Critics prompt plans to revise health planning guidelines.
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Although the American public health system has made major contributions to life expectancy for residents of this country over the past century, the system now faces more complex health problems that require comprehensive approaches and increased capacity, particularly in local and State public health agencies. To strengthen the public health system, concerted action is needed to meet these five critical needs: First, the knowledge base of public health workers needs to be supplemented through on-the-job training and continuing education programs. To this end, self-study courses will be expanded, and a network of regional training centers will be established throughout the country. Second, communities need dynamic leadership from public health officials and their agencies. To enhance leadership skills and expand the leadership role of public health agencies, focused personal leadership development activities, including a Public Health Leadership Institute, and national conferences will provide a vision of the future role of public health agencies. Third, local and State public health agencies need access to data on the current health status of the people in their communities and guidance from the nation's public health experts. To improve access to information resources, state-of-the-art technologies will be deployed to create integrated information and communication systems linking all components of the public health system. Fourth, local and State agencies need disease prevention and health promotion plans that target problems and develop strategies and the capacity to address them. To provide communities with structured approaches to this process, planning tools have been developed and distributed, and technical assistance will be provided to local and State health agencies to involve each community in planning,priority setting, and constituency building.Finally, public health agencies need adequate resources to fund prevention programs. To improve the use of existing Federal support and enhance the availability of new community resources, grant programs will be modified, and innovative approaches to local resource enhancement will be developed and shared.Activities in these five key areas are designed to improve the infrastructure of the public health system and its capacity to carry out effectively the core functions of public health assessment, policy development, and assurance of the availability of the benefits of public health. If the nation is to achieve the health objectives for the year 2000, the public health system-the individuals and institutions that, when working effectively together, promote and protect the health of the people-must be strengthened.
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Studies were made of the computed tomography (CT) scanning process at three hospitals. The data collected, while of interest to hospital administrators and radiologists, are particularly significant in view of the current structure of health planning guuielines. The data show clearly that the utilization potential of a particular CT scanner is a function of patient demand, scan time, the ratio of head to body procedures, and medical practice insofar as contrast medium administration is concerned. This paper summarizes the results of the hospital studies and documents the implications of the data for health planning guidelines.
A year ago HEW published guidelines regulating hospital beds and occupancy rates. Reluctant to close their doors, administrators have sought conversion alternatives, most of them impractical and economically impossible. A go-slow attitude is recommended, as population increases will dictate hospitals' proper response.
Traditionally, health education for practicing health professionals, as well as members of the public, focuses on the individual and relies on changing personal behavior. However, health care for persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and members of their families, mainly is delivered within health and human services organizations. Providing AIDS education for health care professionals in an organizational or systems context shifts the focus from the individual to the group and from changing a person's behavior to offering health care professionals opportunities for interaction. In an organizational or systems approach, they can address patient care issues collectively, share interdisciplinary knowledge, identify problems of common concern, plan coordinated and integrated responses, and provide mutual support. A strategy for planning AIDS education is proposed for key administrators, supervisors, and care providers, who are the gatekeepers, opinion makers, and role models of organizations. Addressing organizational, community, and health care delivery system issues as part of an education program provides a forum for defining problems and a basis for uniting professionals and developing solutions.
Nigeria like other developing countries is presently faced with the arduous problem of coping with scarce resources to control existing and increasing oral disease levels. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of oral health promotion for initiating successful, effective, preventive oral health programmes. At present however, Nigeria is without formal oral health promotion and health education policies or programmes. In the "National Policy and Strategy to Achieve Health for All Nigerians" (Federal Ministry of Health 1986), no specific mention was made of oral health promotion or oral health education. The present paper therefore proposes definitive policy guidelines that will help in the development of coherent oral health promotion programmes for the country. The approach proposed tackles causes common to a number of chronic diseases and incorporates oral health into general health strategies.
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