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Being born to an alcoholic parent clearly raises the risk that a man will become an alcoholic, as shown by studies of adopted sons of alcoholic and nonalcoholic biologic parents. Being raised by an alcoholic parent, however, seems not to increase this risk. Alcoholics may possess some sort of biochemical tolerance for alcohol, perhaps based on more efficient detoxification mechanisms than those of moderate drinkers.
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A pedigree from Hazaribagh District of Bihar (india) with 12 stammerers spread over five generations was analysed for the mode of inheritance of stuttering. A predisposition seems to be a prerequisite for its occurrence. The relative roles of heredity an environment in the expression of stammering were evaluated. Transmission appears to be by a dominant autosomal. Variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance as well as partial sex-limitation as other causes have also been considered.
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A study was carried out on mechanisms, independent of activated Factor XI, capable of activating Factor IX. The reaction product of tissue factor and Factor VII functioned as a potent Factor IX activator in the assay system used. Activated Factor IX itself activated Factor X; thrombin failed to activate Factor IX. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed that the reaction product of tissue factor and Factor VII activated Factor IX, with replacement of the band corresponding to native factor IX [molecular weight (Mr) 55,000] by bands corresponding to the heavy chain (Mr 27,000) and light chain (Mr 17,000) of activated Factor IX. When either Factor VII or calcium ions were left out of incubation mixtures, the band of native Factor IX persisted unchanged. Contact of blood with tissue factor represents a second mechanism, bypassing activated Factor XI, for the activation of Factor IX during hemostasis. It may help to explain the discrepancy between the mild bleeding of hereditary Factor XI deficiency and the severe bleeding of hereditary Factor IX deficiency.
The role of hereditary factors in the etiology of cancer is difficult to prove. However, one may precise a hereditary relationship in those cancers which are either transmitted as a monofactorial trait, or secondary to a hereditary disease, or linked to a genetic marker. Most often, it is necessary to fall back on familial investigations, which may sometimes indicate an excess of familial cases. However, a familial concentration of certain cancers may also be due to hereditary factors, as well as to a common environment.