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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Scorpion venom peptides: Novel therapeutic approaches for inflammatory and hepatic disorders.

Chronic hepatic disorders, such as metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), alcohol associated liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B virus [HBV]/Hepatitis C virus [HCV]), are primarily driven by persistent immune-mediated inflammation and hepatic stellate cell activation leading to fibrosis, yet conventional therapies lack tissue and molecular specificity. Scorpion venom peptides, refined through evolutionary selection, provide highly potent, target specific scaffolds capable of modulating intrahepatic inflammatory networks. Recent in vivo preclinical studies indicate that voltage gated potassium (Kv1.3) channel blocking peptides, such as BmKK2, significantly reduce macrophage activation and inhibit downstream cytokine production, effectively ameliorating diet-induced steatohepatitis and tissue scarring in murine models. Engineered hepatotropic candidates, such as Smp76 and Mucroporin-M1, demonstrate dual therapeutic functions: they neutralize extracellular Hepatitis C particles and suppress key host transcription factors necessary for Hepatitis B replication. This review systematically examines scorpion venom peptides organized by disease category, covering their historical development, structural classification into disulfide-bridged and non-disulfide-bridged families, ion channel specificity, hepatic anti-inflammatory and antiviral mechanisms, and translational challenges including nano-formulation delivery strategies and computational drug design. These target-specific peptides are ultimately positioned as promising molecular leads that may bridge targeted immunomodulation with the resolution of chronic, progressive liver injury.

Anti-inflammatory effects↗
PubMed1975

alpha-fetoprotein in noneoplastic hepatic disorders.

Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 473 patients with biopsy-proved noneoplastic hepatic disorders; 22% had values greater than 40 ng/ml, whereas only 1 of 350 patients with nonhepatic benign diseases had a value greater than this. Levels exceeded 40 ng/ml in more than 30% of patients with various types of hepatitis, and in 0% to 15% with inactive postnecrotic cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, biliary tract obstruction, and alcoholic liver disease. Values greater than 500 mg/ml were observed solely in viral subacute hepatic necrois. Only one patient had a level exceeding 3,000 ng/ml, the concentration at which alpha-fetoprotein is detectable by agar-gel diffusion. Of 75 patients with hepatoma, serum alpha-fetoprotein levels exceeded 40 ng/ml in 69%, and exceeded 3,000 ng/ml in 48%. These studies indicate that serum alpha-fetoprotein levels are elevated in several nonneoplastic hepatic disorders when a sensitive assay is used; this phenomenon may reflect hepatic regeneration.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Demonstration of antibody for glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in chronic hepatic disorders.

The present paper describes the detection of an autoantibody for glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in sera of patients with chronic hepatic disorders. In 16 out of 500 patients, the existence of an antibody for pig GPT was demonstrated by the double antibody method, gel filtration and radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The antibody was demonstrated as an immunoglobulin G (IgG) with either polyclonal or monoclonal type (kappa or lambda). The binding portion of IgG with GPT was determined as the fragment Fab, but not Fc of IgG. Because the binding of 125I-pig GPT with the patient's antibody was displaced by human GPT, this antibody may have the characteristic of cross reacting with both pig and human GPT. Although the mechanism of production of the antibody for GPT and the pathological significance of the antibody in chronic hepatic disorders remained obscure, possible inhibition of GPT activity in serum is suggested in the presence of this antibody.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of a titrated extract of Centella asiatica in chronic hepatic disorders (author's transl)].

The authors report their preliminary results of a study of the possible therapeutic activity of a titrated extract of Centella asiatica in chronic hepatic disorders. Early results are encouraging, especially from a histological point of view, where improvement in the criteria evaluated was noted in 5 of the 12 patients treated for the longest time. These results have to be assessed in a critical manner until confirmation is obtained by complementary studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Studies on lysosomes in hepatic disorders (author's transl)].

Lysosome are subcellular particles in which several acid hydrolases of various specificities are localized. The role of lysosome in cellular physiology and pathology has drawn considerable recent attention by several groups of investigators. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of lysosomal enzymes--acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase--in hepatic disorders. 1) The serum levels of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were significantly elevated in patients with diseases of the hepatobiliary system. 2) N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in urine specimens from patients with diseases of the hepatobiliary system was found to be significantly higher than in urine specimens from normal adults. 3) Male albino rats of 150 approximately 200 g body weight were used. CCl4 was injected intraperitoneally (dose 0.1 ml of CCl4 per 100 g body weight twice a week for eight weeks). The free activities of lysosomal enzyme were increased and high free/total activity ratios were found in the liver lysosomal fraction of CCl4 intoxicated rats. The results of these experiment indicated that the membranes of lysosome were more permeable to their enzymes, and the release of these enzymes were found in the experimental fatty liver by CCl4. 4) Corticosteroids and chloroquine stabilized rat liver lysosome in vitro from the labilizing influence of incubation at 37 degrees C. 5) The administration of chloroquine to CCl4 intoxicated rats did not cause any well-expressed stabilization of lysosomes. 6) When alpha-Tocopherol was administrated to CCl4 intoxicated rats, the decrease of bound activity and increase of free activity in lysosomal fraction, and increase of acid hydrolases, GOT and GPT in serum were inhibited.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropathy in hepatic disorders. A clinical, electrophysiological and histopathological appraisal.

The present study deals with 30 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and 12 patients with infective hepatitis who were studied clinically, neurophysiologically and histopathologically for the presence of neuropathy. Simultaneously, 13 healthy individuals were evaluated as controls. Clinical evidence of neuropathy was found in 63.3% of the patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in 16.6% of the patients with infective hepatitis. In hepatic cirrhosis, the conduction velocities were abnormal in 33.3% and histopathological demyelination was found in 80% of the patients. In infective hepatitis, on the other hand, altered nerve conduction velocities were found in 41.6% and segmental demyelination in 75% of the patients. Our data reveal that peripheral nerve involvement is seen both in chronic and acute liver disorders. The neuropathy in hepatic cirrhosis is unrelated to diabetes, alchoholism or portacaval shunt and may be due to unknown metabolic abnormality or to toxins. In infective hepatitis, the neuropathy may either be due to some acute metabolic derangement or may be purely viral in origin.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Role of the spleen in hepatic disorders--experimental study from the viewpoint of antigen antibody reaction.

Experimental studies, using albino rabbits, showed that following the sensitization with histamine and homologous liver antigen conspicuous liver injury, closely resembling chronic active hepatitis, which progressed into liver cirrhosis with pseudolobulus formation, could be induced. The splenic weight, obtained after the administration of several hepato-toxic substances, had intimate relation with serum gammaglobulin levels. Furthermore, in a group in which splenectomy was performed after the development of hypergammaglobulinemia, serum gammaglobulin resulted in a rebound increase in comparison with extremely low level of serum gammaglobulin in a group in which splenectomized prior to sensitization. These results may suggest that (1) autoallergic mechanism should never be ignored. (2) splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases should not be considered from hemodynamic disturbance alone, but one of the important reacting sites where many factors including antigen antibody reaction are involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Experimental and clinical studies on ribosephosphate isomerase (author's transl)].

In order to know the clinical significance of serum ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI), the activity of this enzyme was determined in sera of normal subjects and patients with hepatic disorders or malignant tumors. Experimentally, the enzyme activity in sera and liver tissue was followed in rats with acute hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or rats with hepatoma induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB). The following results were obtained: 1) Serum RPI activity increased markedly in rats with CCl4-induced liver damage, whereas the activity in liver tissue decreased, both being related with reciprocally. 2) In the early phase of acute hepatitis, serum RPI activity increased and gradually decreased thereafter. No significant increase was observed in other hepatic disorders. 3) Both serum and liver RPI activity increased in rats with hepatoma induced by 3'-Me-DAB. 4) An increase in serum RPI activity was seen in higher percentage in cancer patients. Higher enzyme activity and its higher incidence were observed in patients with hepatic metastasis or primary hepatoma than in patients without metastasis. From these results it is concluded that serum RPI activity as a diagnostic aid is useful in estimating clinical course of hepatic disorders and also in diagnosing malignant tumors, especially in substantiating a diagnosis of metastasis to the liver.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Relationship of hepatitis B surface antigen to serum alpha-fetoprotein in nonmalignant diseases of the liver.

Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 89 healthy adult Chinese, 170 patients with histologically verified non-malignant liver diseases, and 14 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers with normal liver histology. In 97% of the healthy adults, AFP levels were under 20 ng/ml, which is then regarded as the normal upper limit. Cases with supranormally elevated AFP levels ranged from 15-51% in chronic hepatic disorders and were 33% in acute hepatitis. None of the healthy HBsAg carriers had abnormal AFP level. HBs antigenemia was found to be related to AFP elevation in chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and acute hepatitis but not in chronic persistent hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers. The correlation could be demonstrated only when the sensitive third generation test was employed to define seropositivity of HBsAg. Events after hepatic injury induced by hepatitis B virus, rather than the HBs antigenemia itself, are probably responsible for the association. Whether the association of HBsAg and elevated serum AFP in these nonmalignant hepatic disorders contributes to the higher risk of subsequent development of hepatocarcinoma in Taiwan is unknown and requires further long-term longitudinal study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Pulmonary and hepatic granulomatous disorders due to the inhalation of cement and mica dusts.

Hepatic and pulmonary granulomas were recognised in two workers exposed respectively to Portland cement and to muscovite dusts. The pulmonary lesions in the patient exposed to cement consisted of histiocytic granulomas and irregular fibrohyaline scars, and in the patient exposed to mica of a diffuse thickening of all interalveolar septa due to new formation of reticulin and collagen fibres and proliferation of fibroblasts and histiocytes. In the liver the following pathological findings were observed: focal or diffuse swelling of sinusoidal lining cells, sarcoid-type granulomas, and, in the case of mica exposure, perisinusoidal and portal tract fibrosis. Abundant inclusions of the inhaled material were identified within the pulmonary and hepatic lesions by histochemical and x-ray diffraction techniques.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1977

Structure and function of alpha-fetoprotein.

AFP is one of several oncofetal proteins synthesized in large amounts by the fetus. Although synthesis drops markedly shortly after birth, small amounts of AFP continue to be produced in the adult. The function of AFP is unknown, but recent studies suggest the possibility that it may have immunoregulatory properties and/or may influence cell proliferation and growth. The high affinity of AFP for estrogen could have important biological functions, although the significance of this binding has not yet been clearly defined. Elevated levels of AFP are seen in a variety of clinical situations, including pregnancy; hepatic disorders, especially chronic hepatitis; and various malignancies, particularly hepatomas, teratomas, and those of primitive gut origin. It is also produced in murine GVH reactions and in lymphomas, both in mice and humans. In human and murine lymphomas, and murine GVH reactions, the presence of AFP-positive cells and immune suppression are highly correlated, but the role of these in the pathogenesis of the diseases is as yet unclear. It appears, however, that AFP may be produced locally in lymphoid tissues involved in GVH and lymphomatous disease without elevations in serum AFP levels. It is speculated that the local production of AFP in these situations may result from blastogenesis of lymphoid cells directed against foreign tumor or viral antigens. AFP could promote the development of tumors either by suppressing immune surveillance and/or immunity to oncogenic viruses, although this is speculative. Finally, the AFP elevations in maternal serum and amniotic fluid are valuable diagnostically in the detection of fetal abnormalities, particularly neural-tube defects.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

[Abdominal tomometry. 1st results in exploration of the liver and pancreas].

Over a two month period, 120 patients were explored using an Acta Scanner tomometer for various hepatic disorders. In parallel, comparison was made of anatomical slices and computed tomography findings in cadavers and isolated livers. This made it possible to recognise normal structures seen at computed tompgraphy and to identify certain hepatic images which might be sources of error. Serial transverse axial sections were used to reconstruct the whole liver in space, thereby making it possible to eliminate certain cases of pseudotumoral hepatomegaly. Systematic densitometry was carried out using hepatic radio-anatomical and pathological studies. This new type of analysis led to a quantified diagnosis in certain diffuse hepatic disorders and a histological approach to tumour lesions. Hepatography using special contrast agents in very low dosage was used in liver computed tomography after animal experiments. This method, free of untoward effects, makes possible the diagnosis of hepatosplenic tumour lesions less than one centimetre in diameter.

Cadaver↗