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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Health policy, health technology assessment, and screening in Europe.

OBJECTIVE: To present a summary of the papers in this volume, illustrating the links between health technology assessment (HTA), health policies and specifically policies toward prevention and screening, and implementation of screening tests in the case of three screening methods: mammography screening for breast cancer, screening for prostate cancer, and routine use of ultrasound in pregnancy. METHOD: To commission papers from eight European countries based on a set of questions to be answered, as well as a paper synthesizing the scientific literature on the three screening procedures. RESULTS: Indicate that few of the countries examined have developed effective links between HTA, health policy, and implementation related to screening procedures. Only Sweden and the Netherlands appear to have developed such links. In the other countries, HTA has a limited role in determining health policy. It also seems to be uncommon for countries to have a specific prevention strategy. CONCLUSION: The major conclusion is that countries of Europe need to develop HTA as part of prevention policies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Medical subspecialities and health policies: Health Ministry view].

Since the condition of subspecialty medicine in Chile has not been thoroughly studied, little can be said on an objective basis. From a standpoint of national health policies, the Ministry of Health wishes to establish a mixed system in which participating subsystem can define its own goals as means to meet the populations' health demands. The National System of Health Services (SNSS), in accordance with its social objectives, has decided to implement the delivery of integral health care, emphasizing health promotion and disease prevention. The epidemiological priorities of the populations will guide the action of the SNSS. The more complex and expensive medical actions will be delivered at pre-established points of the patient care network. The desirable profile of physicians working in this setting includes philosophical as well as technical characteristics. The type of patient care to be delivered must emphasize preventive and promotional actions. Problem-solving abilities will not ascribed to a particular type of institution but to where they may be more efficacious, in a context of quality and efficiency. Most activities will be carried on on an outpatient basis, and primary care clinics will be strengthened by becoming Health Centers. The model of patient care devised by the SNSS will require 6 different types of physicians: an undifferentiated generalists, a family-oriented physician, a specialist in one of the four major disciplines of Medicine, a specialist in other primary specialties, a subspecialist and a specialist in specific techniques. To determine the number of physicians required to make the SNSS work, a methodology is needed that will consider its character of executer of Ministry-defined policies, along with the peculiarities of each health service. Health care givers must define periodically their needs in view of their own development plans and their beneficiaries requirements. Nevertheless, it is impossible to predict with certainly for the long or medium term how many physicians will be required at any level of patient care. The role that the SNSS may ascribe to specialist will condition the number of them that Chile will require.

Chile↗
PubMed1979

The development of early Chinese Communist health policy: health care in the Border Region, 1936-1949.

This paper examines the health care policy and program of the Chinese Communists in their earliest stages of development. An assessment of 1) political policy, 2) public health campaigns, 3) medical services, 4) public health education, and 5) medical education, indicates that the role of the health delivery scheme was primarily to mobilize mass support for the government, and to change popular health behavior, thereby improving the health of the people and lessening demand on scarce medical facilities. An analysis of the Border Region's health program from 1936 to 1949 gives us an insight into the strategy of a revolutionary government to win popular support and to effect social change.

China↗
PubMed1999

Health policy, health services, and cancer pain management in the New South Africa.

In 1982, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified inadequate relief from cancer pain as an international health problem. WHO recommended that governments develop and implement national policies and programs for cancer pain relief. This report evaluates national health policy and the systems of health care delivery in relation to cancer pain management in the new South Africa. This field study included multiple methods of data collection: analysis of documents, field trips with participant observation in sites of care delivery, focused interviews, and in-depth interviews of key informants. The purposive sample of key informants (n = 33) represented multiple stakeholders in a variety of settings. Strengths of the developing health policy include specific recommendations related to palliative care; the shift to universal primary care; policies to support drug availability; the inclusion of morphine and codeine as essential drug at the primary health care level; and the development of a national standard related to cancer pain management. Health services are characterized by two parallel systems of care (private and public) with numerous vestiges of the inequities of apartheid. The management of pain varies by provider and setting; major problems with access exist in the rural areas. Health services in South Africa have been plagued by inequity and inadequate resources. New health policies have set a path to ensure universal access to health care including palliative care for cancer. Their successful implementation is the next necessary step toward improving health services and alleviating the suffering of increasing numbers of individuals with cancer.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1994

The evolution of a public health policy: health care providers and the transmission of HIV.

The single known instance of transmission of HIV from a health care provider to a patient raised issues concerning the responsibility of clinicians to their patients, and sparked debate over policies to prevent the spread of HIV in health care facilities. The intensity and politicization of the debate were reflected in revision of the Centers for Disease Control guidelines to control the spread of infection at health care facilities, and in legislation proposed in Congress. The guidelines and proposed legislation provoked responses by public health and medical organizations, several of which considered the measures to be unnecessarily restrictive and too costly in terms of potential benefits. This article describes the events and responses that took place during 1991-1992 after the public was made aware of the case involving transmission from provider to patient. The author examines the situation in the context of public health efforts to control the spread of HIV.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2000

The evidence-based approach in health policy and health care delivery.

Evidence-based approaches are prominent on the national and international agendas for health policy and health research. It is unclear what the implications of this approach are for the production and distribution of health in populations, given the notion of multiple determinants in health. It is equally unclear what kind of barriers there are to the adoption of evidence-based approaches in health care practice. This paper sketches some developments in the way in which health policy is informed by the results from health research. It summarises evidence-based approaches in health at three impact levels: intersectoral assessment, national health care policy, and evidence-based medicine in everyday practice. Consensus is growing on the role of broad and specific health determinants, including health care, as well as on priority setting based on the burden of diseases. In spite of methodological constraints, there is a demand for intersectoral assessments, especially in health sector reform. Initiators of policy changes in other sectors may be held responsible for providing the evidence related to health. There are limited possibilities for priority setting at the national health care policy level. Hence, there is a decentralisation of responsibilities for resource use. Health care providers are encouraged to assume agency roles for both patients and society and asked to promote and deliver effective and efficient health care. Governments will have to design a national framework to facilitate their organisation and legal framework to enhance evidence-based health policy. Treatment guidelines supported by evidence on effectiveness and efficiency will be one essential element in this process. With the increasing number of advocates for the enhancement of population health in the policy arenas, evidence-based approaches provide the information and some of the tools to help with priority setting.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1984

Structural interests and Australian health policy.

Health policy has been a matter of public discussion in Australia since the late 1960s. Mirroring the United States experience, much of the debate initially centred around the introduction of a universal national health insurance scheme but since the mid 1970s economic conditions have changed and contemporary decisions are often accompanied by rhetoric about the need to constrain costs which are portrayed as increasing out of control. These changes have been associated with changes in the relative influence of the dominant and challenging structural interests within the health sector. This article analyses the influence of those interests in Australian health policy since the mid 1960s.

Australia↗