's. (Hence also 'algotherapy'). Philosophers first, then early academic physiologists began to exhibit interest in pain, that all too common phenomenon, only too often unyielding to theoretical as well as practical efforts. Was it, after all, an instance of built-in self-preservation, a reflex? Identification of the nervous energy and its anatomical pathways in the 19th century, endless arguments as to their 'specificity', led to new surgical attempts to control and interpret pain, by now supported by general, then local anesthesia. Early in this century Henry Head's much-discussed notion of 'epicritic' sensation exerting some control over 'protopathic' pain was soon followed by Otfried Foerster's insistence on a central role of inhibition providing pain relief. Almost forgotten, Foerster's idea found expression in Melzack and Wall's 'gate control theory' of 1965. Gasser and Erlanger's classification of sensory nerve fibers began to dominate research in the 1930's thanks to the cathode ray oscillograph invented in 1897. The pain inhibition concept was given another boost in the seventies when the role of the midline mesencephalic and oblongata nuclei was established as both opium receptors and producers of opioids. Finally, inhibition may also be seen as the principle underlying the age-old therapeutic effect of 'counter-irritation', mostly in the form of electrical stimulation.

Analgesia↗
PubMed2004

Life extension and history: the continual search for the fountain of youth.

The search for longevity is hardly new. Before recent times, advocates for longevity fell into two general time periods. From the 16th century to the 18th century, individuals worked to extend the lives and vitality of elderly people; they believed senescence was a time of considerable worth. From the 19th century through the early 20th century, however, anti-age advocates generally depicted old age as a time to be feared and despised, devising myriad procedures in order to eliminate it entirely. While sharing little with the advocates of the early modern period, the recent anti-age movement clearly mirrors many of the beliefs of the longevity advocates of a century ago. Both groups not only see old age as a disease to be eradicated through injections and operations, but also argue that the old constitute an enormous economic burden. These beliefs reveal that the new anti-age movement, like its early 20th century precursor, is based on more than simple hair dyes, hormones, or diet. Rather, their ideas and actions ultimately serve to marginalize the very process of growing old.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[History of the Halle Ars medica Judaica. V. Scientific achievements and medical publications of 2 centuries].

A medico-scientific journalism of Jewish origin which became increasedly recognizable on the German territory in the second half of the 17th century was at first based on the activities of Spanish-Portuguese exiles. Beginning with the 18th century at first the inaugural papers, but then also the publications of renowned Jewish physicians determined the profile of this literary group. The access to academic teaching professions becoming possible in the 19th century developed concentration points of research engagement, which in this place shall be indicated at the instance of the Medical Faculty of Halle University.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2005

The case of the missing third.

How is it that form arises out of chaos? In attempting to deal with this primary question, time and again a "Missing Third" is posited that lies between extremes. The problem of the "Missing Third" can be traced through nearly the entire history of thought. The form it takes, the problems that arise from it, the solutions suggested for resolving it, are each representative of an age. This paper traces the issue from Plato and Parmenides in the 4th--5th centuries, B.C.; to Neoplatonism in the 3rd--5th centuries; to Locke and Descartes in the 17th century; on to Berkeley and Kant in the 18th century; Fechner and Wundt in the 19th century; to behaviorism and Gestalt psychology, Jung, early in the 20th century, ethology and cybernetics later in the 20th century, then culminates late in the 20th century, with chaos theory.

Animals↗