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PURPOSE: The purpose of this correlational study was to determine if a relationship existed among the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE) score, the mock board dental hygiene examination score (MDHE), early courses average (ECA), and interim (ICA) courses average, for Armstrong Atlantic State University dental hygiene students. METHODS: The sample comprised 130 Armstrong Atlantic State University dental hygiene students between and among the years 1989 and 1995. Eleven dental hygiene courses and a mock examination score were correlated using SAS software. Regression analysis of this data was performed with MINITAB software. RESULTS: Attempts to predict the dependent variable NBDHE with the ECA, MDHE, ICA, and some combination of these independent variables, were unsuccessful due to an undesirably low R2 value (0.53) and multicollinearity when multiple regression was used. However, logistic regression showed that ECA, and MDHE to a lesser extent, notably affected probability of passing the NBDHE. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations and conclusions drawn from this study include (a) remediation, (b) tracking student progress in the nine courses determining the ECA to identify weaknesses that make intervention advisable, and (c) providing mentoring for at-risk students.
Based on cardinal problems of medical prevention, the author formulates priority lines of action for the country's health structures in the field of community health, emphasizing areas for interaction between the National Center of Hygiene and Hygiene-and-Epidemiology Inspectorates across the country. According to the author, priority problems necessitating collaborative efforts between the National Center of Hygiene and HEIs throughout the country should be focused on the following areas: updating sanitary legislation; environmental monitoring, including community and territorial planning; health risk assessment; development of an efficient health-information system concerning environment and health; manpower training; and ecologic education of the public. Collaboration also needs to cover joint implementation of projects at international collaboration level along the lines of the World Health Organization, the PHARE programs, etc. The priorities referred to also reflect the conception of medical prevention functions in the area of community health.
The bactericidal efficacy of hand antiseptic products is determined in Europe using two norms--EN1499 (hygienic handwash), and EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection) based on reducing the counts of bacteria on artificially contaminated hands. Each requires 12-15 data sets per test and comparison with a reference procedure. Recent research using EN 1500 suggested that most alcohol-based hand gels are significantly less effective than the reference alcohol (2-propanol 60%), whereas liquid alcohol-based rubs are not. However concerns about the accuracy and reproducibility of the norm reference procedures have been raised. We therefore analysed 23 experiments carried out using EN 1500 representing 342 hand disinfection procedures, and 12 experiments using EN 1499 representing 178 handwashes, all performed in the same laboratory for reproducibility of the reference procedures. The reference alcohol gave a mean log(10) reduction factor (RF) of 4.64 +/- 0.93; only one data set gave a significantly higher result (5.14, P = 0.034), and one significantly lower (4.05; P = 0.034). Analysis of all 23 means revealed no significant difference (P = 0.188; ANOVA model). The reference soap gave a mean reduction of 2.82 +/- 0.49. Two data sets were significantly higher than this (3.35,P < 0.001; 3.12, P < 0.001) and two significantly lower (2.55, P = 0.031; 2.47,P = 0.004). Analysis of all the means did reveal a significant difference (P < 0.001, ANOVA model), which is probably explained by the smaller standard deviations of these results. Pre-values (bacteria recovered from fingers before a reference procedure) correlated significantly with RFs for both hand disinfection (correlation coefficient: 0.291;P = 0.01) and handwash (correlation coefficient: 0.372, P = 0.01). Overall both procedures gave accurate and reproducible results.
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Animal Hygiene has developed historically from the field of Animal Health Care and is as a part of Veterinary Hygiene now about 100 years old. From her very beginning Animal Hygiene has dealt with the influences of the live and inanimate environment on the health of animals an also investigated the reverse developments. From a historical point of view it can be stated that Animal Hygiene has done active research in the field of environmental hygiene ever since. This tendency was intensified by the modern developments of keeping animals in confinements, enlargement of livestock, new kinds of residues like slurry which demanded a change in the management of arable and forage land combined with an increase in the agricultural utilization of residues form the municipal area like sewage sludge and compost made from refuse. Based on selected examples from the field of production and processing of animals the research on Animal Hygiene in the framework of environmental hygiene is described. This refers especially to emissions and other environmental problems (malodor, dust, airborne microbes) which derive from keeping animals in confinements as well as such which are caused by storage and utilization of animal residues (farm-yard manure, urine, slurry). The most serious problems are caused by production and utilization of slurry (transmission of infectious agents, malodors, damages of soils, plants, surface and ground waters by excess fertilization of arable and forage land). It was Animal Hygiene which made most valuable contributions for solving such problems of environmental hygiene. It was also Animal Hygiene which warned of the possible negative environmental influences of disinfectants. Respective investigations were made and recommendations to avoid damages to the environment given. Also in the field of the agricultural utilization of residues from the municipal area (sewage, sewage sludge, refuse composts) Animal Hygiene has developed basic investigation methods whose results were reflected in several legal regulations for environmental protection.
The effect of hygiene on health characteristics and performance was studied on 143 farms. In addition to subjective evaluations, the bacterial counts in the drink-water and feed were adopted as criteria of hygiene. In from 6 to 27 per cent of the cases, variations in bacterial counts were associated with variations in hygiene. Bacterial counts on a single farm varied markedly. Hygiene is to a large extent determined by the attendant. On the farms, including those on which hygiene is adequate, there is a marked increase in the number of bacteria present in the drinking-water and feed of the baby pigs. The state of hygiene of the drinking water and feed is highly unsatisfactory on a large number of farms. Of all litters, 15.08 per cent developed scouring in the first week of life, 21.69 per cent showed scouring during the third week and scouring was observed in 2.24 per cent of the weaned piglets. Correlations between the various aspects hygiene are high. Improvements in farm and drinking-water hygiene are associated with a more rapid growth of the piglets. The incidence of scouring during the third week is lower on those farms on which hygiene is satisfactory. The present study showed that there was no relationship between hygiene and litter size. Early supplementary feeding does not produce any improvement in growth of the piglets. The incidence of scouring in the third week increases and growth decreases as the bacterial count in the drinking-water increases. Clean drinking-water should be available to the animals.
PROBLEM: Good hygienic practice in hospitals and other medical institutions is mandatory to avoid or to minimise nosocomial infections. In Germany, official recommendations of the commission for hospital hygiene and infection control have been published as guidelines for hygiene management in hospitals as well as guidelines for control measures of the public health services who are obliged by law to control the hygienic situation in hospitals. In this paper the degree of implementation of these guidelines in the hospitals is studied in respect of the hygiene management in the operation theatre. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The constructive and functional situation and the personal hygienic management were documented in 22 community and private hospitals in Frankfurt am Main, including 40 operation suites with 111 operation theatres. Data of the layout of the rooms were obtained by questionnaire and the hygienic management was observed by means of standardised checklists. RESULTS: Layout of rooms was not compatible with the recommendations of the Guidelines of 1990 and 2000 in many cases--especially with regard to the demand that doors to the operating theatres be closed. Automatic door closers were often either not available or defective. In some theatre areas correct hand disinfection while entering the suite was not possible for lack of disinfectant distributors at appropriate sites. Recommendations regarding surgical drapes and gowns were correctly observed in most cases, with the exception of changing gowns after having gone to the toilet room. Quite often, omission of hand disinfection after glove removal was observed. A discrepancy in hygienic procedures of nursing service and physicians was seen. In 40 % of the operation suites, powdered gloves were still in use. Though in all but one suite air conditioning systems were available, they were not correctly serviced in many cases. Cleaning and disinfection after single operations and at the end of the operating day were carried out correctly in most cases--except in operation theatres for ophthalmologic operations. Here too, manual preparation and disinfection/sterilisation of surgical instruments was common, and inappropriate use of sterilisers as well as the use of so-called "quick"-sterilisers. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations of the commission for hospital hygiene and infection prevention are generally accepted as guidelines, although the degree of translation into practice was often unsatisfactory.
The efficacy of hospital hygienic measures was checked in six hospitals. The programme was started by determining the effective state. Subsequently a two-day extension course for the training and instruction of the responsible personnel in charge (physicians, nurses and administrative staff) in the essential problems of hospital hygiene was held. The next measure consisted in giving advice in the preparation of hygiene plans which had to make allowance for the prevailing personal and constructional situation as well as for the hospital equipment. The hygiene plans represented the written concept of the measures to be implemented. Then enquiries, local inspections as well as hygienic-bacteriological ambient analyses were carried out to determine the hygienic situation in the hospital after adoption of the measures and the findings were compared with the situation preceding the initiation of the hygienic programme. The results show that the proposed improvements were mostly realised as far as such administrative measures as the procurement of disinfectant dispensers, throwaway towels and suitable disinfectants were concerned. The instructions given for the implementation of suitable methods of application were complied with to a lesser extent. Moreover, considerable improvements were achieved with regard to the operation and efficiency of the sterilizers. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that suitable measures largely reduce the extensive gaps in information on the part of the staff on hospital hygiene and that the resulting intensification of efforts can greatly contribute towards an improvement of the overall hygiene in hospitals.
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