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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

An exploratory look at hand strength and hand size among preschoolers.

The purpose of this study was to develop an initial understanding about grip strength, pinch strength and hand size in normally developing 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. This study also investigated whether there were relationships among lowing variables: hand strength, hand size, age, and gender. A Jamar dynamometer was used to measure grip strength, and a Jamar pinch gauge was used to measure lateral pinch strength. The study population consisted of 81 preschool children from culturally an economically diverse communities in New York City. Hand strength and hand size were found to increase with each age level. The 5-year-olds were strongest in grip and pinch ability and had larger hands than the 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds. There was no statistically significant difference observed between the boys and the girls or the preferred hand in terms of hand strength.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grip strength of the human hand--measurements on normal subjects with a new hand strength analysis system (Hastras).

This study describes a method of acquiring data from healthy and non-injured men that can be used as reference data when measuring the grip strength of the human hand using newly developed, PC-based hand strength analysis equipment--'Hastras'. Hastras can be used for continuous measurement and recording of force when the subject grips a sensor with maximum power. Computerized analysis of the force signal gives information about maximum force, fatigue, area and rise (force/s). The statistical analysis of the measurements on 81 subjects are consistent with earlier published data from other hand strength equipment. It is concluded that Hastras gives easy processing and storage of data, and also a detailed analysis of grip function.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effects of the diabetes related soft tissue hand lesions and the reduced hand strength on functional disability of hand in type 2 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of diabetes related soft tissue hand lesions such as Dupuytren's disease, trigger finger and limited joint mobility (LJM) and the reduced hand strength on the functional disability of the hand in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Forty-four type 2 diabetic patients and 60 age and sex matched controls were included in the study. Subjects were examined for the presence of Dupuytren's disease, trigger finger and LJM. Grip strength was tested first with Jamar dynamometer followed by pinch strength measurements using by a manual pinchmeter. Electrophysiological studies were performed in both groups. Duruöz Hand Index (DHI) was used to assess the functional hand disability. RESULTS: The mean DHI score of the diabetics was significantly higher than controls (p<0.0001). Dupuytren's disease, trigger finger or LJM was not correlated with DHI in diabetic patients (p>0.05). The grip and pinch strengths were significantly lower in diabetic patients than the non-diabetic controls (p<0.05) and the grip and pinch strengths were negatively correlated with DHI in type 2 diabetic patients (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Dupuytren's disease, trigger finger and LJM did not cause to functional disability of hand but low hand strength was found to cause functional disability of hand in our type 2 diabetic patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Repeated tongue and hand strength measurements in normal adults and individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Changes in tongue and hand strength measurements of men with Parkinson's Disease and aged-matched controls across multiple days were examined. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument measured tongue and hand strength during four consecutive days and at day 11. Peak tongue strength measurements occurred on day 3 with a small decrease on day 4, which was maintained at day 11, indicating a significant increase in tongue strength measurements with task repetition in multiple days. No change in hand strength measurements was noted over days. Significant differences in mean tongue and hand strength measurements between the PD and age-matched control group were found. Tongue and hand strength measurements were lower for the PD group compared with the control group on average across days.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Hand strength and prone extension in right-dominant, 6 to 9 year olds.

A stratified random sample of 153 right-dominant children (6 to 9 years of age) with normal or above intelligence was selected to study the development of hand strength, and the quality and duration of prone extension as a function of age, sex, height, and weight of the child. The Jamar hand dynamometer was used to measure hand strength, and a new scale for rating the quality of prone extension was presented. Both right- and left-hand strength increased monotonically with age, with the right being significantly higher than the left. Duration of prone extension increased monotonically with age, but quality of prone extension did not correlate with age. Sex differences were found only on the variable left-hand strength (males greater than females). Hand strength demonstrated weak correlation with duration of prone extension. Both height and weight exhibited strong positive correlations with hand strength, weaker positive correlations with duration of prone extension, and no correlation with quality of prone extension. The results suggest hand strength can be an index of normal development, and children ages 6 to 9 can attain the prone extension position; however, the meaning of duration greater than 30 seconds needs to be researched further.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Hand strength: normative values.

We studied normal hand strength and the difference between dominant and nondominant hands. Two hundred fourteen volunteers were tested with a calibrated Jamar dynamometer at all five levels. A pinch gauge was used to assess key and pulp pinch. Height, weight, sex, hand dominance, and hobby demands were predictive of maximum grip. Mean maximum grip for women was 81 lb. and for men was 137 lb. Key pinch averaged 22%, while pulp pinch averaged 16% of maximum grip. Only 129 (60%) patients had maximum strengths at level 2. The majority of right-handed subjects were 10% stronger in grip strength on the dominant side. In left-handed subjects, mean grip was the same for both hands; the nondominant hand was stronger in 50% of left-handed subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Does Epping resection arthroplasty lead to loss of hand strength? A prospective study].

FCR-sling resectional arthroplasty does not definitely prevent a proximalisation of the first metacarpal bone. Since power transmission of the thenar muscles requires a particular length of the thumb, does proximalisation lead to a reduction of grip strength of the hand? In a prospective study, hand-, key- and pinch-grip strength was compared to preoperative data. Pain intensity and thumb mobility were also examined. In comparison to preoperative data, the pain-free pinch grip improved 60% after three months and 100% after 12 months (p < 0.01). The maximum pinch grip improved 11% after three and 34% after 12 months (p < 0.01). The pain-free key grip improved 22% after three months and 50% after 12 months (p < 0.01). The maximum key grip showed a fair reduction after three months, but after 12 months the key pinch strength came up to preoperative level. The hand grip strength showed a statistically significant improvement of 9% after three months and 34% after 12 months (p < 0.01). After one year, 80% of the patients were completely painfree. There was no clinically relevant disturbance of thumb movement following surgery. Owing to proximalisation of the first metacarpal, a scapho-metacarpal distance of 5.3 (2-9) mm was measured. Despite proximalisation of the first metacarpal, a significant improvement of the grip strength was observed, which was rooted in simultaneous pain reduction.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of dominant and non-dominant hand strengths.

This study compares dominant and non-dominant hand strength in both right- and left-handed participants. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, power grip strength and pulp-to-pulp pinch strength were assessed under carefully controlled conditions. No significant differences were observed between dominant and non-dominant hands in left-handed participants for all tests. Small but significant differences (0.1-3%) were observed between dominant and non-dominant hands in right-handed participants for all three tests. These differences were much smaller than those reported in other studies. Furthermore, considerable variability was observed in the relative strengths of the two hands for each participant. We conclude that clinicians must be cautious when using the '10% rule' to make comparisons between injured and uninjured hands.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparison between estimates of hand volume and hand strengths with sex and age with and without anthropometric data in healthy working people.

Edema and hand strength measurements are useful for the recovery assessment of patients with a hand lesion. This work determined and compared estimates of hand volume, grip strengths (measured with a Jamar and a Collins dynamometer), and pinch strength (with a Jamar pinch gauge) in terms of sex and age with or without anthropometric indices in healthy working people. The sample included 100 subjects from within the staffs of two rehabilitation centres. For both grip strengths, multiple linear regression models including body height, weight, and arm muscle area were very good (multiple correlation coefficient R of about 0.84) and clearly better than those obtained with sex and age only. For pinch strength, the best estimate was obtained with sex and arm muscle area (R of 0.76); for hand volume, the model with sex, body height, and weight provided the best result (R of 0.93). These findings suggested that anthropometric indices easy to measure must be taken into account to estimate hand volume and hand strengths.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Clinical assessment of hand strength using a microcomputer.

A microcomputer based system has been designed for precise, objective quantification of hand strength. Pinch, grasp and shear strengths are measured using force transducers. The system, which is quick and easy to operate, not only measures these strengths accurately, but also collects, stores and displays this data numerically or in graphical form, at the touch of a button. The data can be manipulated to answer any type of statistical question related to any group of patients. The assessment of hand strength in ninety-six people, representing normal hand function, by means of this system, is reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Transmetacarpal amputation of the index finger: a clinical assessment of hand strength and complications.

A clinical study of hand strength and complications in 41 patients with a transmetacarpal amputation of the index finger found that the average prehension strength was reduced by 20% and stability of grip by almost 50%. Tendon transfers or other operative modifications did not affect the results. The most disabling complication, hyperesthesia, or painful sensitivity to light touch, in the thumb--long-finger web was present in 59% of patients and interfered with hand function in 37%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Intra- and inter-tester reliability and reference values for hand strength.

The intra- and inter-tester reliability for measurement of handgrip strength and indexgrip strength using the Jamar dynamometer was investigated in 32 healthy volunteers, and the intra-tester reliability in 13 patients with cervical radiculopathy. The results from the reliability studies showed that handgrip and indexgrip strength measured with the Jamar dynamometer is a reliable method (ICC values 0.85-0.98) and can be recommended for use in clinical practice. Age- and sex-specific reference values for handgrip strength and indexgrip strength were measured with the Jamar dynamometer in 101 randomly selected healthy volunteers, aged 25-64 years. The results from the reference value study showed that sex is a more important determinant of hand strength than age, height and body weight. The reference values for hand strength improve the potential for objective evaluation of patients with arm/hand disorders caused by cervical radiculopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Hand strength in juvenile chronic arthritis: a two-year follow-up.

AIM: To describe changes in muscle strength in the hands of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and to examine the relationship between muscle strength, presence of local arthritis and disease subtype. METHODS: Twenty children (10 girls and 10 boys) with JCA aged 7 to 18 y were followed for two years. Isometric muscle strength in wrist dorsiflexors and handgrip strength were measured repeatedly. The results were compared with reference values for the same methods. Arthritis severity in the hand was scored every third month. Nerve conduction velocities were measured twice. RESULTS: Seven out of 20 patients had initially low or decreasing strength in one or both of the two tests. Five out of 20 children had reduced strength (more than two standard deviations below the mean of the reference group) in at least one test. Four children showed a significant reduction in muscle strength in at least one test during the observation time. The greatest reduction in strength was measured in four children with polyarticular disease. These children also had local arthritis in the hand. A greater proportion of children with polyarthritis had low or decreasing strength compared with children with oligoarthritis. The same was true for children with active arthritis in the hand. Nerve conduction velocities were normal in all cases and did not change. CONCLUSION: The majority of children with JCA have normal strength in the hand. Some children, especially those with polyarthritis and hand arthritis, have reduced muscle strength in the hand. Risk factors for low or decreasing strength are polyarthritis and/or active arthritis in the hand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Bilateral differences of normal hand strength.

The normal grip strength, pinch strength and key strength was determined by specially designed dynamometers in 30 females and 30 males aged 22-68 years. No significant difference was found between the strength patterns of the dominant and non-dominant hand. It is concluded that in the evaluation of hand strength under pathological conditions, the strength of the other hand should be a useful parameter.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The effects of dental condition on hand strength and maximum bite force.

Piezoelectric force transducer and hand dynamometer were used for measuring the maximum bite force and hand grasp force on 2034 primary, middle, and high school students. Dental condition and body weight and height were also observed to relate to the force measurements. It was discovered that both forces increased relative to the increase of age, body weight, and body height. Boys had stronger bite force than girls at all age groups, while the grasp force of boys became significantly stronger only after the age of 13. Students who had dentition with decay and missing teeth tended to have weaker bite force, while hand force was not influenced. Bite force does not seem parallel to hand strength and is, instead, related to dental condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Hand strength and fatigue in patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (types I and II).

OBJECTIVES: To compare maximal isometric hand strength and fatigue between subjects with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) and healthy controls and to test the reproducibility of handgrip strength (peak force of handgrip [PFgrip]) and fatigue. DESIGN: PFgrip and the decline in PFgrip during 3 sets of 15 contractions were compared. SETTING: University hospital in The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty subjects with HMSN and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls; 15 healthy subjects for the reproducibility part of the study. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PFgrip and the decline in PFgrip were compared by using a digital handgrip dynamometer. Two-point and lateral pinch measurements of subjects with HMSN were standardized against reference values. Reproducibility measurements were performed on 15 healthy subjects on 2 separate occasions within a 1-week interval. RESULTS: PFgrip was significantly lower in the HMSN subjects compared with controls (P<.05). Pinch measurements also showed a large variance from average normal performance. No significant difference was found in the decline in percentage of PFgrip. Reproducibility was excellent for PFgrip (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=.98; 95% confidence interval [CI],.95-.99) but poor for fatigue (ICC=.62; 95% CI,.20-.85). CONCLUSION: PFgrip and 2-point and lateral pinch in HMSN subjects were significantly reduced compared with healthy controls. Our findings indicated that the rate of decline of PFgrip during effort does not vary between groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Hand strength measurement instruments.

A set of instruments based on strain-gage application has been designed for hand strength measurement. The reduction in size, variation in position, and ease of calibration offer a wide range of functional evaluation without causing discomfort to the subjects being examined. The strength during the entire period of functional activity can be continuously monitored. The measurement signal from the device in analogue form makes computer-aided strength evaluation possible. Above all, the construction of the devices also allows easy adaptation to different hand deformities. The instruments can be useful tools for both research and clinical evaluation.

Hand Deformities, Acquired↗
PubMed1991

Hand strength: the influence of grip span and grip type.

The maximal force from each of the fingers II-V (FF) and the resultant force between the jaws of the tool (RF), due to contribution from all fingers, were measured using a pair of modified pairs. The RF was measured at 21 handle separations and the FF was measured at seven handle separations for each finger. A traditional grip type was compared with a 'reversed' grip where the little finger was closest to the head of the tool. Sixteen subjects (8 females and 8 males) participated in the study. Both the RF and FF varied according to the distance between the handles. For both grip types, the highest RF was obtained at a handle separation of 50-60 mm for females and 55-65 mm for males. For wide handle separations, the RF was reduced by 10% (cm increase in handle separation). The force-producing ability of the hand was influenced by the grip type and the highest RF was obtained when using the traditional grip. An interaction was found between the fingers, i.e., the maximal force of one finger depended not only on its own grip span, but also on the grip spans of the other fingers. About 35% of the sex difference in hand strength was due to hand size differences.

Adult↗