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PubMed2026

Stage shift, histological differentiation, and survival patterns of lung squamous cell carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma in low-dose CT screening.

BACKGROUND: Whether LDCT-associated stage shift translates into similar survival patterns across lung cancer histologies remains uncertain. We compared stage shift, histological differentiation, tumor characteristics, and survival between lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and adenocarcinoma (LUAD) in the National Lung Screening Trial. METHODS: Among participants diagnosed with LUSC or LUAD, stage distribution and histological differentiation were compared between LDCT and chest X-ray (CXR) arms. Survival among diagnosed cases was measured from randomization. Multivariable models tested screening arm-by-histology interactions. Screen-detected LDCT tumors were compared by histology. RESULTS: During 6.5 years of median follow-up, 498 LUAD and 249 LUSC cases were diagnosed in the LDCT arm, and 374 and 212, respectively, were diagnosed in the CXR arm. LDCT was associated with higher odds of stage I disease for LUAD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.48; 95% CI 1.88-3.28) and LUSC (aOR, 1.71; 95% CI 1.17-2.48), without significant interaction (P = 0.116). LDCT was associated with lower hazard of lung cancer-specific death among diagnosed LUAD cases (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.54; 95% CI 0.43-0.66), but not among diagnosed LUSC cases (aHR, 1.04; 95% CI 0.78-1.39; P for interaction<0.001). LUSC had lower screening sensitivity, more frequent detection in annual screening rounds, greater prediagnostic tumor size increase, and fewer well-differentiated stage I tumors than LUAD. CONCLUSION: LDCT was associated with stage shift for both subtypes, but favorable survival patterns among diagnosed cases were mainly observed for LUAD. Lower screening sensitivity, greater prediagnostic tumor size increase, and poorer histological differentiation may help explain why stage shift did not translate into similar survival patterns for LUSC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00047385.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Comparative analysis of histological and transcriptomic characteristics in caudal muscles of nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus), siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis), and their hybrids.

Crocodylus niloticus and Crocodylus siamensis are high-value aquaculture species. C. niloticus is large-bodied but less abundant, while C. siamensis grows fast but is small-sized. Their hybrids combine parental advantages, yet relevant research is scarce. This study compared the histological and transcriptomic characteristics of the caudal muscle across the three taxa. HE staining indicated that C. niloticus had significantly larger myofiber diameters (p < 0.05); C. siamensis had the smallest, and the myofiber density of hybrids was much closer to that of C. siamensis. Masson's trichrome staining indicated that C. niloticus had the thickest collagen fibers (p < 0.05), C. siamensis the thinnest, and hybrids exhibited highly similar histological traits to C. siamensis. C. niloticus had higher LDH and SDH activities in caudal muscles, whereas the hybrid crocodile indicated the highest CK activity. Transcriptomic analysis identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were enriched in growth, muscle metabolism, and energy allocation pathways via GO/KEGG annotations. PPI analysis screened 24 hub genes related to energy metabolism. This study systematically reveals caudal muscle differences, providing insights into growth-related molecular mechanisms and theoretical support for crocodile artificial breeding.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Low-salinity stress alters growth, histology, physiology, and transcriptomic profiles of the gills and antennal glands in Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Salinity is a major abiotic constraint in freshwater aquaculture of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, yet the coordinated roles of the gills and antennal glands, the two primary osmoregulatory organs in decapod crustaceans, under low-salinity stress remain poorly characterized. Here, we integrated histological, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses to characterize the adaptive responses of M. rosenbergii to acute (96 h) and chronic (8 weeks) exposure to salinity 5. Chronic low-salinity stress significantly impaired growth performance and decreased the survival rate. Acute stress induced thinning of the gill filaments, partial disorganization of pillar cells, and dilation of the intermicrovillar space in the antennal glands, whereas chronic stress caused gill vacuolization, cuticle thinning, and adaptive folding of antennal gland microvilli. In parallel, acute exposure significantly decreased hemolymph sodium and potassium ion concentrations but increased magnesium ion concentration, whereas chronic exposure increased hemolymph sodium and potassium ion concentrations, upregulated gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and enhanced hepatopancreatic antioxidant capacity. Transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct tissue-specific responses. Under acute stress, the gills preferentially activated pathways associated with cytoskeletal remodeling, motor proteins, and tight junctions, whereas chronic acclimation shifted the transcriptional response toward the renin-angiotensin system and glutathione metabolism. In the antennal glands, acute stress rapidly activated the renin secretion pathway, whereas chronic exposure promoted membrane remodeling by enriching pathways related to lipid and glycan metabolism. These findings reveal tissue-specific functional differentiation and synergistic coordination between the gills and antennal glands that underpin M. rosenbergii's adaptive response to low-salinity stress.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Regional and statewide hysterectomy-corrected endometrial cancer incidence and five-year relative survival in Texas.

BACKGROUND: Rising endometrial cancer (EC) incidence nationwide, particularly among Hispanic women, and high prevalence of risk factors such as obesity and comorbidities in Texas, motivated us to estimate EC incidence rates (IRs) and survival by age (<50 years/ early-onset, ≥50 years/late-onset), race-ethnicity (Non-Hispanic-White [NHW], -Black [NHB], Hispanic), histology (endometrioid, non-endometrioid), and area-based socioeconomic (SES) factors across Texas Health Service Regions (HSRs). STUDY DESIGN: Between 2000 and 2019, a total of 42,571 women (20-79 years) with EC were reported from Texas within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. IRs and 5-year relative survival were calculated using SEER*Stat. IRs were corrected for hysterectomy using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. RESULTS: Statewide EC IRs rose from 38.5 (2000-2009) to 44.5 (2010-2019), with the highest increase in the Upper-South (42.6 to 53.8). Across HSRs, Upper-South consistently had higher IRs among women < 50 (13.9) and ≥ 50 years (112.7). Among those < 50 years, Hispanics had the highest IRs (12.4), predominantly endometrioid tumors, whereas in women ≥ 50 years, NHB had the highest IRs (119.2) with a large proportion of non-endometrioid tumors. IRs were higher in areas with lower poverty, and higher education, income, and urbanization. Associations with unemployment were mixed. Worse survival outcomes were observed among NHBs, non-endometrioid, advanced-stage, and lower SES. Central Texas had more favorable survival outcomes compared to other HSR. CONCLUSION: EC IRs and survival rates in Texas largely mirror national trends, with regional differences likely reflecting sociodemographic and histologic distributions.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Primary pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors in cytopathology practice: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Primary pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors (PSGTs) are rare but clinically significant tumors that originate from the submucosal glands of the tracheobronchial tree. Cytologic samples taken during bronchoscopy are a key component of preoperative evaluation. However, cytologic diagnosis remains challenging because of the submucosal growth and morphologic overlap of PSGTs. In addition, current knowledge of the cytohistologic correlation of PSGTs is fragmented. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cytologic diagnoses of PSGTs. METHODS: A comprehensive, systematic literature search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify studies with cytologic and histologic diagnoses of PSGTs. Comprehensive data on diagnostic and clinical factors, when available, were collected for all individual patients. The data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using OpenMeta (Analyst) software. RESULTS: In total, 49 studies comprising 106 patients were identified. Final cytohistologic concordance was demonstrated in 48.1% of cases. Fine-needle aspiration showed the highest sensitivity (75.0%), followed by bronchial/tracheal washing (38.1%), and bronchial brushing (34.2%). Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype, accounting for 67 cases, followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma, which accounted for 27 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The cytologic diagnosis of rare PSGTs remains challenging. Overall, cytohistologic concordance was 48.1%. However, fine-needle aspiration demonstrated greater diagnostic accuracy than exfoliative cytology and may facilitate a more accurate preoperative assessment.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Long-term heat exposure reshapes muscle molecular regulation and enhances thermal tolerance in Clarias fuscus.

Rapid fluctuations in water temperature driven by global warming have become a major abiotic stressor affecting muscle function in teleost fish. This study examined the effects of long-term thermal conditions on heat tolerance in Clarias fuscus. Fish were maintained for 90 days at either a normal temperature group (NT, 26 °C) or a high-temperature group (HT, 34 °C). Subsequently, muscle histology, and transcriptomic profiles were observed following acute high-temperature exposure (34 °C) and after temperature recovery (26 °C). Histological analysis showed that fish from the NT under acute high-temperature stress exhibited severe muscle damage (atrophy, myofilament disruption, and myolysis), whereas fish from the HT displayed markedly reduced lesions. RNA-seq profiling revealed 5769 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the NT and 3292 DEGs in the HT following acute temperature challenges. Functional enrichment indicated that, in the HT, modulation of key cell cycle regulators (e.g., ccna, ccnb, cdk1, cdk2) contributed to alleviating muscle damage caused by temperature fluctuations. In the NT, genes associated with ribosome biogenesis (e.g., nop56, riok2, riok1) were up-regulated and then down-regulated during temperature fluctuation, whereas p53 in the cell cycle pathway showed the opposite expression pattern. These findings demonstrate long-term heat exposure reshapes molecular expression and regulatory mechanisms in the muscle of C. fuscus, thereby enhancing thermal tolerance and adaptability, and providing a theoretical basis for breeding heat-resistant, high-quality aquaculture strains.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrated physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal coordinated gill responses to heat stress in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca).

Climate change-driven warming of aquatic environments has made thermal stress an increasingly important factor influencing fish physiological homeostasis. Given their central roles in respiration and osmoregulation, gills are particularly responsive to variations in ambient temperature. Histological examination, physiological measurements, and transcriptome profiling were integrated to investigate the mechanisms associated with heat stress-induced gill injury in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). Histological analysis revealed that exposure to 29 °C directly caused structural damage to the gills of pikeperch. Oxidative status was evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). MDA accumulation was significantly enhanced under heat stress, while antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) displayed a transient increase followed by a subsequent decline. Transcriptome profiling showed marked enrichment of the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathway after heat stress, suggesting activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pikeperch gills. With increasing stress duration, the unfolded protein response (UPR) appeared unable to re-establish ER homeostasis, shifting ire1 and atf6 toward a pro-apoptotic state. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis further highlighted hub genes potentially involved in heat stress-induced ER stress and apoptosis. TUNEL staining and western blotting collectively confirmed that heat stress triggered apoptosis in pikeperch gill tissue. Overall, this study provides new insights into the physiological and molecular responses of pikeperch gills to heat stress and enhances our understanding of thermal stress adaptation in cold-water aquaculture species under climate change.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence (AI) uses in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS): diagnosis with brain metastasis (BM) - A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases (BM) are the most common intracranial tumors in adults, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a mainstay of management. However, several diagnostic challenges persist in the SRS pathway, particularly the differentiation of radiation necrosis (RN) from true tumor progression, which conventional MRI and even advanced imaging techniques often cannot reliably resolve. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer the potential to address these diagnostic limitations. This systematic review synthesizes current literature on AI applications for MRI-based diagnostic decision support in BM patients undergoing SRS, with a focus on radiomics and deep learning tools for distinguishing RN from progression, classifying molecular and histologic subtypes, and predicting treatment response. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched using a targeted query combining terms related to AI, brain metastasis, diagnosis or imaging, and SRS. After screening 483 records and applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies published between 2015 and 2025 were included. Data were extracted on study design, cohort characteristics, imaging modality, AI methodology, validation strategy, and reported diagnostic performance. RESULTS: Among the 18 included studies, AI models demonstrated strong performance across diagnostic tasks in the BM-SRS pathway. The differentiation of RN from true tumor progression was the most extensively studied application, addressed by 14 of 18 studies, with reported AUCs ranging from 0.71 to 0.94. Support vector machines, random-forest ensembles, convolutional neural networks, and transformer-based multimodal architectures were widely used. The literature evolved from single-sequence radiomic classifiers in 2018 to multimodal deep learning frameworks fusing imaging with clinical and genomic data in 2025. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI was the dominant imaging input, and texture-based radiomic features (GLCM, GLSZM, GLDM, and wavelet-derived features) were the most consistently predictive. The highest-performing models reached AUCs of 0.85-0.91 through multimodal integration of imaging with clinical and genomic features, and consistently outperformed expert neuroradiologist read on matched cases. Remaining studies addressed longitudinal segmentation-based detection of local failure and adverse radiation effects, BRAF mutation status in melanoma BM, early Gamma Knife treatment response, and primary tumor histology classification, with more variable performance. CONCLUSION: AI models, particularly those integrating MRI-derived radiomic features with clinical and genomic data, show high accuracy in supporting diagnostic decisions for BM patients treated with SRS. The post-SRS differentiation of radiation necrosis from true tumor progression has reached the greatest level of maturity and is closest to clinical translation, with potential to reduce unnecessary biopsies, personalize surveillance intervals, and rationalize treatment-pathway decisions. Other diagnostic applications, including molecular subtyping and primary tumor histology classification, remain exploratory and require further multicenter validation. Integration of AI tools into multidisciplinary tumor-board workflows, combined with prospective validation and standardized reporting, will be essential to realize the full clinical benefits of AI in SRS for brain metastases.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analyses identify key regulators of skin pigmentation in Larimichthys crocea.

The yellow body coloration of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) constitutes a crucial economic trait, yet its underlying genetic regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study systematically elucidated the molecular basis of body color variation by integrating genome resequencing and skin transcriptome analyses, combined with the contextual analysis of key pigmentation-related genes and phenotypic histological validation. 200 phenotyped individuals (including yellow-selected lines, F1 progeny, and normal control groups, all derived from a well-characterized aquaculture stock) identified 39 significantly associated SNPs (-log₁₀(P) ≥ 6), mapping to multiple candidate genes. These genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to pigment deposition (GO:0033059), melanosome organization (GO:0032438), melanogenesis, and tyrosine metabolism. Cross-developmental stage transcriptome analysis revealed 2395 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Multi-omics integration identified eight overlapping candidate genes, including tyrp1, slc45a2, oca2, and dgat2, among which tyrp1 was prioritized for in-depth validation based on its core regulatory role in eumelanin synthesis, significant SNP association signal, and consistent downregulation in transcriptomic data. Experimental validation demonstrated that the g.895C > T mutation in exon 2 of tyrp1b was strongly significantly associated with the yellow phenotype: the frequency of mutant genotypes (TT/CT) reached 92.86%in the yellow-selected group, whereas the control group exclusively exhibited the wild-type genotype (CC). qPCR confirmed significantly downregulated tyrp1b expression in the skin of yellow individuals, consistent with the transcriptome trend. Histological and stereomicroscopic observations of skin tissues further validated the physiological basis of the yellow phenotype, revealing a significant reduction in melanophore number and abnormal melanosome morphology in yellow-phenotype individuals, accompanied by increased xanthophore density. These results suggest that tyrp1b mutation is strongly associated with the yellow phenotype. However, the presence of a wild-type CC individual in the yellow group indicates that this mutation is not strictly required for yellow coloration, suggesting that other genetic or environmental factors may also contribute to the phenotype, Additionally, downregulation of the carotenoid metabolism gene bco2 coupled with upregulation of xdh, together with the functional changes of slc45a2 and oca2, may synergistically promote xanthophore pigment deposition, contributing to the yellow phenotype. As melanin synthesis in large yellow croaker relies on the conserved tyrosinase pathway and transporter proteins, mutations in associated genes (tyrp1b, slc45a2, oca2) represent a primary underlying cause for the loss of melanin-based coloration and transition to a yellow phenotype in L. crocea. These findings provide key molecular targets and a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of body color in this species, and also enrich the understanding of xanthism regulatory mechanisms in teleosts.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Proteomic analysis of cisplatin-induced spermatogenesis defects in mice.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin is a crucial chemotherapeutic agent used for treating various cancers; however, its excessive use can cause irreversible damage to the reproductive system, and the protein expression profile of cisplatin-induced testicular injury remains unclear. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with cisplatin at various doses, and testes were collected for histological, immunofluorescence, and proteomic analyses. Germ cell loss and apoptosis were assessed using H&E staining, TUNEL assays, and immunofluorescence for LIN28A, SYCP3, MVH, and CDK1. Label-free quantitative proteomics identified differentially expressed proteins, which were analyzed for functional enrichment and protein-protein interactions. RESULTS: We observed that cisplatin treatment led to smaller testes, reduced sperm count, and a significant decrease in the number of spermatocytes and spermatids in mice. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that cisplatin significantly reduced the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), a key spermatogenesis regulator, in the testes. Reduction in CDK1 expression is correlated with spermatogenic arrest, particularly in spermatocytes. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the critical role of CDK1 in cisplatin-induced spermatogenic dysfunction and provide new insights into fertility preservation strategies for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Glycerophospholipid remodeling under osmotic stress in grass carp gills.

Salinity fluctuations represent a pervasive environmental challenge for freshwater fishes, yet the cellular and metabolic programs governing early osmoregulatory responses remain understudied. Here, we investigated the time-dependent gill responses of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) subjected to an acute, sublethal salinity increase 9 parts per thousand (ppt). Histological and biochemical analyses revealed progressive gill lesions accompanied by elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lipid peroxidation, indicating rapid tissue injury under osmotic stress. Integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling uncovered pronounced temporal reprogramming, consistently highlighting glycerophospholipid metabolism as a central axis of response. In particular, phosphatidylcholine (PC) species exhibited dynamic remodeling, coupled with transcriptional enrichment of lipid turnover, membrane transport, and innate immune pathways. Network-based integration identified a PC-centered remodeling module characterized by accelerated PC headgroup turnover, disruption of the PLA2-LPCAT2 lyso-PC reacylation cycle, and enhanced ABC transporter-associated lipid and sterol export, reflected by cholesteryl sulfate accumulation and a shifted n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipin signature. Functional assays further demonstrated that PC and linoleic acid (LA) supplementation improved cell viability and alleviated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling in grass carp cells under salinity challenge. Collectively, these findings reveal phospholipid-centered membrane remodeling as an early, integrative mechanism linking osmotic stress to gill injury and immune activation in freshwater fish, providing insights into potential strategies of environmental stress adaptation.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Muscular fiber properties and multi-omics investigation of larval and adult locomotor muscle in Microhyla fissipes.

During metamorphosis, Microhyla fissipes undergoes a critical transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle, accompanied by significant remodeling of skeletal muscle. Notably, larval tail muscle degenerates, while adult hindlimb muscle develops. However, the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate these muscle type-specific adaptations to the changing environment remain unclear. In this study, histological observation, transcriptomics, and metabolomics were integrated to compare locomotor muscles from two stages: larval muscle from tail versus adult muscle from hindlimb. Our results revealed that adult muscle fibers exhibited reduced diameter and shorter sarcomere length compared to those of tadpoles. Transcriptomic analysis identified 4103 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2182 up-regulated and 1921 down-regulated genes. Up-regulated genes were mainly involved in energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis pathways, including PPAR signaling and oxidative phosphorylation, whereas down-regulated genes were associated with carbohydrate metabolism and cell proliferation pathways, such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and PI3K-Akt signaling. Metabolic profiling indicated a metabolic shift from anaerobic to aerobic energy production, with 57 differential metabolites identified, mainly involved in protein metabolism and insulin-related pathways. Integrated multi-omics analysis further highlighted the AMPK and FoxO signaling pathways play key roles in this process. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the metabolic and structural differences between larval and adult skeletal muscles are mediated by AMPK- and FoxO-dependent signaling pathways, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive development and locomotor transition in anuran amphibians.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Nimodipine in animal models of demyelination relevant to multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disease in which axonal injury, neuronal death, and demyelination occur. Treatment for MS relapses remains limited, which alleviates acute loss of function but has no impact on long-term disability. This study aimed to perform a systematic review of the effects of nimodipine on experimental demyelination models, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Cuprizone models in rodents. METHODS: This study was conducted following the PRISMA statement. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The primary outcome was EAE clinical disease severity (peak clinical score and/or cumulative disease burden). Secondary outcomes included relapse activity (when reported), histological myelin outcomes, oligodendrocyte lineage markers, neuroaxonal injury markers, and inflammatory readouts. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE tool. RESULTS: Out of 4660 results, 5 studies were included in the systematic review (four EAE studies and one cuprizone model). Nimodipine was administered using heterogeneous regimens (oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or osmotic pump delivery; 1-30 mg/kg/day). The included studies reported the variable effects of nimodipine on relapse-related outcomes, myelination, inflammatory processes, and neuroprotection in the EAE model of MS. Across EAE studies, nimodipine generally reduced clinical disease severity or cumulative burden, although relapse-related outcomes were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: Preclinical evidence suggests that nimodipine may attenuate disease severity and demyelination and may promote repair-related processes in rodent models relevant to MS. However, to evaluate the clinical applicability of nimodipine in MS patients, well-powered, transparently reported preclinical replication and early-phase clinical studies are required before clinical translation.

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PubMed2026

Effects of rumen fluid transplantation on longissimus dorsi muscle development in Xizang sheep: An association analysis based on transcriptomic and serum metabolomic profiles.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of rumen fluid transplantation (RFT) on the growth and development of the longissimus dorsi muscle in female Xizang sheep. After RFT, muscle lightness differed significantly between the two groups, with the LDC group showing significantly higher lightness than the LDT group. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between groups in other muscle phenotypic traits, including drip loss, pH, cooking loss, shear force, redness, and yellowness. Antioxidant-related indices (SOD, GSH-PX, MDA, CAT, and T-AOC) also showed no significant differences between groups. Histological analysis revealed that muscle fiber length, width, and density were significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Transcriptomic analysis identified 515 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 419 were downregulated. KEGG analysis indicated that genes involved in muscle development-related pathways, such as cell adhesion and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, were predominantly downregulated. Key serum metabolites (L-kynurenine, IPA, allantoin, and propionylcarnitine) showed highly significant positive correlations with muscle fiber growth indices. In contrast, metabolites such as l-carnitine, acetylcarnitine, and citrulline were negatively correlated with muscle fiber growth, but positively correlated with the expression of muscle structure-related genes (COL11A1 and EFNA5) and with meat lightness. Overall, this study provides new insights into the potential molecular basis by which RFT influences muscle growth and development. However, the mechanisms by which RFT affects muscle development and meat quality-related traits remain unclear and warrant further investigation.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transforming Curcuma longa leaf waste into cellulose scaffolds.

The constant dearth of transplantable tissues and organs in India required the development of substitute biomaterials for tissue engineering. Plant-based decellularized scaffolds have become attractive options because of their abundance, ethical acceptability, architectural diversity, and lower risks of zoonotic transmission. Curcuma longa leaves were investigated in this study as a possible source of cellulose-based scaffolding for use in biomedical applications. After cuticle removal, an immersion decellularization technique utilizing sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and triton-X-100 was developed to successfully remove cellular and nuclear material while maintaining leaf parenchyma architecture. Histology, DAPI staining, scanning electron microscopy, and a notable decrease in leftover DNA content all demonstrated efficient decellularization. When contrasted with native leaves, the resultant decellularized C. longa leaf scaffolds showed significant increase in porosity, water vapor transmission rate and swelling percent, and significantly lower contact angle with an optimum surface roughness promoting cell adhesion. Mechanical test manifest higher tensile strength with decreased stiffness. Fourier transform infrared spectra of leaf scaffold reveals persistence of different components except cuticle but the intensity of different peaks was decreased. The leaf scaffolds showed superior hemocompatibility and excellent compatibility with Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) which is demonstrated by cell attachment and proliferation. MTT assay of seeded scaffold showed significantly higher metabolically active cell. In vivo subcutaneous implantation of decellularized scaffolds showed host tissue incorporation, accumulation of collagen, and neovascularization. C. longa leaf scaffolds can be utilized as cost effective and sustainable biomaterials for soft tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Curcuma↗

PubMed2026

Effects of phytosterols supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and metabolic outcomes in obese rodent models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to synthesize and quantitatively assess the available evidence on the effects of phytosterol supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and obesity-related metabolic outcomes in obese rodent models, integrating biochemical, histological, and molecular evidence. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science). Data on study design, population, intervention, outcomes, and risk of bias were extracted and analyzed. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed. Meta-analysis showed reductions in body weight, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, glucose, liver weight, hepatic cholesterol, hepatic triglycerides, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. No significant changes were observed for adiposity index, HDL-C, insulin, or hepatic expression of PPARα, FAS, and SREBP1c. Conversely, CPT1A expression was significantly increased following PS supplementation. Subgroup analyses indicated that the beneficial effects on lipid and hepatic outcomes were generally consistent across rodent species (mice, rats, and hamsters), obesity induction models, and routes of administration, although the magnitude of responses varied between strains, with C57BL/6 mice showing more pronounced metabolic improvements. Additional analyses suggested that treatment duration and phytosterol composition may modulate specific outcomes, whereas dose-response meta-regression identified dose-dependent associations for serum and hepatic cholesterol, and PPARα expression in dietary supplementation studies. Overall, the available preclinical evidence suggests that phytosterol supplementation may improve several metabolic and hepatic outcomes in rodent models of obesity. However, the substantial heterogeneity across studies highlights the need for standardized experimental protocols and future clinical studies before these findings can be translated to human health.

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PubMed2026

Quality assessment, prognostic factors, and biomarkers for brain tumor analysis: a comprehensive systematic review.

The brain tumors possess different causative factors and properties, making their diagnosis and treatment difficult. Growth of these cancers usually leads to compression of the adjacent nerves and obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, thus leading to increase in intracranial pressure. This affects the working of brain in many ways; thus, the difficulty involved in its treatment. With the improvements in technology in neuroimaging, including Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI), the diagnosis process has become easy. The effectiveness of any form of therapy in such patients depends primarily on their prognosis. While it is a common practice that physicians determine the prognosis of the disease by considering the age of the patient, histological grade of the tumor, and resection status, now this method has become more comprehensive by adding molecular signature and genetic analyses to the list of criteria. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows a reliable molecular classification. It increases the level of risk stratification, facilitating the application of therapies tailored to individual patients. Thus, molecular oncology has greatly changed our views on brain tumors' pathology and prognosis while neoadjuvant treatments aim at increasing the survival rate. On the other hand, radiogenomics is a field of study that combines non-invasive imaging phenotypes and genomic information in order to find unique molecular signatures of tumors without collecting samples from tumors. Molecular biomarkers are absolutely essential in the diagnosis of cancer, treatment monitoring, and recurrence of cancer. Advances in liquid biopsy technology, particularly the methods for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and Extracellular Vesicle (EV) based analysis, have enabled the possibility of non-invasive monitoring of the progression of the tumors over time. This review highlights key studies and important scientific works about imaging technologies, biomarkers, and prognostic factors of malignant brain tumors.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Fasting-refeeding regimes induce compensatory growth and muscle transcriptomic remodeling in juvenile Qihe gibel carp (Carassius gibelio var. Qihe).

Compensatory growth, an important adaptive response in fish, holds considerable potential for improving feeding efficiency in aquaculture. To identify an optimal fasting-refeeding strategy for juvenile Qihe gibel carp (Carassius gibelio var. Qihe) and to clarify the mechanisms underlying the compensatory growth, we divided two-month-old fish into four groups, namely S0 group (continuous feeding for 28 days), S2 group (4 cycles of 2-day fasting followed by 5-day refeeding), S4 group (fasting for 4 days followed by refeeding for 24 days), and S8 group (fasting for 8 days followed by refeeding for 20 days), then growth performance, muscle tissue morphology, biochemical responses, and muscle transcriptomic profiles under different feeding regimes were investigated. After a 28-day aquaculture experiment, fish in the S4 group exhibited significantly greater body length and weight than those in the S0, S2, and S8 groups, indicating over-compensatory growth. Histological analysis further showed that muscle growth in the S4 group was mainly associated with myofiber hyperplasia. Different feeding regimes also induced distinct changes in hepatic antioxidant and metabolic enzyme activities, as well as intestinal digestive enzyme activities. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathway was significantly enriched during compensatory growth. Key genes, including serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (sgk1) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (irs1), were predicted to play important roles in this process. Overall, these results indicate that fasting for 4 days followed by refeeding for 24 days (the S4 regime) is the optimal strategy for inducing compensatory growth in juvenile Qihe gibel carp. This study provides new insights into the morphological, physiological, and molecular basis of compensatory growth and offers a scientific foundation for developing efficient and sustainable feeding strategies for this species.

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