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6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Ethnic variation in peer influences on adolescent smoking.

Previous research has indicated that the influence of peers on adolescent smoking may differ across ethnic groups. Although many studies have focused on African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites, few studies have included Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and multi-ethnic adolescents as distinct groups. Using data from a statewide sample of 5870 eighth-grade adolescents in California, this study examined ethnic differences in the association between peer influence variables and smoking behavior and susceptibility. Informational peer influence (best friends' smoking behavior) and normative peer influence (prevalence estimates of peer smoking) were investigated. We hypothesized that informational peer influences would be stronger among Whites (whose families originate primarily from the individualistic cultures of the USA and Western Europe) than among Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and African Americans (whose families originate primarily from collectivist cultures). Conversely, we hypothesized that normative peer influences would be stronger among ethnic minority adolescents from collectivist cultural backgrounds than among Whites. Consistent with previous studies, friends' smoking and prevalence estimates of peer smoking were risk factors for past 30-day smoking and susceptibility to smoking across ethnic groups. The influence of friends' smoking behavior was stronger among Whites than among several other groups: Pacific Islanders, African Americans, and Hispanic/Latinos. The influence of prevalence estimates of peer smoking was stronger among Whites than among multiethnic adolescents. Results indicate that cultural factors may play a role in peer influences on smoking initiation. Smoking prevention interventions for adolescents should address the differences in peer influences across ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary preventive health care among injection drug users, other sustained drug users, and non-users.

The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between sustained illicit drug use and the utilization of primary preventive health care. Data from 1254 African-American, Hispanic/Latino, and non-Hispanic/Latino white men and women collected in 1996-1997 were analyzed to determine independent risk factors for the utilization of primary preventive health care that was not received as a result of seeking treatment for a specific health condition. When several demographic, health, and drug use variables were assessed in a logistic regression model, gender, ethnicity, health insurance status, drug use, and alcohol use were independently associated with primary preventive care. Women, Hispanic/Latinos, and persons who had health insurance were more likely to have received primary preventive health care while injection drug users, other sustained drug users, and "heavy" alcohol users were less likely to have used primary preventive health care services in the past year.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dental workforce trends and children.

Trends in the US dental workforce that may affect oral health services for children are reviewed. Overall, the number of graduates from dental schools has declined significantly over the past 13 years. Between 1986 and 1993, 6 dental schools have closed their doors, and one more has closed in 2001; only one new school opened during this time. The remaining US dental schools have experienced reductions in class sizes, and the percentage of graduating dentists declined by 40% between 1986 and 2000. Diversity in the dental profession also remains a concern. Less than 5% of incoming dental students are African American, and less than 5% are Hispanic/Latino. These percentages are far below the overall US population of African Americans (12%) and Hispanic/Latinos (11%). Currently, projections of future workforce needs are mixed and uncertain. The need for dental services is quite variable and is highly dependent on the economy. Good economic times tend to create a high demand for dental care. As the need for dental services increases, the greater the strain on the dental workforce. This decline in dental personnel and services may have far-reaching consequences among indigent populations, particularly for children from low-income families. Thus, the ability of the current workforce to respond to the dental needs of the US population is compromised by a number of factors. These factors may affect the ability of the workforce to respond to the needs of vulnerable populations; children with a high prevalence of dental caries present an especially daunting problem.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Infant sleep placement after the back to sleep campaign.

OBJECTIVES: The Back to Sleep campaign has been credited with recent declines in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. Using survey data for the 1996-1998 birth cohorts, this epidemiologic study examines infant sleep position in a large, population-based sample. DATA AND METHODS: Data concerning infant sleep position are drawn from the 1996-1998 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for 15 states. Weighted multiple logistic regression analysis is used to examine correlates of infant sleep position. RESULTS: The prevalence of prone infant sleeping significantly declined between 1996 and 1998 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.63, 0.78]). African Americans were more likely than non-Hispanic whites to sleep prone, (AOR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.33,1.59), and were less likely to sleep supine (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.57). Hispanic/Latinos were less likely overall than non-Hispanic whites to sleep prone (AOR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.95), but were also less likely to sleep supine (AOR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.87). Adherence to sleep position recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics increased sharply among Hispanic/Latino infants. Very low birth weight infants and infants in larger families were less likely to sleep in the recommended supine position. Infants born between 1001 and 1500 g (AOR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.57, 0.79), and extremely low birth weight infants between 500 and 1000 g (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.72) were especially unlikely to sleep supine. Infants in households with more than 3 other children (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.08, 2.74) were more likely to sleep prone. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of supine infant sleep increased between 1996 and 1998. Low adherence to sleep position recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics among African Americans, very low birth weight infants, and infants in large families remain public health concerns.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

Fostering academic success of Mexican Americans in a BSN program: an educational imperative.

Hispanic/Latinos are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S. and the most underrepresented in the U.S. nursing workforce. Although a body of knowledge is growing regarding factors that foster academic success of undergraduate nursing students of color, there is limited information about Hispanic students in general, and Mexican American students in particular in BSN programs. Explored in this qualitative study, were perceived influences of institutional and interpersonal factors on retention and graduation of nine Mexican American students from a predominantly White BSN program. The key findings include adequate financial assistance, maintaining bicultural relations, and experiencing authentic caring relationships from institutional agents, family, and peers as crucial factors in academic success. Recommendations for nursing faculty and administrators are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Gene by environment interaction effects on the metabolic subtype of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common polygenic endocrine disorder that is heterogenous in clinical presentation across genetic ancestry groups. PCOS is characterized by an array of symptoms such as hyperandrogenism, impaired mental health, and metabolic dysregulation. Studying the interaction of environmental factors (such as diet, physical activity, anxiety, and depression) with genetic variants on PCOS and its subtypes in populations with high cardiometabolic burden, e.g., Hispanic/Latinas, could aid in unraveling pathophysiological and genetic pathways through which PCOS functions. We sought to study gene by environment interactions with PCOS and its metabolic subtype (mPCOS) in a sample of US Hispanic/Latina female adults from the Hispanic Community Heath Study/Study of Latinos. In this large community-based study, we derived PCOS using self-reported condition and menstrual cycle information. We classified females with PCOS as having mPCOS if they had high metabolic impairment (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or body mass index higher than the 75th percentile). There were 451 individuals with PCOS and 221 of them had mPCOS in our sample. We found that PCOS and mPCOS were significantly associated with hyperglycemia and high triglycerides in this population. While a polygenic risk score derived in European ancestry did not generalize to Hispanic/Latina females with PCOS, we identified the best proxy genetic variants in this population in known PCOS regions and investigated their interactions with four environment variables (diet, physical activity, anxiety and depression). Associations with known PCOS loci were generalized in our study at STAG3L4 and CACNA1G genomic regions. We observed GxE interactions between variants in/near three genes and physical activity on PCOS and mPCOS, including FGGY, FAT1, and PTHLH. Additionally, we noted interactions between diet and a variant in FANCC on PCOS, and diet and a variant near CMAS on both PCOS and mPCOS. We also detected GxE interactions between anxiety and depression and a variant in FGGY on PCOS, and depression and a variant near FBP1 on mPCOS. Our results point to potential protective effects of physical activity in females with PCOS and could inform future research on the mitigating effects of lifestyle management on PCOS genetic risk in Hispanic/Latino populations.

GxE↗