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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

[M-mode echocardiography in dressage horses, class S jumping horses and untrained horses].

Heart structures of 45 warmblooded horses were measured by M-mode-echocardiography. The current training level of 15 dressage horses (group I) and 15 show-jumping horses (group II) was category "S". In the third group were 15 untrained horses. Four standardized transducer positions were determined for the m-mode echobeam, calibrated according to the two-dimensional real time technique. End systolic and end diastolic diameters of left ventricle, right ventricle, aortic root, interventricular septum and left ventricular wall, as well as motion pattern of heart wall, mitral valve and aortic valve of all horses were measured. The dressage horses showed a significant thickening of interventricular septum and left-ventricular wall compared with the show-jumping horses and the untrained horses. The end diastolic left ventricle diameter of the show-jumping horses was significantly larger than in the other groups. Compared to the untrained horses the show-jumping horses showed a significantly larger end systolic left ventricular wall diameter measured at the level of papillary muscle. It can be concluded, that an increase in heart mass in category "S" sport horses is attributed to their level of training.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Wild horse or domesticated horse? Horse remains from the neolithic settlement in Pestenacker, Bavaria].

The bone finds from the neolithic settlement in Pestenacker (near Landsberg am Lech) date back to the second half of the 4th millennium BC (Altheim). Like in any other late neolithic horse bones, the question we have to deal with is whether they represent the remains of wild horse or early domestic horse, as we do not know for certain yet the date of the earliest domestic horses' occurrence in Middle Europe. The post pleistocene distribution of the wild horse is described. For a long time people thought that hardly any wild horses existed in post pleistocene Middle Europe any longer, due to the increasing amount of woodland. However, recent research has corrected this hypothesis. Three criteria-the horse bones' share in the total amount of bone finds, the pollen-analytic reconstruction of the former environment, and the size of the bones-serve to show that the bones most probably represent wild horses which at that time lived on the gravel terraces along the river Lech.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Exercise studies in horses: 2. The cardiac response to exercise in normal horses and in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The relationship of velocity (v) to heart rate (HR)and of kinetic energy (KE) to heart rate, were investigated in 6 normal horses and in 6 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary, disease (COPD). Radiotelemetry was used to determine the heart rate while subjects were ridden on a 400m track. Velocity was measured by stop-watch between 2 markers 50 m apart at the end of the track. Kinetic energy was calculated from the formula KE =1/2 Mv2, where M = mass of horse, rider, saddle and bridle (KG) and V = velocity (metres per second). In all subjects, the relationship of velocity to heart rate was a linear one at each individual pace (i.e. walk, trot and gallop). There were however significant differences between the v/HR regression curves of each pace. These differences indicated that the increase in velocity per unit increase in heart rate was greater at the trot than at the walk, and greater at the gallop than at the trot. When data for all paces were combined, the relationship log v/log HR was a linear one. The above findings were also true of the relationship of kinetic energy to the heart rate. In horses, which reached maximal heart rate at a relatively low velocity, the v/HR curve became asymptotic. At comparable submaximal velocities, the heart rate of COPD subjects was approximately 20 beats per minute higher than that of normal subjects. This was also true when the term "kinetic energy per units mass" was substituted for velocity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Influence of age of horse on results of quantitative electromyographic needle examination of skeletal muscles in Dutch Warmblood horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of age on results of quantitative analysis of electromyographic (EMG) needle examination in the subclavian, triceps, and lateral vastus muscles of Dutch Warmblood horses. ANIMALS: 7 healthy young Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 13 to 18 months old), 7 healthy adult Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 4 to 10 years old), and 7 healthy elderly Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 18 to 21 years old). PROCEDURE: An EMG needle examination was performed to evaluate insertional activity, spontaneous activity, and motor unit action potential (MUAP) variables. Although all horses were conscious, young horses were sedated prior to examination. RESULTS: Mean insertional activity in young horses was significantly lower than in elderly horses. Pathologic spontaneous activity was rarely found in young and adult horses but was frequently evident in all muscles in all elderly horses. The MUAP duration and amplitude were significantly lower in all muscles of young horses, compared with values for adult and elderly horses. The MUAP duration and number of phases and turns were significantly lower in adult horses than in elderly horses. Group differences for percentages of polyphasic and complex MUAPs were also found. The 95% confidence intervals for MUAP duration, MUAP amplitude, and number of phases and turns for the subclavian, triceps, and lateral vastus muscles were significantly lower in young horses than in adult or elderly horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Age of the horse being examined should be considered when EMG examination is performed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis or recurrent urticaria.

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of intradermal tests (IDT) for environmental allergens at 30 minutes and 4, 6, and 24 hours after injection in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis (AD) or recurrent urticaria (RU). ANIMALS: 22 horses without atopy, 10 horses with RU, and 7 horses with AD. PROCEDURE: In all horses, medical history was obtained, and results of physical examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemical analyses, examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and IDT with 73 allergens were examined. RESULTS: Horses with AD or RU had a significantly greater mean number of positive reactions for IDT, compared with horses without atopy. Horses with AD had a significantly greater number of positive reactions than horses without atopy in every allergen group at all time periods, except for molds at 4 and 24 hours. Horses with RU had a significantly greater number of positive reactions than horses without atopy in every allergen group, except for molds at 30 minutes and 4 and 6 hours, trees at 4 and 6 hours, and grasses at 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A significantly greater number of positive reactions for IDT in horses with AD or RU, compared with horses without atopy, provides evidence of type-I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity for these diseases. Evaluation of results of IDT performed in horses with AD or RU is useful in determining specific allergens for the formulation of immunotherapy along with providing identification of allergens that could be useful when creating avoidance strategies.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations and fractional urinary clearance of calcium and phosphorus in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate calcium balance and parathyroid gland function in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis and compare results of an immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA) with those of an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for determination of serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in horses. ANIMALS: 64 horses with enterocolitis and 62 healthy horses. PROCEDURES: Blood and urine samples were collected for determination of serum total calcium, ionized calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), phosphorus, BUN, total protein, creatinine, albumin, and PTH concentrations, venous blood gases, and fractional urinary clearance of calcium (FCa) and phosphorus (FP). Serum concentrations of PTH were measured in 40 horses by use of both the IRMA and ICMA. RESULTS: Most (48/64; 75%) horses with enterocolitis had decreased serum total calcium, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations and increased phosphorus concentrations, compared with healthy horses. Serum PTH concentration was increased in most (36/51; 70.6%) horses with hypocalcemia. In addition, FCa was significantly decreased and FP significantly increased in horses with enterocolitis, compared with healthy horses. Results of ICMA were in agreement with results of IRMA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enterocolitis in horses is often associated with hypocalcemia; 79.7% of affected horses had ionized hypocalcemia. Because FCa was low, it is unlikely that renal calcium loss was the cause of hypocalcemia. Serum PTH concentrations varied in horses with enterocolitis and concomitant hypocalcemia. However, we believe low PTH concentration in some hypocalcemic horses may be the result of impaired parathyroid gland function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrocardiography in the horse. (A report of findings in 138 horses).

Over a period of approx. 3 years, electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded from 138 horses referred as patients to the Medical Clinic. Of these, 22 horses (approx. 16 per cent) has ECG alterations. The 22 ECG's revealed a total of 29 ECG abnormalities. The most frequent ECG alteration was incomplete AV block, that was seen in 9 horses (31 per cent of the ECG abnormalities). Abnormal (i.e. broad, tent-like and, sometimes, inverted) T waves and deviations of the ST segment were seen each in 5 ECG's from 7 horses, 3 of which had both abnormalities which were associated with severe underlying disease (colic, enteritis, pneumonia, strangles a.o.). Premature ventricular beats were seen in 3 horses, two of which had serious cardiovascular dysfunction whereas the third showed no signs of cardiac disease. Atrial fibrillation was observed in two horses. Both were treated with chinidine sulphate but a conversion to sinus rhythm was not achieved in either case. Other ECG abnormalities observed in the study were, parasystole (1 horse), sinus arrhythmia (2 horses), sinoatrial block (1 horse) and wandering pacemaker (1 horse). Each abnormality is discussed with regard to its clinical significance and diagnosis. Cardiac murmurs were detected on auscultation of 26 horses (approx. 19 per cent). The murmurs in 15 horses were short and faint sounds most of which were diastolic. They were considered of no importance. Eleven horses, on the other hand, had distinct, loud (grade 4 or 5), holosystolic or holodiastolic murmurs that were considered pathological. Eight of these horses had actual signs of cardiac disease. Cardiac vector distribution in patients with ECG abnormalities or murmurs showed no systematic differences from vectors in horses showing no cardiac abnormality.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Plasma concentrations of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in healthy horses and horses with naturally acquired gastrointestinal tract disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma endothelin (ET)- like immunoreactivity between healthy horses and those with naturally acquired gastrointestinal tract disorders. ANIMALS: 29 healthy horses and 142 horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected from healthy horses and from horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders prior to treatment. Magnitude and duration of abnormal clinical signs were recorded, and clinical variables were assessed via thorough physical examinations. Plasma concentrations of ET-like immunoreactivity were measured by use of a radioimmunoassay for human endothelin-1, and CBC and plasma biochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Plasma ET-like immunoreactivity concentration was significantly increased in horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders, compared with healthy horses. Median plasma concentration of ET-like immunoreactivity was 1.80 pg/ml (range, 1.09 to 3.2 pg/ml) in healthy horses. Plasma ET-like immunoreactivity was greatest in horses with strangulating large-intestinal obstruction (median, 10.02 pg/ml; range, 3.8 to 22.62 pg/ml), peritonitis (9.19 pg/ml; 789 to 25.83 pg/ml), and enterocolitis (8.89 pg/mI; 6.30 to 18.36 pg/ml). Concentration of ET-like immunoreactivity was significantly associated with survival, PCV, and duration of signs of pain. However, correlations for associations with PCV and duration of pain were low. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders have increased plasma concentrations of ET-like immunoreactivity, compared with healthy horses. The greatest values were detected in horses with large-intestinal strangulating obstructions, peritonitis, and enterocolitis. This suggests a potential involvement of ET in the pathogenesis of certain gastrointestinal tract disorders in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Seroprevalence of antibodies against equine arteritis virus in horses residing in the United States and imported horses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare seroprevalence of antibodies against equine arteritis virus (EAV) in horses residing in the United States with that of imported horses. DESIGN: Serologic survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Serum samples from 364 horses on 44 equine operations in California and 226 horses imported from various countries. PROCEDURE: Serum samples were collected from each imported horse and from up to 20 horses on each operation. For resident horses, the number of sampled horses on each operation was determined on the basis of the number of horses on the operation. Samples were tested for antibodies against EAV by use of a serum neutralization test. RESULTS: 1.9% of resident horses and 18.6% of imported horses were seropositive to EAV, including 16.1% of imported stallions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that the EAV seroprevalence of horses residing in California is considerably lower than that of imported horses, including imported stallions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of buprenorphine on cardiovascular and pulmonary function in clinically normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of buprenorphine administered intravenously in clinically normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ANIMALS: 5 clinically normal horses and 5 horses with COPD that were in partial clinical remission (period A) or were having an acute attack of airway obstruction (period B). PROCEDURES: Pulmonary function testing, arterial blood gas analysis, and arterial blood pressure measurements were performed before and after a single intravenous bolus of buprenorphine (3 microg/kg of body weight). Respiratory rate (f), tidal volume (VT), expiratory-to-inspiratory time ratio (TE/TI), minute expiratory ventilation (VE), maximal change in transpulmonary pressure (deltaPL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), and pulmonary resistance (RL) were calculated with a pulmonary function computer. Heart rate (HR) and systolic (SABP), diastolic (DABP), and mean arterial blood pressures (MABP) were measured. RESULTS: At baseline, COPD horses in period A had decreased Cdyn and increased f, VE, PL, and HR, whereas COPD horses in period B had decreased TE/TI and Cdyn, arterial blood pH, and PO2, and increased f, VE, deltaPL, and RL, compared with clinically normal horses. After drug administration, SABP, DABP, and MABP increased in all horses, f and VE increased in clinically normal horses, and PaO2 decreased within 60 minutes in horses with COPD. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Buprenorphine can induce excitement in unsedated horses or horses that do not have signs of pain, but does not seem to induce severe respiratory depression or adverse cardiovascular effects in clinically normal horses or those with COPD.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2001

Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of intradermal tests (IDT), conducted using environmental allergens, in horses without atopy and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ANIMALS: 38 horses (22 horses without atopy and 16 horses with COPD). PROCEDURE: All horses were examined (physical examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemical analyses, examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). An IDT was conducted, using a full panel of 73 allergens consisting of grasses, weeds, trees, molds, and insects. Results of the IDT were evaluated 30 minutes and 4, 6, and 24 hours after injection of allergens. Horses without atopy were euthanatized, and gross and histologic changes of lung parenchyma were assessed. RESULTS: Horses without atopy had a greater number of positive immediate and late-phase reactions than did horses with COPD. Horses with COPD did not have a significantly greater number of positive reactions than horses without atopy at any time period for any allergen group (grasses, weeds, trees, molds, and insects). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Positive results of IDT document allergen-specific hypersensitivity but do not necessarily distinguish clinically relevant reactions from subclinical reactivity in horses with COPD. Interpreting the clinical relevance of results of IDT requires a thorough knowledge of the medical history, physical examination findings, and environment of each animal.

Allergens↗
PubMed1997

Hyaluronate concentration in tracheal lavage fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To establish concentration of hyaluronate (HA) in tracheal lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ANIMALS AND SAMPLES: Tracheal lavage fluid samples (n = 42) from 18 horses, 11 with COPD, and 7 control horses. PROCEDURE: Clinical examination of the respiratory tract, tracheal lavage, and blood sample collection were performed on horses without clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and horses with clinical signs of COPD. In some horses, 1 to 5 repeated examinations were performed at 1-week intervals. Tracheal lavage fluid samples were analyzed for cell numbers, and urea concentration (made in parallel with serum samples to evaluate sample dilution effect); HA was determined by radiometric assay. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SEM) HA concentration in tracheal lavage fluid samples was significantly (P = 0.005) higher in horses with COPD (1,880 [+/-309] micrograms/L), compared with that in control horses (256 [+/-72] micrograms/L). The increase in HA concentration in tracheal lavage fluid of COPD-affected horses was verified by repeated sample collection and analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In horses with chronic respiratory tract inflammation such as COPD, tracheal lavage fluid HA concentration is about 7 times higher than reference values. High HA concentration in the tracheal or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may reflect pathophysiologic changes in connective tissue around bronchi and bronchioli, leading to continuous increased production of HA in horses with advanced forms of COPD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Determination of tracheal lavage fluid HA concentration may be used as a marker of chronic inflammatory changes in the COPD-affected lung.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Phylogenetic relationships of Cheju horses to other horse breeds as determined by mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism.

Historical records suggest that horses inhabiting the island of Cheju in Korea are descendants of Mongolian horses introduced in 1276. Other studies, however, suggest that horses may have been present on the island prior to the Mongolian introduction. To determine the origin of the Cheju horses we used a phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region, including tRNA Pro and parts of tRNA thr and tRNA Phe sequences (1102-bp excluding the tandem repeat region). Maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining trees were constructed using sequences determined for seven Cheju, four Mongolian, one Przewalskii and two Chinese Yunnan horses, and published sequences for one Swedish and three Thoroughbred horses. Donkey mtDNA was used as an outgroup. We found that the mtDNA D-loop sequence varies considerably within Mongolian, Cheju and Thoroughbred horse breeds, and that Cheju horses clustered with Mongolian horses as well as with horses from other distantly related breeds. On the basis of these findings we propose that horses on Cheju Island are of mixed origin in their maternal lineage, and that horses may have existed and been traded on the island before the Mongolian introduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Association of deficiency in antibody response to vaccine and heterogeneity of Ehrlichia risticii strains with Potomac horse fever vaccine failure in horses.

Ehrlichia risticii is the causative agent of Potomac horse fever (PHF), which continues to be an important disease of horses. Commercial inactivated whole-cell vaccines are regularly used for immunization of horses against the disease. However, PHF is occurring in large numbers of horses in spite of vaccination. In a limited study, 43 confirmed cases of PHF occurred between the 1994 and 1996 seasons; of these, 38 (89%) were in horses that had been vaccinated for the respective season, thereby clearly indicating vaccine failure. A field study of horses vaccinated with two PHF vaccines indicated a poor antibody response, as determined by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) titers. In a majority of horses, the final antibody titer ranged between 40 and 1,280, in spite of repeated vaccinations. None of the vaccinated horses developed in vitro neutralizing antibody in their sera. Similarly, one horse experimentally vaccinated three times with one of the vaccines showed a poor antibody response, with final IFA titers between 80 and 160. The horse did not develop in vitro neutralizing antibody or antibody against the 50/85-kDa strain-specific antigen (SSA), which is the protective antigen of the original strain, 25-D, and the variant strain of our laboratory, strain 90-12. Upon challenge infection with the 90-12 strain, the horse showed clinical signs of the disease. The horse developed neutralizing antibody and antibody to the 50/85-kDa SSA following the infection. Studies of the new E. risticii isolates from the field cases indicated that they were heterogeneous among themselves and showed differences from the 25-D and 90-12 strains as determined by IFA reactivity pattern, DNA amplification finger printing profile, and in vitro neutralization activity. Most importantly, the molecular sizes of the SSA of these isolates varied, ranging from 48 to 85 kDa. These studies suggest that the deficiency in the antibody response to the PHF vaccines and the heterogeneity of E. risticii isolates may be associated with the vaccine failure.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Incidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy in draft horse-related breeds: a necropsy study of 37 horses and a mule.

Skeletal muscle samples from 38 draft horse-related animals 1-23 years of age were evaluated for evidence of aggregates of glycogen and complex polysaccharide characteristic of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSSM). Cardiac muscle from 12 of these horses was also examined. Antemortem serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) from 9 horses with EPSSM and 5 horses without EPSSM were compared. Skeletal muscle from 17 horses contained inclusions of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, amylase-resistant complex polysaccharide. Similar inclusions were also present in the cardiac muscle of 1 horse. A vacuolar myopathy with aggregates of PAS-positive, amylase-sensitive glycogen was seen in 8 other horses, and these findings are also considered diagnostic for EPSSM. Antemortem serum activities of CK and AST were often higher in EPSSM horses than in horses without EPSSM. Using the presence of amylase-resistant complex polysaccharide as the criterion for diagnosis of EPSSM, the incidence in this population was 45%. Inclusion of horses with aggregates of glycogen but no amylase-resistant complex polysaccharide as representative of the range of pathologic findings in horses with EPSSM resulted in a 66% incidence in this population.

Amylases↗