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Results for “High Fertility Population”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Reproductive factors of ovarian and endometrial cancer risk in a high fertility population in Mexico.

A case-control study was carried out in Mexico City during 1995-1997 among women with epithelial ovarian cancer (84 cases) and endometrial cancer (85 cases). The control group consisted of 668 healthy women, matched according to age categories. In a multivariate analysis, the reproductive risk factors for ovarian and endometrial cancer are similar. The risk of ovarian cancer was inversely related to the number of full-term pregnancies; the odds ratio (OR) was 0.17 and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.05-0.54 when comparing nulliparous women versus those with more than seven pregnancies. For endometrial cancer, a similar association was observed (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.34). The use of oral contraceptive hormones was inversely associated with both ovarian (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15-0.83) and endometrial cancer risk (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.90). In women with a history of more than 8.7 years without ovulation, the risk of ovarian cancer decreased four times (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.50), and that of endometrial cancer decreased more than five times (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.08-0.35). These two neoplasms are clearly typified as hormone dependent, and it is possible to establish that "ovulation" and "exfoliative" mechanisms jointly determine the level of risk for both ovarian and endometrial cancer.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2002

Study of bias in antenatal clinic HIV-1 surveillance data in a high contraceptive prevalence population in sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns, sources and consequences of bias in antenatal clinic (ANC) HIV prevalence estimates in a high contraceptive prevalence population. BACKGROUND: HIV surveillance in Africa relies on data from pregnant women attending ANCs. HIV estimates from pregnant women understate female infection levels in low income, high fertility populations. Bias in high contraceptive use, delayed sexual debut populations remains undescribed. DESIGN AND METHOD: Comparison of parallel cross-sectional population and antenatal survey data from rural Zimbabwe, where 60% of women are recent contraceptive users. RESULTS: HIV prevalence in recently pregnant women (25.7%; n = 576) and all women (25.5%; n = 5138) is similar over the age-range 15-44 years. As in high fertility populations, HIV prevalence is higher in pregnant women at young ages and lower at older ages but the crossover point occurs later due to delayed sexual activity. HIV understatement at older ages due to HIV-associated infertility is mitigated by less HIV infection and less frequent ANC attendance in contraceptive users. The local ANC HIV prevalence estimate is lower [21.2%; n = 1215; risk ratio versus pregnant women in the general population, 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7-1.0], possibly because women from more remote areas are included. ANC estimates overstate the relative risk of HIV in more educated women (age-adjusted odds ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.4 versus 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: ANC estimates understate female HIV prevalence in this low fertility population but, here, the primary cause is not selection of pregnant women. ANC estimate adjustment procedures that control for contraceptive use and age at first sex are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Crossovers that link populations with the same vital rates.

"In this paper, we consider crossovers of demographic density distributions from...populations that have the same fertility and mortality rates. We focus on observed populations and their associated stationary and stable models, and on proportional distributions of persons, births, deaths and reproductive values.... Three different populations were selected to represent a range of demographic behavior. Those populations are Japan 1963, a low mortality, low fertility population; Togo 1961, a high mortality, high fertility population; and the United States 1919-1921, a population whose fertility and mortality are intermediate."

Africa↗
PubMed1987

Reproductive history and breast cancer in a population of high fertility, Costa Rica, 1984-85.

The relationship between breast cancer and women's reproductive history in Costa Rica was analyzed using logistic regression methods on data from 171 breast cancer cases and 826 population-based controls aged 25-58 years. The risk of breast cancer in nulliparous women under age 45 was 3 times that for parous women in the same age group. Women over 44 years of age with a parity greater than 4 had a risk of breast cancer of 0.3 compared to women of the same age but with a parity of 1-4. Neither breast-feeding nor birth interval showed an overall association with breast cancer independent of parity. Women with early age at first birth had a lower relative risk of breast cancer than women aged 20-24 at first birth, but only in two subgroups--women aged 45 and over and women with parity 1-4. Women without a completed pregnancy in the last 20 years had an elevated relative risk. However, results are not conclusive because some information is probably distorted by recall errors. Declines in fertility rates in the 1960s and 1970s may result in an increase of 30% in breast cancer incidence in Costa Rica between 1980 and the year 2000, according to the relative risks found in this study. In contrast, the effect of childlessness will probably not produce significant changes in national breast cancer trends.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Postnatal loss and the possible effect of overcrowding in a high fertility mouse population].

Mice characterized by a mean litter size of 17 pups in the first litter were held in cages of different size. No overcrowding effect on preweaning growth and survival rate have been found when the population was held in type I cages (195 cm2 bottom area) as compared with keeping in type II cages (416 cm2). The increased mortality during suckling is due to an insufficient lactation performance of the mothers.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility policy and family planning in the Arab countries.

An increasing number of Arab countries are instituting family planning programs to lower their populations' high fertility rates. This article examines Arab governments' perceptions of their countries' fertility situation, their desire to intervene in order to reduce or increase the rate of population growth, and the measures they have taken to influence the level of fertility. Special attention is given to family planning programs and access to methods of fertility regulation. A combination of stronger program effort and improved socioeconomic conditions account for much of the variation in contraceptive prevalence rates in 11 countries. Socioeconomic setting and political factors are found to be of primary importance in determining Arab fertility policies.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed2003

Testing evolutionary hypotheses about human biological adaptation using cross-cultural comparison.

Physiological data from a range of human populations living in different environments can provide valuable information for testing evolutionary hypotheses about human adaptation. By taking into account the effects of population history, phylogenetic comparative methods can help us determine whether variation results from selection due to particular environmental variables. These selective forces could even be due to cultural traits-which means that gene-culture co-evolution may be occurring. In this paper, we outline two examples of the use of these approaches to test adaptive hypotheses that explain global variation in two physiological traits: the first is lactose digestion capacity in adults, and the second is population sex-ratio at birth. We show that lower than average sex ratio at birth is associated with high fertility, and argue that global variation in sex ratio at birth has evolved as a response to the high physiological costs of producing boys in high fertility populations.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Fertility levels and trends in Arsi and Shoa regions of Central Ethiopia.

Levels and trends of fertility in the Arsi and Shoa regions of Central Ethiopia are examined, using data from the 1986 Population, Health and Nutrition baseline survey of the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. The population has high fertility. Total fertility of six children per woman in the late 1960s increased to eight children per woman in the early 1980s, then declined to seven children per woman in the mid-1980s. Urban fertility declined by a substantial amount during the 15 years before the survey while rural fertility increased during the same period. The implications of high fertility are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Significant effects of birth-related biological factors on pre-adolescent nutritional status among rural Sundanese in West Java, Indonesia.

The Sundanese inhabiting West Java, the second largest ethnic group in Indonesia, are characterized by a high prevalence of child malnutrition, together with high fertility. Based on an anthropometric measurement and interview survey of 310 children aged 5-12 years in a rural Sundanese village, this study examined the relative significance of the effects of eight biological, eight socioeconomic status (SES) and four health behavioural factors on their Z scores for height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) in particular. Three biological factors, i.e. birth interval, birth weight and mother's body weight, and one SES factor, i.e. mother's occupation, were selected as the predictors of the two Z scores by regression analysis, indicating more significant effects of the biological factors than the other factors. This pattern is judged to occur in less-developed and high-fertility populations. Since these two Z scores were worse in the subject children than in the under-5-year-old children from the same village, more attention should be paid to the long-lasting effects of birth-related biological factors up to pre-adolescent ages, as an insufficient nutritional status tends to damage growth and health in adolescence and adulthood.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1995

Recent trends and prospects in world population growth.

"This article assesses the causes of the stagnation in the declining trend in world population growth rates over the past decade. Three major factors have been identified as contributing to the stagnation: age structure, fertility trends in India and China, and the fact that although the number of developing countries with sustained declines in fertility levels rose sharply in the late 1960s and 1970s, it dropped off dramatically in the 1980s. Prospects for the growth rate in the 1990s favour a decline, owing to changes in the age structure and indications that China and India have resumed their fertility declines. However, there remain some populous developing countries that continue to have high levels of fertility. Fertility trends in those countries will have a certain influence on the world's growth rate."

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anticipated child loss to migration and sustained high fertility in an east Caribbean population.

Development today is commonly accompanied by rapid urbanization and, where possible, high rates of migration to industrialized countries. At the same time, the expected demographic transition has often not materialized despite decreases in death rates. Child-to-woman ratios in St. Vincent and the Grenadines are related to the educational attainment of women in a census district, the percentage of men engaged in agriculture, whether the district has direct access to the outside world through a port or airport, and, when the other variables are controlled, the stability of a district's population. Those districts with the greatest stability of population had the lowest child-to-woman ratios, suggesting that the anticipated loss of children to migration may be an important factor in maintaining high reproductive rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a case-control study in a young population with a high-fertility rate.

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is not a rare event. The association frequently imposes a management challenge. We intended to review the clinical features, therapy, and outcome of patients with PABC seen at a single institution over a five-year period and to compare those with that seen in a matched control group. Data of all patients with PABC diagnosed during pregnancy were retrospectively reviewed (Group I). For each patient in Group I, three matched controls with breast cancer without pregnancy were identified (matched for age, stage, and year of diagnosis, Group II). 72 patients in Group I and 216 in Group II were identified. Their median age was similar (34 vs 35 y, respectively). The median number of prior pregnancies for patients in Groups I and II was 5. Patients had shorter duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis as compared with their controls (5.6 vs 9.4 months, P < 0.0001). 3%, 31%, 40%, and 26% of patients had Stage I to IV, respectively. A pattern that was similar to that seen in our breast cancer population. Pregnancy was terminated in 34 patients (47%), while 38 (53%) had normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. 47 patients in Group I had surgery; 37 (52%) had modified radical mastectomy and 10 (14%) had conservative surgery. In 37 patients surgery was performed after termination of pregnancy and 10 had surgery performed during pregnancy. The median number of positive lymph nodes in Group I was 4 as compared with 2 for patients in Group II. No patients in Group I had systemic chemotherapy during first trimester, while only 4 (6%) and 3 (4%) received adjuvant or neoadjuvant during second and third trimester, respectively. No congenital malformation in the newborns was diagnosed. None of the patients in Group I received radiotherapy during pregnancy. Over a median of 47.5 months, 48 (67%) patients in Group I were alive as compared to 126 (58%) in Group II, with no difference in the median survival (P= 0.79). Comparing overall survival (OS) between the two groups stage for stage also showed no significant difference. Also there was no difference in progression-free survival between the two groups. Cox proportional hazard model identified advanced stage as the only independent adverse prognostic variable that influenced OS in Group I. Despite that this series included a relatively young population with a high fertility rate, the study confirmed the lack of a survival difference between patients with PABC and their matched controls.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Projecting Igbo population to the year 2000 and beyond.

"This study addresses the issues and the consequences of the growth of [the] Igbo population [of Nigeria] from the pre-colonial period to the year 2000 and beyond; it reveals that though the political crises of the Nigerian Civil War have reduced the tempo of the growth of the population, the high fertility rate observed in Igbo society will over time lead to a rapid recovery in the growth of the population." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Africa↗