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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Cerebral potentials during smooth goal-directed hand movements in right-handed and left-handed subjects.

During smooth goal-directed hand movements a negative potential shift can be recorded from the human scalp. This goal-directed movement potential (GDMP) is preponderant over central areas with a maximum at the vertex and, over the motor cortex, contralaterally larger than ipsilaterally to the moving hand. In 11 right-handed and 6 left-handed subjects, the morphology and distribution of these potential shifts were studied in relation to task differences, moving hand and handedness. The results show a functional differentiation of two components of the GDMP: (1), a lateralized, slow negative wave, restricted to the precentral area and selectively varying with the hand used, and (2), a widespread, bilateral symmetrical component, selectively influenced by task-specific and individual factors. Two effects reflect an influence of the subject's handedness on the GDMP: (A) averaged for both hand conditions, there are larger amplitudes over the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant hand, and (b), averaged for both hemispheres, larger amplitudes result from using the non-dominant hand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Hand-to-hand transmission of rhinovirus colds.

Rhinovirus was transmitted from experimentally infected volunteers (donors) to susceptible recipients and the efficiencies of spread by hand-to-hand contact and large- and small-particle aerosols compared. Transmission of infection was very efficient by the hand route: 11 of 15 hand-contact exposures initiated infection, compared with one of 12 large-particle (P less than 0.005) and none of 10 small-particle (P less than 0.005) exposures. Rhinovirus was present in nine of 18 (50%) nasal swab specimens, 28 of 43 (65%) hand rinses, and seven of 18 (39%) saliva specimens of donors; geometric mean titers of positive specimens were 10(1.5), 10(1.4), and 10(1.2) tissue culture infectious dose 50/ml (TCID 50/ml), respectively. Rhinovirus was present in 20 of 43 (46%) recipient hand rinses, with a geometric mean titer of 10(1.4)TCID50/ml. Virus on donors' hands was transferred to recipients' fingers during 20 of 28 (71%) 10-second hand-contact exposures. These findings support the concept that hand contact/self-inoculation may be an important natural route of rhinovirus transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. II. Static and dynamic visual cues in the control of hand movement.

The closed loop situation of hand pointing at a target has been experimentally divided into its static and dynamic components. When the subjects see their hand at first (closed loop) until the start of the hand movement cuts off the vision of the hand (open loop), the pointing is significantly more accurate than when it is performed without any vision of the hand before and throughout the movement (fully open loop). This suggests that initial cues as regards hand and target position, improve the motor program by a better identification of initial and final states. As poor as it is, the extra retinal signal (encoding of eye position) improves performance when the foveation is done under closed loop; it allows a better redefinition of target position, and thus modulates the hand motor program through a direct central pathway, which is quicker than the processing of the visual feedback of the hand movement error.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1979

Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. I. Spatio-temporal characteristics of eye and hand movements and their relationships when varying the amount of visual information.

In a task requiring an optimal hand pointing (with regards to both time and accuracy) at a peripheral target, there is first a saccade of the eye within 250 ms, followed 100 ms later by the hand movement. However the latency of the hand movement is poorly correlated with that of the eye movement. When the peripheral target is cut off at the onset of the saccade, there is no correlation between the error of the gaze position and the error of the hand pointing. This suggests an early parallel processing of the two motor outputs. The duration of hand movement does not change significantly when subjects either see or not see their hand (closed or open loop). In the open loop situation, the undershoot of the hand pointing increases with target eccentricity, whatever the subjects are allowed or not to do a saccade toward the target. It suggests that the encoding of eye position by itself is a poor index for an accurately guided movement of the hand.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies.

In a prolonged field trial a 4% chlorhexidine digluconate detergent scrub (Hibiscrub(R)), that had earlier proved to be an effective hand disinfectant, was studied in hospital wards. Finger tips were found to harbour more bacteria than the hand dorsum and the samples collected from them yielded more information on the bacteriological and dermatological effects of hand disinfectants in practice.In wards with a relatively low hand-washing frequency (less than 20 times in 8 hours) the bacteriological results resembled those obtained by in-use tests with volunteers. In the neonatal unit where the hand washing frequency was remarkably high, even occasionally over 100 times/8 h shift, an increase in the bacterial colony counts of the majority of the staff was recorded both before and after hand washing already after using the preparation for 1 week. Age, occupation and hand-washing frequency all correlated with the bacteriological results. Twenty-seven out of 37 persons complained of side effects such as wounds of finger tips and redness or heavy drying of the skin. Wounds, particularly on finger tips, resulted in the failure of disinfection. An increase in bacterial counts was sometimes noted without any dermatological or subjective changes. Drying of the skin was complained of less often when no increase in skin bacteria occurred.After the changeover of washing practice to a detergent followed by a rinse with spirit solution containing chlorhexidine and glycerol a decrease was recorded in the bacterial counts. It is concluded that more attention should be paid to long-term testing of hand washing and disinfection methods to ensure optimum final results in practice. It is obvious that the knowledge obtained from short time in-use testing cannot be applied to all conditions of use.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Blood flow in the contralateral hand during vibration and hand grip contractions of lumberjacks.

Pulse wave changes were examined among 63 professional lumberjacks. The tests were carried out in connection with an annual health examination. A photoelectric plethysmographic method was used to measure pulse wave changes during contralateral muscle work and vibration exposure from a dynamic shaker with a strain-gauge dynamometer. The relative changes in pulse wave amplitude were counted, and the changes were classified as dilatations, constrictions, or constant pulse wave amplitude. Contralateral muscle work caused vasodilatation, but vibration exposure could cause vasoconstrictions in the right hand. Most of the vasospasms were recorded at 60 and 100 Hz. The strongest vasospasms were seen at 200 Hz. The occurrence of vasospasms in the contralateral hand correlated with the severity of white finger symptoms rated according to an index for traumatic vasospastic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Evaluation of procedures for hygienic disinfection of hands: comparison of two methods, for artificially contaminating hands and use of an automatic colony-counter (author's transl)].

Testing procedures for the Hygienic Disinfection of hands, two kinds of artificial contamination have been compared: Application of one drop of bacterial suspension onto each fingertip as described in the DGHM-"Richtlinien" and immersion of hands as described in our previous papers. When using our method, fingertips released higher numbers of testbacteria. Since pre- as well as post-values were elevated, disinfection-tests applying one of each contamination method resulted in log10 reductions which did not differ significantly. Using an automated scanning colony counter we were able to save 2/3 of time otherwise required for manual counts. Up to 10(2) colonies per plate manual counts were practically identical with the counters results, whereas with higher colony-numbers the counter showed an increasing tendency to under-estimate the numbers of colonies. Since colonies of skin-staphylococci are not recognised by the automated counter, we cultured our rinsing-fluids on nutrient agar containing 0.05% of sodium-desoxycholate in order to inhibit the autochthonous skin flora. This supplement influenced the colony counts of our test-bacterium to a very minor degree only, the reduction factors were not at all altered.

Bacteriological Techniques↗