[Czech physicians and historiography. On the problem of evaluation of sources for the historiography of Czech medicine].
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Czechoslovakia↗
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[Romanticism in German medicine in the light of home historiography of 1802-1945].
The German non-materialist medicine of the first half of the 19th century is presently a subject of advanced historical studies, carried out in Europe and USA. Until the mid-20th century, however, it was only the German authors who produced literature dedicated to the above-mentioned medicine. The purpose of this study is to present to the Polish reader the main trends in the German medical historiography that have been taking up the subject for 150 years. The historians of German medicine distinguished trends in the post-war period as the studies of the history of their native medical historiography developed. A Polish historian taking up the task of characterizing of the main methodological trends in German medical historiography is faced with the necessity to take position on the findings of German authors who took up the above-mentioned subject earlier. In my studies I worked mainly on the findings of the following authors: Nelly Tsouyopoulos, Urban Wiesing and Hans-Uwe Lammel. They served me as a guide to the old historical-medical literature that I managed to reach in the libraries of Dresden and Leipzig. Some of the German studies (H. Haeser, J. Petersen) were translated to Polish language and in those cases I leaned on the Polish translators. In this study I discuss the following methodological trends in historiography of German medicine of the 1st half of the 19th century: eclectic trends, philosophical trends, positivistic trends, neo-romantic trends, and social-cultural trends. I also present the analysis of theories of the most important representatives of the trends. Thanks to this I could reconstruct the process of shaping of the discussed epoch image in the light of various concepts of its description. As a result different characteristics of the epoch were grasped although the factography level they referred to was common. This study outlines also further developoment of the historiography of the discussed subject in the second half of the 20th century.
Germany↗
[Anti-positivist inspiration in European medical historiography in the 20th century].
The article presents the most important anti-positivist (the neo-romantic, socio-cultural and relativistic) currents in 20th century European medical historiography. The author discusses the genesis of the anti-positivist opposition in the medical historiography, starting with a presentation of the main points of the positivist programme, and shows the reasons behind the earlier broad reception of this programme by medical historians from the medical profession. The author attributes the emergence of an anti-positivist opposition in this milieu mainly to the medical progress which occurred in the first half of the 20th century and which induced some doctors, engaged in research into medical history, to reject the positivist model of teaching and replace it wit another. This factor played a leading role in the formation of the socio-cultural and relativist currents. According to the author, the second important factor in the birth of this opposition is the 20th century progress in the methodology of historical research, which freed itself from the constraints of positivist scientism as the only acceptable method of interpreting facts. The author also discusses the socio-cultural and political conditions which led to the formation and spread of the neo-romantic movement solely in Germany. The article presents the programme principles and the most important representatives of anti-positivist currents in European (mainly German) and the circumstances behind the reception of each current by the community of medical historians, and presents the development prospects of Polish medical historiography on the treshold of the 20th and 21st centuries, in connection with the research into this field of science undertaken by a large and continuously growing number of university-educated researchers.
Europe↗
[The evolutionist fallacy of early visitors. Analogies between 'primitive peoples' and prehistoric man in medical historiography].
Accounts of 'prehistoric medicine' and 'ethnomedicine' have sometimes led to conclusions by analogy in medical historiography that are seen as highly problematic in modern cultural anthropology. However, this review of medical historical writings of the last three centuries shows that evolutionist identifications of early with foreign medicine were not a permanent trait of medical historiography. This approach flourished mainly in the climate of certain movements or periods that were characterised by fanatical belief in progress and by social utopias: the French Revolution, Darwinism and the period of industrial expansion in Germany, and National Socialism. Medical historiography shared this problematic approach with contemporary (social and cultural) anthropology, and - despite this methodological misuse - both acknowledged the legitimacy or even requirement of studying also similarities in the development of different periods and cultures.
Anthropology↗
[Ludwik Fleck and paradigm of Polish historiography of medicin].
The paper shows relations between Ludwik Fleck's philosophy of sciences and paradigm of polish historiography of medicine. The author defines historiographicall paradigm and talk over attributes of specific polish medical historiography. In this context the author shows abilities and limitations for reception desk of Flek's ideas within polish historiography of medicine in XX of age. Especially important place puts hither relations of Fleck's conceptions for traditions so-called ,polish school of history medicine". The author took account of his considerable with T. Bilikiewicz and ideological atmosphere for planting history of medicine after WORLD WAR II in Poland. The important take of the paper is appreciation of importance his (Flack's) ideas for contemporary study on history of medicine in Poland. Author believes, that Flekck's conceptions can be available source of theoretical inspiration in process formations of "theoretical history of medicine".
History, 20th Century↗
The other branch of medicine: an historiography of veterinary medicine from a Canadian perspective.
Animal (veterinary) medicine, that other branch of medical healing, forms a part of medical history and there are themes in common between human and veterinary medical historiography. Some of these themes include "great docs, great diseases," struggles with professionalization, institutional stories, general chronological overviews, development of medical disciplines, and the role of women. The "patient's view" in veterinary historiography is somewhat different. Veterinary history includes the theme of "great animals" but this is not, in the medical historical sense, a "patient's" view. Much work in this area of Canadian history remains to be accomplished.
Canada↗
[Nurses in immaculate white: an empty page in Dutch historiography?].
Until recently, the historiography of nursing in England and the Netherlands was written from a traditional, 'Whig-history' perspective. While focussing on famous leaders and examples such as Florence Nightingale in England and Jeltje de Bosch Kemper in the Netherlands, it told historical events in a chronological, narrative manner. The publication of a collection of essays by Celia Davies, entitled Rewriting nursing history (1980), which used new sources, theories and methods from the social sciences, while advocating a comparative approach, produced a revolution in the writing of nursing history in the Anglo-American world. This revolution resulted in a steady flow of publications on all aspects of the history of nursing. When compared to these Anglo-American developments, the Dutch writing of nursing history still lags behind. Although in the 1980s both medical history and womans history provided stimuli for a new orientation, a real break-through has not yet occurred. Central to an explanation of the backlog of Dutch historiography in this respect, is, it would seem, the rather late official recognition of nursing as an academic discipline, which only occurred in 1980.
Historiography↗
The historiography of homoeopathy in Germany.
Homoeopathy originated in Germany. The same applies, by the way, to many other branches of alternative medicine, e.g. mesmerism, homoeopathy, hydropathy, anthroposophical medicine. This historical fact provides more than just an excuse to start with a survey of the historiography of homeopathy in German-speaking countries. The first part of the paper focuses on 19th-century attempts at a history of homoeopathy, reflecting the wish to establish a corporate identity among the adherents of the new art of healing. Early examples are books by prominent homoeopathic doctors on the origins and recent history of homoeopathy in German lands. A look at their motives will give us a notion of the response of the fringe medicine to a wide ranger of attacks of orthodox physicians and medical historians who saw progress in the field of the new "scientific" medicine only and who shared the values and ideologies of the medical establishment. The second part of the paper - which covers the period from the turn of the century to the end of World War II - examines the first attempts by professional medical historians as well as amateurs to write about the rise and fall of homeopathy in Germany. The third part is then centred on recent medical historiography on this subject.
Germany↗
Contemporary historiography of psychology: Italy.
In the context of a world-wide coverage of contemporary historiography of psychology, a descriptive account is presented of major recent events and of publications, grouped into five categories: original works, new editions, editions of the classics of science, readings, and translations. The younger generation tends to combine historical analysis with critical assessment (studio storico-critico), taking into account significance for psychological theory and implications for human affairs.
Historiography↗
In defense of a critical-presentist historiography: the fact-theory relationship and Marx's epistemology.
It is argued that mainstream social scientists made an "error" during the crucial formative years of the 1920s and 1930s. This historical error involved relinquishing, or at the very least ignoring, some of the epistemological views within the social sciences concerning the fact-theory relationship as developed by Marx and others in his tradition. The contemporary nature of some of Mark's epistemic views is demonstrated, where the case is made that some recent developments in the philosophy of science are converging with some of his original insights. The methodological approach of the article--judging the past in the context of the present--is defended on the basis of Marxian historiography, especially as developed by those noe-Marxists of the Frankfurt School. In the latter discussion "justificationist presentism" is criticized from the perspective of a "critical presentism."
Famous Persons↗
Historiography taking issue: analyzing an experiment with heroin abusers.
This article discusses the predicament of historians becoming part of the history they are investigating and illustrates the issue in a particular case. The case is that of the randomized controlled trial (RCT)-more specifically, its use for testing the effects of providing heroin to severe heroin abusers. I counter the established view of the RCT as a matter of timeless logic and argue that this research design was developed in the context of administrative knowledge making under twentieth-century economic liberalism of which it epitomizes some central values. I also argue that the applicability of the RCT depends on the degree to which its advocates can define the issue to be studied according to its inherent values. Next, I demonstrate how advocates of an RCT with heroin provision in the Netherlands steered the political discussion on heroin provision and how the values of economic liberalism also shaped the results of the Dutch maintenance experiment. In addition, I relate how my analysis of this experiment became part of political debates in the Netherlands. Contrary to my intentions, adversaries of heroin maintenance used my critique on the heroin RCT as an argument against heroin maintenance. Such risks are inherent to historiography and sociology of science aiming at practical relevance while challenging treasured scientific beliefs. I conclude that it still seems better to expose arguments on unjustified certainties than to suppress them for strategic reasons.
Heroin↗
The historiography of Swedish sociology and the bounding of disciplinary identity.
Bounding a scientific discipline is a way of regulating its cognitive direction as well as its relations to neighboring disciplines and extra-academic authorities. In this process of identity making, disciplinary history often is a crucial element. In this article, focusing on the historiography of Swedish sociology and the reception of Gustaf Steffen, Sweden's first professional sociologist, it is argued that Steffen's marginalized role in the traditional accounts should be understood not only with reference to his supposed theoretical shortcomings, but also in the historical context of the early postwar reestablishment of sociology as an academic discipline and its prevalent need for a new disciplinary identity, strategically adjusted to the contemporary institutional and political settings.
Historiography↗
The historiography of psychology in Italy.
The article outlines the studies conducted in Italy on the history of psychology since the 1970s, with particular attention to those elaborated in the 1990s. Reference is made to the institutions, authors, congresses, and other initiatives that in the course of 3 decades have promoted the growth of the history of psychology, and a review is presented of the principal research themes undertaken by scholars. An attempt has been made to identify the principal historiographic tendencies and to illustrate the passage from a sort of "positivistic" historiography to an orientation that could be considered multifactorial or one of complexity, attentive to both the internal and the external components of the scientific enterprise, although with a propensity for the history of ideas.
Historiography↗
Historiography: an introduction.
This introduction precedes the four papers given in October 2000 in Copenhagen on analysing problems in the history of the neurosciences. The term historiography can be defined in different ways but means the study, and not simply the writing, of history. Although it goes back two millennia, it is a rapidly developing field as illustrated by the subsequent contributions.
Historiography↗
The first casualty: the war over psychoanalysis and the poverty of historiography.
Many recent discussions of the early history of psychoanalysis have claimed that Freud's work was methodologically (and hence scientifically) flawed. It is suggested that such criticisms are often based on studies that are deficient in the way they approach historiography. The work of Adolf Grunbaum and Frederick Crews (as, respectively, specialist and populist) is used to illustrate both this and the consequent theses that dehistoricized approaches to Freud lead to anachronistic blunders and that anti-Freudian tendentiousness clothed in the illusion of historiographical expertise is no substitute for scholarly rigour. It is concluded that when criticizing Freud it is often a good idea to read him first, but no optimism is entertained about the prospects of raising the standard of debate about psychoanalysis and its orgins.
Historiography↗
The historiography of medicine in America.
What is the state of medical historiography in America? This discipline is now asking new questions, branching new directions and speaking to new audiences. The social and cultural contexts in which medicine moved and moves needs to be an effective integral part of approaching the historical studies. There is today, in the U.S.A., a new history of medicine more problem-oriented and interested in the culture of medicine and in the meaning of medicine to cultural history. This new interdisciplinary field of interest deals with the study of epidemics, seen as causative agents in historical developments and as a means of studying changing ideas; it deals also with the history of women, of their medical professionalization and of their diseases. American medical history, over the last thirty years, has reconstructed the medical practices of the past by using clinical records; between other fields of research, the history of psychiatry has become a particularly fertile field of scholarship, especially in its studies about hysteria and neurasthenia; finally, medical anthropology and the history of ancient and medieval medicine, has flourished and contribute today in a high significant way to the critical reconstruction of a cultural past of medicine, quite far away from the mere biographical historiographical researches.
Historiography↗
[Phases and positions of the historiography of medicine in Germany].
Already in 1941, A. Pazzini underlined the importance of the links connecting German and Italian schools of History of Medicine. Today, medical ethics is seen, all over the world, as a necessary integration of ethics in all the phases of the medical curriculum is provided by law. I.e. at the Medical Faculty of Lubecca, three different phases are scheduled: i. Phase 1: a basic course during the pre-clinical training: history and practice, two hours a week ii. Phase 2: a seminar with the patients during the clinical training: ethics at the bed of the patient iii. Phase 3: a studying day for all the students, together with the medical and paramedical staff. Obviously, an ethical training does not produce automatically an ethical behaviour, but it helps the students to better understand the relationship with their patients. In this sense, ethics is an important part of the teaching of history of medicine, because ethics, as well as an historical consciousness and the historiography of medicine concerns the modern development of the relationship between medicine, science and history.
Germany↗
[The flux of historiography].
The author places Grmek's editorial within the flux of the historiographical debate which, since the middle of the 1970s, has concentrated on two major crises due to the end of social science-oriented 'scientific history' and to the 'linguistic turn'. He also argues that Grmek's historiographical work of the 1980s and 1990s was to some extent an alternative to certain observed changes in historical fashion and has achieved greater intelligibility because of its commitment to a rational vision of science and historiography.
Biological Science Disciplines↗