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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

A dual long-term effect of breastfeeding on atopy in relation to heredity in children at 4 years of age.

BACKGROUND: The long-term effect of early feeding on atopic sensitization is still unsolved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effect of breastfeeding on atopy in groups of 4-year-old children stratified by atopic heredity. METHODS: We collected four groups of 4-year-old children from a birth cohort: two groups with differing backgrounds of atopic heredity, all exclusively breast-fed for at least 3 months; and two groups with differing atopic heredity, but all fed with cow's milk-based formula during their first weeks. The data were collected with a questionnaire, skin prick testing, and measurement of serum total and allergen-specific IgE levels. RESULTS: Breastfeeding significantly decreased the risk of allergic rhino-conjunctivitis [odds ratio (OR) 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18-0.95] and sensitization to furred pets, as measured by skin prick results, in children with atopic heredity, whereas in children without atopic heredity, breastfeeding was related to an increased risk of symptomatic atopy (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.16-5.70), and high serum IgE values. A significant interaction was found between heredity and breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term effect of breastfeeding was dual: in children with atopic heredity, breastfeeding protected against atopy, whereas in children without atopic heredity, it increased the risk of atopy.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Heredity for hypertension influences intra-uterine growth and the relation between fetal growth and adult blood pressure.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether heredity for hypertension influences intra-uterine growth and the relationship between fetal growth and adult blood pressure. DESIGN: Five-year prospective follow-up study with retrospective collection of data on size at birth and gestational age from obstetric records. SETTING: Centre of preventive medicine in Malmo, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Thirty normotensive men with and 27 without heredity for hypertension were investigated in 1990, and the majority (n = 28 and n = 20, respectively) in 1995 also. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two measures of intra-uterine growth were compared between the groups and related to adult systolic blood pressure: the birth weight deviation from the expected birth weight based on ultrasonically derived intra-uterine growth curves, and the degree of thinness at birth (ponderal index = weight/length3). RESULTS: The birth weight deviation in men with heredity for hypertension differed significantly from that in men without such heredity (%) (-6.9+/-12.0 versus +7.3+/-18.4; P = 0.002). Ponderal index was somewhat lower in the men with than in those without heredity for hypertension, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (kg/m3) (25.9+/-2.6 versus 27.0+/-2.2; P = 0.08). In the group with heredity for hypertension, systolic blood pressure correlated inversely with ponderal index both in 1990 (r = -0.44; P = 0.01) and 1995 (r = -0.49; P = 0.009), and the 5-year increase in systolic blood pressure correlated inversely with the birth weight deviation (r = -0.38; P = 0.04). No such correlations were found in the group without heredity for hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that genetic factors contributing to the development of hypertension may influence intra-uterine growth.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The frame of non-canonical theory of heredity: from genes to epigenes].

Particular theory of heredity that exceeds the limits of mendelian genetics is suggested. The model based on five sufficiently obvious assumptions (accepted as axioms) As consequence of these axioms the strict statements concerningfunctional heredity memory were formulated in mathematical terms. Molecular-genetic realization of the memory cells appears as new class of heredity units--epigenes. In the epigenes part f hereditary information is contained, encoded and transmitted beyond the primary structure of DNA molecules of genome. Epigenes capable to conserve sequences of genes functional states in the course of ontogenesis and provide transmission of information contained in this states throw consequent generations. It was shown that epigenes differ from genes at least by encoding method of heredity information. There are three functional-equivalent classes of really existing epigenes mechanisms: dynamic, modificational and transpositional; and there is one hypothetical class--invertional. It was shown that a lot of experimental data concerning epigenetic mechanism of heredity is in accord with theoretical conclusions concerning epigenes existence. Moreover, we constructed an artificial epigenes by genetic engineering methods. The existence of epigenes means that obtaining complete genome sequence, its physical and genetic maps, as well as distinguishing the rules of genes function encoding by its primary structure do not provide complete decoding of hereditary information. The role of epigenes in ontogenesis and phylogenesis was examined. It was shown that even elementary epigenetic systems could determine key ontogenesis events. Epigenetic system could serve as the basis of non-darwinian evolutionary strategies by means of "memorization of rather unsuccessfully steps of evolution" and conservation of alternative variants of ontogenesis. Teleonomic hypothesis on functional heredity memory was formulated. This theory provides explanation of phenomena of acquired features inheritance and molecular mechanisms of stress-induced evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

In the cradle of heredity; French physicians and l'hérédité naturelle in the early 19th century.

This paper argues that our modern concept of biological heredity was first clearly introduced in a theoretical and practical setting by the generation of French physicians that were active between 1810 and 1830. It describes how from a traditional focus on hereditary transmission of disease, influential French medical men like Esquirol, Fodéré, Piorry, Lévy, moved towards considering heredity a central concept for the conception of the human bodily frame, and its set of physical and moral dispositions. The notion of heredity as a natural force, with a wide ranging capabilities of transmitting differentially both fundamental and accidental characters was generalized by that generation of physicians with the help of contemporary naturalists and physiologists. By 1830 the term hérédité was widespread, and it shared the explanatory and semantic qualities of traditional medical concepts like constitution and temperament. An analysis is given of the main developments that led to the conception of biological (including human) bodies as consisting of a layered, hierarchical organization of characters, differentially affected by the law of conservation (Heredity) and change (Inneity, Variation). The mid-century work of the French physician Prosper Lucas, Traité Philosophique et Physiologique de L' Hérédité Naturelle, is shown to be the culmination of the efforts of several generations of French physicians towards having a feasible, complexly structured notion of how heredity works.

Books↗
PubMed2002

The influence of heredity for psoriasis on the ILAR classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how heredity for psoriasis influences classification according to the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR). Heredity for psoriasis is currently both an exclusion and an inclusion criterion for different types of childhood arthritis according to ILAR classification criteria. METHODS: Twenty physicians in 5 Nordic countries prospectively collected data from the incident cases in their catchment areas over an 18 month period beginning July 1, 1997. Clinical and serological data from the first year of disease were collected. RESULTS: Of the 321 patients included who could be classified according to ILAR criteria for childhood arthritis, 50 (15.6%) patients were excluded from 55 classification events and fulfilled criteria for "other arthritis 1" i.e., did not fulfill criteria for any of the other classification categories, primarily because of heredity for psoriasis. If psoriasis in second degree relatives was disregarded as an exclusion criterion, only 8.7% of the patients remained in the "other arthritis 1" subgroup. For 20.6% of the whole group, heredity for psoriasis in a first or second degree relative (or both) and its distribution among arthritis subgroups did not differ except for juvenile psoriatic arthritis. CONCLUSION: We suggest that second degree heredity for psoriasis be withdrawn as an exclusion criterion from the ILAR criteria.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗
PubMed1979

T lymphocytes and blood eosinophils in early infancy in relation to heredity for allergy and type of feeding.

T lymphocytes in 50 one-month-old infants were determined and correlated to heredity for allergy, blood eosinophil counts, and type of feeding. It was found that infants with heredity for atopy had significantly lower relative numbers of T lymphocytes than infants without heredity (p less than 0.05). This difference was particularly obvious in heredity for asthma on the paternal side (p equals 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between T lymphocyte counts and blood eosinophil counts in infants who were cow's milk-fed; i.e., low T lymphocyte counts were associated with high blood eosinophil counts (r = -0.59, p less than 0.01). T lymphocyte counts were not correlated to the type of feeding, whereas blood eosinophils were significantly higher in the cow's milk-fed than in the breast-fed group (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that atopic allergy may be associated with a genetically determined lymphocyte defect.

Asthma↗
PubMed2001

Influence of atopic heredity on IL-4-, IL-12- and IFN-gamma-producing cells in in vitro activated cord blood mononuclear cells.

Several reports have claimed that there is a greater risk for a child with an atopic mother to develop allergy as compared to a child with an atopic father. This suggests that the fetal environment during pregnancy might be of importance for the development of atopic disease. Both proliferative and cytokine responses have been detected in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) after stimulation with allergens, suggesting allergen priming already in utero. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the atopic status of the mother influences cytokine production by CBMC. We compared interleukin (IL)-4, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing CBMC from children with double atopic heredity (dh), maternal atopic heredity only (mh) or no atopic heredity (nh). CBMC were stimulated in vitro with allergens (birch, ovalbumin and cat), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or purified protein derivative (PPD) and cytokine-producing cells were measured by the enzyme-linked immunospot assay. In response to PHA, the frequency of IL-4-producing cells, as well as the ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma-producing cells, were significantly higher in the dh group compared to the nh group. High numbers of IL-12-producing cells in response to allergens were detected, significantly highest in the nh group, followed by the dh and mh groups. Our results suggest that there is a stronger Th2 bias after in vitro stimulation of CBMC from children with atopic heredity, as reflected by higher IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios in response to PHA, and lower numbers of IL-12-producing cells after allergen stimulation. Whether these differences influence later allergy development will be evaluated when the atopic status of the children is assessed at 2 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between hypodontia in the second premolar region and heredity of cleft, lip and palate in children with isolated cleft palate.

The aim of the investigation was to study the relationship between hypodontia in the second premolar region and heredity of cleft lip and palate (CLP) in children with isolated cleft palate (CP). The following null-hypothesis was tested: The heredity for CLP will not give rise to higher prevalence of hypodontia in the second premolar region of the maxilla and the mandible in CP-patients. The material consisted of 188 children born with non-syndromic CP (77 boys and 111 girls). Surgical files initiated at birth and panoramic radiographs at ten years of age have been studied concerning heredity for CLP and hypodontia of second premolars. For all CP-children, irrespective of hereditary background the prevalence of second premolar hypodontia did not differ significantly. However, there was a tendency to higher prevalence of hypodontia of the lower second premolars. The null-hypothesis: The heredity for CLP will not give rise to higher prevalence of hypodontia in the second premolar region of the maxilla and the mandible in CP-patients was not rejected.

Anodontia↗
PubMed1981

[The cardiovascular risk profile in patients with disorders of glucose tolerance (borderline diabetes) dependent on the heredity of the diabetes].

In the statement of the profile of the cardiovascular risk of 1,780 persons evaluable data on a probable heredity of diabetes of 1st degree were got. Taking into consideration the same age groups no differences could be found concerning the heredity of diabetes between persons with carbohydrate tolerance lying in the borderline region (oral glucose tolerance test in the modification of the European study group for epidemiology of diabetes) and newly detected diabetics, whereas normal persons showed significantly more infrequently an occurrence of diabetes in near relatives. Taking into consideration the same age and sex of the comparative couples (150 biostatistic twins each) borderline diabetics with and without heredity of diabetes had an identical profile of risk with restriction to 5 generally accepted cardiovascular sizes of influence (overweight, hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia). An existing heredity of diabetes does not increase the signs of risk associated with the carbohydrate intolerance.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Human genetics and politics as mutually beneficial resources: The case of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics during the Third Reich.

This essay analyzes one of Germany's former premier research institutions for biomedical research, the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWIA) as a test case for the way in which politics and human heredity served as resources for each other during the Third Reich. Examining the KWIA from this perspective brings us a step closer to answering the questions at the heart of most recent scholarship concerning the biomedical community under the swastika: (1) How do we explain why the vast majority of German human geneticists and eugenicists were willing to work for the National Socialist state and, at the very least, legitimized its exterminationist racial policy; and (2) what accounts for at least some of Germany's most renowned medically trained professionals' involvement in forms of morally compromised science that wholly transcend the bounds of normal scientific practice? Although a complete answer to this question must await an examination of other German biological research centers, the present study suggests that during the Nazi period the symbiotic relationship between human genetics and politics served to radicalize both. The dynamic between the science of human heredity and Nazi politics changed the research practice of some of the biomedical sciences housed at the KWIA. It also simultaneously made it easier for the Nazi state to carry out its barbaric racial program leading, finally, to the extermination of millions of so-called racial undesirables.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2004

[Graft hybridization and the specificity of heredity in fruit trees].

Emphatically discusses the relationship between graft hybridization and the specificity of heredity in fruit trees on the basis of introducing the recent achievements in plant graft hybridization. We propose that genetic materials in rootstock being translocated and integrated into the genome of the germ cells and embryonic cells in scion are the main reasons why the majority of the hybrid seedlings have wild properties and the heredity of fruit trees violate Mendel's laws of heredity. The potential of graft hybridization in fruit breeding are also discussed.

Austria↗
PubMed1997

Some history of heredity-vs-environment, genetic inferiority at Harvard (?), and The (incredible) Bell Curve.

This article discusses some historical and intellectual roots of American behaviorism in psychology and its anti-heredity, environmentalist bias, as well as the early 'justification' for pure line theory in genetics and some interrelations between the two fields. Next, I discuss the heritability concept, its promotion, its critique and the importance of distinguishing it from, rather than confusing or conflating it with, the heredity concept. Then, briefly I consider some of the history and problems associated with the intelligence concept, as well as the capital importance of biological controls in studies of human heredity. And finally, I document the incredibility of the The Bell Curve and the appalling inadequacy of its reception.

Environment↗