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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Hepatitis transmission in marmosets.

The Barker and Berlin strains of hepatitis agent were serially passaged in cotton-topped marmosets, but attempts to isolate a new strain were unsuccessful. Cross-protection tests suggested that the Barker and Berlin agents were serologically related, but normal human immunoglobulin did not protect animals against the Berlin agent. The difficulties encountered in working with captured wild marmosets were considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Non-A, non-B hepatitis transmission in chimpanzees: a project of the transfusion-transmitted viruses study group.

Experimental transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis was apparently accomplished in 5 chimpanzees following inoculation with presumably infectious human sera. Administration of sera from implicated donors with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values, as well as from those with abnormal ALT levels, resulted in the development of ALT abnormalities in the inoculated chimpanzees. Transmission from donors with normal ALT values implies that healthy carriers of non-A, non-B virus exist. Evidence is presented which indicates that a period of viremia precedes the clinical illness by at least 12 days.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1976

The clinical problem of hepatitis transmission;.

Although blood banks in this country have been testing every unit of blood for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) by one of the highly sensitive "third generation" methods (radioimmunoassay or reversed passive hemagglutination) since September, 1975, post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) still remains the major hazard to patients who require transfusion with blood and blood products. Since there may be an interval of many months between transfusion and onset of PTH and many cases are subclinical, the best data on the incidence of PTH have come from prospective studies with careful follow-up of transfused patients. Such studies first established the validity of HBSAg as a marker for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and they have shown a dramatic reduction in the incidence of post-transfusion type B hepatitis following the elemination of HBSAg positive blood from transfusion. Nevertheless, PTH cases not associated with HBV or HAV, which are termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, continue to occur commonly among transfused patients. Non-A, non-B hepatitis appears to be subclinical in many instances, but it can produce prolonged persistence of abnormal liver function tests, which may be associated with chronic liver disease. The outstanding risk factor responsible for the development of PTH has been shown to be blood from paid donors in every study which has evaluated this factor. HBSAg and anti-HBS prevalences were found to be much higher in paid donor groups than in voluntary donors. Accordingly, the Food and Drug Administration has proposed that all units of blood be labeled to indicate whether they were collected from voluntary or paid donors in order to inform consumers of the relative hepatitis risks of blood units from these different donor populations. In addition to HBSAg testing and reduced use of blood from paid donors, measures which may provide future reduction of the hepatitis hazard associated with blood transfusion include avoidance of unnecessary transfusions, identification of the agent(s) responsible for non-A non-B hepatitis and development of tests for these agents, idenfification and avoidance of blood from donors implicated in PTH cases, development of methods for immunizing transfused patients against the various agents responsible for PTH, and use of frozen-washed red blood cells for transfusion. Efforts to develop and/or evaluate these various approaches are currently being actively pursued in many laboratories.

Blood Donors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Problems with a walking donor transfusion program.

A walking donor transfusion program is outlined in detail. A total of 205 transfusions from 72 walking donors were given to 57 newborns in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit over a nine-month period. The average recipient weighed 1,762 g and the average transfusion was 15 ml of blood. Because a suitable walking donor was not always available when a transfusion was needed, 19 units of regular adult blood were also used to support the program. No immediate or delayed transfusion reactions were noted, but one fatal incident of serum hepatitis transmission occurred. Our experience suggests that a walking donor program carries an inherent significant risk of transmission of hepatitis and alternative methods with strict blood bank control are needed to assure maximum safety in neonatal transfusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Is there a risk of transmitting hepatitis by gastroduodenoscopy?].

Among 211 patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy five had been carriers of Australia antigen. The same instrument had been used on all, and follow-up examination was carried out two and four months after the gastroscopy. Twelve patients died during the follow-up period of their original disease. Two additional patients became Australia-antigen positive. One of these had liver cirrhosis. In the other, surgery with multiple infusions of albumin had been carried out after gastroscopy and could have been the cause of the Australia-antigen transmission. No proven case of hepatitis transmission occurred in this group of patients.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1975

Blood--its derivatives and its problems--factor VIII.

Unfortunately, all of the problems of the hemophiliac have not been solved by the availability of concentrated factor VIII products. Patients still are faced with the crippling effects of arthritis, problems with employment, problems with ignorance (both medical and lay), and an increased risk of premature death even in a sophisticated, treatment-oriented, community (Table 3). It can only be hoped that we can solve the problems of hepatitis transmission, availability, and economics so that concentrated forms of factor VIII can be made available to all patients with hemophilia. It seems appropriate to suggest that our severely affected patients should be placed on some prophylactic programs, since this would ease most of the long-term psychologic and physical disabilities common to this disease.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1975

Can the blood-transmitted hepatitis problem be solved?

Of the approaches presently available for prevention of blood-transmitted hepatitis, most clearly effective is the avoidance of high-risk donor populations, such as most paid commercial donors. It should be emphasized that even after screening for hepatitis B antigen most paid donor blood carries with it a five-ten times higher risk of transmitting hepatitis than volunteer donor blood. Hepatitis B screening is certainly the next most useful approach. However, it has been pointed out that even with the most sensitive of current assays, as much as two-thirds of infective blood may not be eliminated. In part this is due to failure to detect hepatitis B antige, which may be detectable by such currently investigational approaches as selective antibody inhibition or testing for Core antibody. However, a major factor is the inability of hepatitis B screening to eliminate all infectious blood appears to be due to the existence of viruses other than hepatitis B that play a major role in blood-transmitted hepatitis. Tests for detection of carriers of this virus, or viruses, remain to be developed. Improved reporting of hepatitis cases with investigation and registration of implicated donors may provide an additional means for reducing the incidence of hepatitis transmission. The efficiency of additonal approaches, such as transaminase screening of donors and passive or active immunization, remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Technetium-99m-human fibrinogen.

Exogenous fibrinogen has been successfully labeled with 99mTc using a modified electrolytic method. The exact labeling mechanism has not been determined. Experimental data suggest that the labeling process of 99mTc-fibrinogen is quite similar to that of 99mTc-human serum albumin as reported earlier by Benjamin. Technetium-99m-fibrinogen is stable in human plasma or in 1% buffered human serum albumin. A binding efficiency of 76% has been achieved with approximately 25% clottable protein. The entire labeling procedure requires less than 1 hr of preparation time. This short labeling time in a closed system may allow development of a practical method for labeling autologous fibrinogen, thus eliminating the risk of hepatitis transmission.

Fibrinogen↗
PubMed1975

[Clinical use of factor IX concentrates].

Factor IX concentrates are of paramount importance in the treatment of hemophilia B. Growing reports of thromboembolic complications and of disseminated intravascular coagulation, coupled with the danger of hepatitis transmission, suggest that the concentrates should be primarily reserved for the treatment of hemophilia B. Concise guidelines for treatment are presented.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation↗
PubMed1979

Controlling post-transfusion hepatitis: a proposal to publicize hepatitis rates of transfusion facilities.

A federal requirement that donor blood be labelled as either "paid" or "volunteer" took effect on May 15, 1978. A major rationale for requiring such labelling is that physicians, now that they can distinguish between categories of blood, will fear liability for post-transfusion hepatitis resulting from the use of paid blood. Thus, supporters of the labelling requirement hope that it will deter the use of high-risk commercial blood. Some paid blood, however, is not commercial blood and in fact may be safer than volunteer blood. The labelling strategy for hepatitis control, therefore, has negative as well as positive attributes. This Article considers the efficacy of blood labelling as a hepatitis control measure and proposes an alternative strategy--the periodic publicizing of hepatitis rates of facilities that perform transfusions--that, if practiced responsibly, could significantly decrease hepatitis transmission rates.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1975

Frozen-thawed red cells--standard article for hospital use?

The freezing and storing of glycerol protected red cells allows the present 20---40 day limitation of red cell storage to be indefinitely lengthened. Although frozen thawed cells are more expensive to prepare than ordinary packed cells, the longer shelf-life of the red cells, the reduced risk of hepatitis transmission, and the reduction of immunization against leuko- and thrombocytes, are all advantages which out-weighed this additional cost. To effect an increase in their use, frozen thawed cells could be distributed from central blood banks to hospitals were they would be stored until needed for transfusion. Thawing and washing would necessarily be done by the hospital blood bank personnel.

Blood Banks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of sexual transmission in the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in black South Africans.

The role of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in Black South Africans was evaluated by a seroprevalence study of sentinel populations at varying risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies was found to be 1.8% in an STD clinic sample of 272, 0.7% in a family planning sample of 148, 3.3% in a sample of 246 'blue collar' workers (81% of rural origin), and 0.9 in a sample of 117 new blood donors. All samples were from Black adults. The differences between them were not significant (P = 0.2348). In contrast, the prevalence of anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in the STD sample (5.5%) was statistically significantly different (P = 0.00095) from the family planning clinic sample (1.4%) and the blue collar sample (0.8%) as well as from the reported prevalence for black blood donors in the Johannesburg area (0.7%). No evidence supporting a role for sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus was found, while the prevalence of infection appeared to be higher in rural populations and in males. These features are similar to hepatitis B in this population.

Adolescent↗