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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Characterization of mechanical in vitro hemolysis and sub-hemolysis. 2: Variables of state and dimensionless characteristic values of hemolysis].

Blood damaging effects of artificial perfusion devices such as assist devices, heart valve prostheses, for example, must be evaluated in vitro before being used in the clinical setting. For this purpose, mainly animal blood has been used, and a number of associated problems are currently being discussed. Differences in the use of the term hemolysis--meaning breakdown of erythrocytes or increased plasma hemoglobin, result in incompatibility among different authors. In addition, subhemolytic damage and its quantification has not been investigated to any extent. Another problem are the differences in the mechanical fragility of erythrocytes from different animal species, and the question of transferability to the in vivo situation. Furthermore, the variability of mechanical stability within a given species is often greater than the differences between one species and another. International efforts are now being made to standardize haemolytic test conditions and the present study is meant as a contribution to this. In the first part we describe an extension of our LYSE number model. Characteristically, the model uses dimensionless similarity numbers, LY and MY, thus making the results obtained under different test conditions comparable with one another. The LY number reflects the breakdown of cells (decreasing hematocrit), the MY number an increase in plasma hemoglobin. Differences between LY and MY are an indication of subhemolytic events.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Mechanism of free radical-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes: hemolysis by water-soluble radical initiator.

Hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by free radicals initiated from water-soluble, 2,2'-azobis(amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) has been investigated. The formation of the radical detected as DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) adduct depended on temperature and AAPH concentration in a similar manner as hemolysis. The curve for the formation of DMPO--radical adduct, however, did not correspond directly to the hemolysis curve. The product of thiobarbituric acid-reactive materials, which reflect the extent of lipid peroxidation, could not be related directly to the hemolysis curve, too. During the hemolysis, the fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane did not change in appearance. To study whether band 3 proteins participate in the hemolysis or not, eosin-5-maleimide (EMI)-labeled ghosts were incubated in the presence of AAPH. High molecular weight band 3 was formed, and the induced circular dichrosim spectrum of the bound EMI was changed, indicating a conformational change of band 3. It was observed that ascorbic acid suppressed the hemolysis and the oxidation of band 3 dose dependently to produce an induction period. This result shows that specifically blocking band 3 oxidation inhibits the hemolysis, despite lipid peroxidation. Further, it was observed that the EMI-labeled erythrocytes revealed distinct clusters by incubation with AAPH. This means a redistribution of band 3 proteins to form hemolytic holes in the membrane. However, the time course of the conformational change of band 3 during the redistribution was not also correspondent to the hemolysis curve. These results indicate that either lipid peroxidation or redistribution of oxidized band 3 is not attributed only by itself to the hemolysis. Thus, the hemolysis was interpreted by a simple competitive reaction model between lipid peroxidation and redistribution of oxidized band 3. This model explained well the hemolysis curves.

Amidines↗
PubMed1998

Mechanism of free radical-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes. II. Hemolysis by lipid-soluble radical initiator.

Hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by free radicals initiated from lipid-soluble 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADVN) was examined under various conditions. From the ESR spectra of the spin-labeled erythrocytes, it was found that the fluidity of the membrane did not change during the radical-induced hemolysis. The curves of the time courses of the extent of oxidation and the conformational change of band 3 proteins were hyperbolic, though the hemolysis curves were sigmoidal. In spite of the necessity of lipid peroxidation, the peroxidation did not seem to relate directly to the hemolysis. It was observed that the hemolytic holes were formed by a lateral clustering of band 3, an anion exchange protein in erythrocytes. The competitive reaction model between lipid peroxidation and the redistribution of oxidized band 3 proteins, which was previously presented for the hemolysis initiated from water-soluble, 2,2'-azobis(amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH), could explain well the curves for the hemolysis by ADVN. Further, the rates of lipid peroxidation at various concentrations of ADVN and AAPH were calculated on the basis of the hemolysis curves, and they were compared with the experimental values estimated from the curves for the lipid peroxidation. The curves which showed a dependence of the calculated rate constant on the concentration of radical initiators were similar to those of the experimental values. These results indicate that the competitive reaction model is appropriately represents the hemolysis induced by free radicals which also originated from lipid-soluble initiators.

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte↗
PubMed2001

Dependence of erythrocyte vesiculation and hemolysis parameters on the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Vesicular-competitive hemolysis.

The kinetic and concentration dependences of erythrocyte vesiculation and hemolysis induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate were studied. The similarity of the slopes of the dose dependence of the SDS-induced vesiculation and slow hemolysis rates in the double logarithmic coordinates suggested a close relation between the processes of vesiculation and pore formation for slow hemolysis by the detergent. Further evidence of the competitive nature of the detergent-induced vesiculation and fast hemolysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate was obtained. The phenomenon of partial hemolysis proceeding at a rate comparable to that of cell vesiculation is explained in terms of the competition between hemolysis and vesiculation, without resorting to erythrocyte heterogeneity. New vesicular-competitive hemolysis is described. Based on it, the action of different hemolysis-inducing agents is analysed.

Detergents↗
PubMed1984

Altered hemolysis in single radial hemolysis from a single serum sample as an indicator of recent primary rubella virus infection.

The quality of hemolysis in the single radial hemolysis (SRH) test was observed to be altered in a small proportion (5.7%) of sera (N = 9628) studied for rubella rubella antibodies. Three different types of altered hemolysis were identified. Two of these types, the "soft margin" (SM) or the "soft zone" (SZ), occurred singly or in combination in 97% of paired sera (N = 321) taken 3-30 days after primary rubella infection (diagnostic seroconversion). For comparison, diagnostic increases of rubella antibodies (N = 77), including both primary and reinfections, contained these types of altered hemolysis in 80% of the cases. Of the remaining 20% of the samples (N = 15), rubella antibodies of IgM class were looked for in seven cases but not found. After primary rubella, SZ was always present in the first serum sample and disappeared rapidly within 20 days while SM persisted longer. The predictive value of the different types of hemolysis was estimated from 96 primary sera, which had altered hemolysis. In this material, SZ was followed by a diagnostic increase of antibodies in 87% of the cases; the prognostic value of the SM was significant but lower. These data show that the appearance of SM or SZ in a single serum sample is a useful marker of recent primary rubella. On the other hand, a normal hemolysis in SRH can be used to exclude recent primary rubella, but not reinfection, with a high degree of probability.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1982

[A new test for hemolysis related to tocopherol deficiency: hemolysis caused by sodium azide (NaN3). Results in cholestasis in children].

In patients suffering from intra or extrahepatic biliary obstruction defective absorption of liposoluble vitamins results in tocopherol deficiency. Erythrocyte membranes thus have an increased susceptibility to various oxydants. Erythrocytes from 28 infants and children with biliary atresia have been studied. The usual peroxide hemolysis test (H2O2) was compared with a new method using sodium azide (NaN3), an inhibitor of intraerythrocytic catalase, as the hemolyzing agent. A much more significant correlation was found between plasma tocopherol levels and NaN3--induced hemolysis (R. coefficient = -0.872; P = 99.9%) than tocopherol levels and peroxyde hemolysis (RC = -0.477; P = 95-99%). In severely tocopherol-deficient patients (plasma levels below 0.15 mg/dl compared to normal of 0.5 mg/dl) sodium azide hemolysis is completed by the 5th hour of incubation at 37 degrees C. After the 5th hour, hemolysis begin to appear in the control media and when measured at 20 hrs is almost complete especially in the isotonic saline solution (NaCl 0.9 g/l). When abnormal red cells are incubated in their own tocopherol-supplemented plasma a complete normalization of hemolysis due to NaN3, H2O and control media is obtained. The sodium azide hemolysis test is proposed as a new and simple means of measuring tocopherol deficiency in erythrocyte membranes.

Azides↗
PubMed1985

Runner's macrocytosis: a clue to footstrike hemolysis. Runner's anemia as a benefit versus runner's hemolysis as a detriment.

This report of a runner in whom progressive macrocytosis developed with increasing mileage deals with the hematologic adaptations to exercise, introduces the concept of "runner's macrocytosis" as a compensated hemolysis of older red cells, and makes a case for "runner's anemia" as a benefit versus "runner's hemolysis" as a detriment. It presents the characteristic hematologic profile of footstrike hemolysis and explores the influence of racing, different levels of training, and different shoes. It shows that runner's hemolysis can be reduced by reducing mileage but not necessarily by changing shoes, and it suggests that runner's hemolysis can impair race performance by preventing the attainment of an optimal red cell mass and, in time, by evolving into iron-deficiency anemia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence suggesting the occurrence of C3-independent intravascular immune hemolysis. Reactive hemolysis in vivo.

The authors present circumstantial evidence for the involvement of reactive hemolysis, i.e., C3-independent binding of the cytolytic C5b-9 complement complex to bystander red cells (RBC), in a case of intravascular immune hemolysis. Fresh serum obtained from a 6-year-old patient during the hemolytic episode, but not obtained thereafter, induced C5b-9-dependent hemolysis of human RBCs but the indirect C3 antiglobulin test remained negative. Particles (presumably RBC ghosts) isolated from the patient's plasma anticoagulated with EDTA at the peak of hemolysis were coated with C5b-9 complexes, whereas the direct antiglobulin test was strongly positive for IgA, only weakly positive for IgG, and negative for C3. Moreover, neither the autoantibodies isolated by elution (IgG plus IgA), nor free serum autoantibodies (IgA alone) activated complement in vitro. Additionally, serum samples collected later during the 12-month period of observation contained normal levels of C3, C4, C8, and C9, but markedly reduced levels of C7. These serums all produced strong reactive lysis in agarose plates, but not in test tubes. These results appear compatible with the working hypothesis that the intravascular hemolytic episode in this patient might have arisen through a local initiation of complement activation with subsequent C3-independent binding of C5b-9 to and hemolysis of bystander RBCs.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune↗
PubMed1999

Mechanism of free radical-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes: comparison of calculated rate constants for hemolysis with experimental rate constants.

We previously developed a simple competitive reaction model between lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in erythrocyte membranes that accounts for radical-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes. In this study, we compared the rate constants calculated from the hemolysis curves of erythrocytes in the presence of radical initiators with those obtained from experiments using erythrocyte ghosts treated with radicals. 2,2'-Azobis(amidinopropane) dihydrochloride and 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) were used as radical initiators. Plots of the logarithm of concentration of the radical initiator against the logarithm of the rate constant gave straight lines. The slope of the lines for the calculated lipid peroxidation was nearly equal with the experimental value. Similar results were obtained for oxidation of membrane proteins, except for band 3 oxidation. The values for the rate constants calculated from hemolysis curves seem to be accurate. The slope of the lines for the calculated rate constants for proteins was larger than the experimental value for band 3 oxidation, because band 3 oxidation is accompanied by aggregation or redistribution of band 3 proteins to form hemolytic holes. These results indicate that the competitive reaction model may be useful for analyzing radical-induced hemolysis.

Amidines↗
PubMed1981

A simple and effective method for hemolysis with a hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system and alteration of erythrocyte phospholipid composition during the hemolysis.

A very rapid hemolysis was found to be caused by active oxygen species produced by a hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system with very low concentrations of hypoxanthine. The addition of superoxide dismutase or catalase inhibited the hemolysis, indicating that O2- and H2O2 participate in this system. The extent of erythrocyte hemolysis was found to depend on the sex of the human donor. The change in phospholipid composition before and after hemolysis in human erythrocytes from donors of each sex was compared by thin layer chromatography. A significant decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine content and a concomitant increase in altered phospholipid fraction were observed in erythrocytes from male donors, suggesting that these erythrocytes were easily attacked by active oxygen species to produce modified phosphatidylethanolamine.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Hemolysis and hemolysis mechanisms in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) of type I. II., III].

On the basis of clinical symptoms, bone marrow morphology, electronmicroscopy and serological tests congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) was diagnosed in 3 families and identified as CDA type I, II, III respectively. Aside from intramedullary hemolysis, members of all three families showed peripheral hemolysis, in some cases severe, which was mediated through splenic (in all types) and additional intravascular destruction in types I and II. The underlying cause of the peripheral hemolysis appears to be reduced deformability of erythrocytes, as documented by reduced filterability. The latter appears to be caused, at least in type II, by an increase in viscosity of the cytoplasm which in turn is probably related to increased susceptibility to oxidative injury leading to inclusion body formation. Splenectomy in one patient with CDA II led to a definite reduction of hemolysis and cessation of hemolytic crises.

Anemia, Aplastic↗
PubMed1990

[Hemolysis and red cell deformability during cardiopulmonary bypass--the effect of prostaglandin E1 for prevention of hemolysis].

Prevention of hemolysis which is related to renal failure during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is very important. We discussed the relationship between hemolysis and red cell deformability during CPB, and moreover the effect of PGE1 to reduce hemolysis. PGE1 was given during CPB (10 approximately 20 ng/kg/min). Red cell deformability was measured using 20% Ht red cell suspension and Nucleopore Microfilter (pore size: 5 mu). Red cell filtration rate (RFR: microliter/sec) was calculated as a value of red cell deformability. Red cell deformability (RFR: microliter/sec) was reduced during CPB in almost all patients. Secondly, plasma Hb (mg/dl) was measured in the controls (n = 8) and PGE1 group (n = 12). The mean pre-bypass level were 20.6 in the control group and 23.8 in the PGE1 group. The mean values of plasma Hb at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min of CPB were 37.8, 52.4, 52.3 and 61.2 in the control group and 24.1, 25.0, 26.3 and 29.0 in the PGE1 group. Our study showed conclusively that CPB has a detrimental effect on red cell deformability and that this effect is accentuated by prolongation of CPB time. PGE1 lessened the decrease in red cell deformability during CPB and was shown to be very effective for prevention of hemolysis.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed2025

Long-read DNA sequencing resolves a rare case of alloimmune hemolysis mimicking autoimmune hemolysis.

BACKGROUND: Immune hemolytic anemia poses a significant challenge in transfusion medicine, as identification of underlying alloantibodies can be masked by warm and/or cold autoantibodies. This increases the risk of transfusing incompatible blood, which can precipitate or exacerbate hemolysis. Identifying alloantibodies in the presence of autoantibodies remains difficult with standard serologic and genotypic methods, often delaying accurate diagnosis and appropriate transfusion strategies. CASE REPORT: We describe a 63-year-old woman with autoimmune hemolytic anemia who suffered near-fatal hemolysis following transfusion. Despite extensive serologic and genotypic testing, the cause of her hemolytic transfusion reactions remained elusive. Given her clinical course and transfusion history, we hypothesized that her acute hemolytic transfusion reactions could be due to immune sensitization to a high-incidence RBC antigen. Research whole-genome long-read sequencing (LRS) revealed homozygosity for a rare KEL*02N.16 allele, consistent with a rare Ko phenotype, which was validated by Sanger sequencing. Retrospective serologic testing with Ko RBCs further confirmed alloimmunization within the Kell system. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the limitations of conventional serologic and genotypic methods in detecting rare blood group phenotypes, and emphasizes the diagnostic power of long-read sequencing in transfusion medicine. Early molecular testing in complex hemolytic cases can facilitate targeted transfusion strategies, reduce the risk of severe hemolysis, and improve patient outcomes. As sequencing technologies become more accessible, they have the potential to revolutionize blood group typing and alloimmunization risk assessment in clinical practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1973

Rickettsial hemolysis: effect of metabolic inhibitors upon hemolysis and adsorption.

The hemolysis of sheep red blood cells by typhus rickettsiae is initiated by a temperature-sensitive adsorption process that is dependent on the energy-generating metabolism of the rickettsaie but not that of the erythrocyte. Adsorption is followed by events dependent on the metabolism of both the rickettsaie and red blood cells. At 34 C the adsorption step is complete after about 4 min, at lower temperatures the time required for adsorption is increased. At 0 C no adsorption occurred. The addition of cyanide inhibited the catabolism of glutamate by the rickettsiae and, consequently, both adsorption and the subsequent steps in hemolysis. The starvation of the rickettsiae for glutamate also prevented adsorption. Fluoride had no demonstrable effect on rickettsial metabolism nor the adsorption step but inhibited glycolysis in the erythrocytes and the hemolysis of the erythrocytes by rickettsiae.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1994

[Mechanical hemolysis caused by artificial organs--comparison of in vitro hemolysis studies and their application to in vivo conditions].

Changes of plasma concentration are often used for in vitro characterisation of the hemolytic potency of artificial organs and apparatus. Different indices of hemolysis are derived from Hb concentration, which, in general, depend on experimental conditions and cannot be compared quantitatively or used to describe the in vivo damage. In this paper we propose a similarity number called "lysis number" that is independent of experimental conditions. It describes the probability for a single blood cell to be completely destroyed in a single pass through the corresponding artificial assist system. The concept is based on the steps: 1. Definition of "lysis number" as an index of hemolytic performance of artificial organs or implants. 2. Description of more complex hemolytic damaging processes (different hemolytic steps) that may be in series or parallel and definition of an effective lysis number. 3. Experimental in vitro estimation of each of the processes in consecutive steps. 4. Calculation of total hemolysis of the complex system using the linkage rules. 5. Application to in vivo by an appropriate differential equation in RBC mas taking into account mechanically-induced hemolysis rate, survival time of normal RBC and erythropoetic generation rate.

Erythrocyte Aging↗
PubMed1999

Ceftizoxime-induced hemolysis due to immune complexes: case report and determination of the epitope responsible for immune complex-mediated hemolysis.

BACKGROUND: Several occurrences of immune complex-mediated, cephalosporin-induced intravascular hemolysis have been reported. This report describes the first case of hemolytic anemia caused by an immune-complex mechanism associated with ceftizoxime and delineates the epitope responsible for hemolysis. CASE REPORT: The patient's serum was tested for antibody that reacted with five penicillins and 30 cephems (all types of cephalosporins) by using protocols to detect drug-adsorption and immune-complex mechanisms. The patient's antibody that formed immune complexes with ceftizoxime reacted with 10 of 30 cephems. These 10 drugs were classified as oxime-type cephalosporins, which have a common structural formula consisting of [(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetoamido] at the C7 position on 7-aminocephalosporinic acid with or without substitution at the C3 position. CONCLUSION: The patient's antibody recognized a common structure in 10 oxime-type cephalosporins, and immune complexes formed by the antibody specifically or nonspecifically bound to red cell membranes. Therefore, when intermittent antibiotic therapy is required, as in this case, care should be taken in antibiotic selection to avoid drug-induced hemolytic anemia. In addition, when this type of hemolysis is observed, tests for antibody that reacts by adsorption and immune-complex mechanisms should be performed against penicillins and cephems to select antibiotics not showing a cross-reaction.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1984

Interaction of hemolysis and genotype on ionized calcium in bile of mice with hemolysis-induced gallstones.

In this study, we used an ion-selective membrane electrode to measure ionized calcium in hepatic bile of control +/+ mice and nb/nb mice with hereditary hemolytic anemia. We found that biliary concentrations of ionized, bound, and total calcium were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) and magnesium was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in nb/nb mice than in control +/+ mice. To separate the hemolytic process from genotypic influences, we transplanted genetically defective bone marrow from nb/nb mice into histocompatible nonhemolytic recipients (W/Wv). After successful engraftment, transplanted W/Wv mice had significantly higher biliary concentrations of ionized calcium than their untreated W/Wv counterparts (p less than 0.001); but bound and total calcium and magnesium concentrations were not different from untreated W/Wv controls. When compared with nb/nb mice, transplanted W/Wv mice had lower ionized calcium (p less than 0.001) and higher bound calcium concentrations (p less than 0.001) in their biles. These data indicate that ionized calcium in hepatic bile is significantly influenced by genotypic factors and subsequently increased in chronic hemolysis; and further, that increased ionized calcium in bile of mice with hemolysis is a risk factor, but of limited predictive value for hemolysis-induced gallstone formation.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital↗
PubMed1998

Exercise-induced fragmentation hemolysis: a simple in vivo test to evaluate heart valve hemolysis.

Differentiating heart valve-related fragmentation hemolysis from other causes of hemolysis can occasionally be difficult, especially when findings on transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography are minimal. We report a case in which the cause of hemolysis remained in doubt after thorough hematologic and cardiologic evaluations. The decision to reoperate on the valve was finally made, based on the result of exercise-induced increase in serum hemoglobin. Hemolytic anemia promptly resolved after reoperation. We believe this to be the first reported use of this in vivo test to support the diagnosis of valve-related hemolytic anemia.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗