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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Polarizing microscopy of crystalline drugs based on the crystal habit determination for the purpose of a rapid estimation of crystal habits, particle sizes and specific surface areas of small crystals].

In 1939 the author reported the results of measured refractive indices of about a hundred crystalline drugs listed in [JP V] at the Takeda Research Laboratory using a Leitz PM polarizing microscope and newly developed immersion oils. When the author had reopened the study of crystalline drugs using a polarizing microscope at the Kobe-Gakuin University starting from 1975 one of the main purposes was to clarify the relation between crystal habits and refractive indices. It had been found that in most cases of crystal habits refractive indices were uniquely measured from a predominant pair of faces forming superior the habit, and they were called as "key refractive indices". The author and his co-workers tried to investigate the possibility of measuring the key refractive indices widely from all the obtainable crystalline drugs listed in the [JP X] or [JP XI], co-operating with the Pharmacy of Kobe University Hospital. Thus, more than 170 kinds of crystalline drugs were tested for their key refractive indices and found that they were measured from about 60-70% of tested drugs. It was also clarified that the difference of 2 key refractive indices, (n2 - n1), the birefringence of the section, was also an unique invariable number for the habit, and it played an important role not only for the graphic representation of log(n2 - n1), abscissa, against (n1, n2), ordinate, for the sake of an analytical purpose but also to measure a thickness of a section (habit) using a retardation color. Then, it had been cleared that the similarity of crystal habits in the microscopic field was based on the facts of measuring the same key refractive indices, and the author had developed a chart for measuring key refractive indices as well as producing a 3 dimensional orthographic projection of a crystal habit simultaneously applying a thickness measuring method using a birefringence. Finally 3 dimensional parameter a, b, c of a crystal habit and "habit coefficients" T: square root of ab/c and L: b/c were determined from the orthographic projection. In conclusion using the similarity in crystal habits the distributions of particle sizes and specific surface areas of all the crystals in the microscopic field had been calculated by a personal computer putting in necessary habit coefficients and obtained data of parameter b. The relation between 2 dispersions of particle sizes in log (V) and specific surface areas in log (SSA) were shown under the rectangular coordinates log (V) on the abscissa and log (SSA) on the ordinate, where the loci of log (SSA) formed simple striped pattern composed of parallel straight lines depending on habit coefficients. It would be possible to estimate the value of a specific surface area of any crystalline substance by plotting the value of log (V) on the straight line of a locus of log (SSA) having the same habit coefficients.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1999

Health habit counseling amidst competing demands: effects of patient health habits and visit characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the effects of competing demands, such as poor health habits or new medical problems, on health-habit counseling during a primary care visit. METHODS: We surveyed a consecutive sample of 1,259 patients visiting primary care clinicians at an academic VA medical center. Before the visit, patients reported their health status, health habits, and sociodemographics; immediately after the visit, patients reported reasons for the visit and whether they had been counseled about specific health habits. We scored visit acuity ranging from visits for unscheduled walk-in care or new medical problems to scheduled visits for check-ups or old problems. We defined counseling "triggers" as clinical indications for counseling about particular health habits (e.g., smoking). We developed a logistic model predicting primary care provider counseling during a visit. RESULTS: Over two-thirds of patients (68.9%) received some health habit counseling. Controlling for other independent variables, patients with more triggers were more likely to report being counseled. Counseling rates went up as visit acuity went down; patients with the lowest visit acuity having 67% greater odds of being counseled than patients with the highest visit acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians set priorities for health-habit counseling during a visit based on patients' health habit problems or triggers; whether the visit is scheduled or walk-in; and whether the patient has new or acute problems. Future research about primary care performance of health habit counseling should account for these patient and visit characteristics, and prevention-oriented health care organizations should ensure access to scheduled "check-up" visits.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Suffer the little children: fixed intraoral habit appliances for treating childhood thumbsucking habits: a critical review of the literature.

A critical review of the literature is presented covering the treatment of childhood thumbsucking habits using fixed intraoral habit appliances (hayrake, palatal crib). The habit appliances are classified into type and function. Data is tabulated for key references revealing the fragmented and distorted nature of the literature and its lack of consistency. A chronological approach is presented to confirm the confused and idiosyncratic character of the literature. Information is provided on the early work of Massler and Graber and the paradox of Mack, Korner and Reider. Haryett's seminal studies at the University of Alberta regarding aspects of the treatment used are critically reviewed. Reflections are presented on why Larsson's study, casting doubt on the wisdom of using habit appliances, continues to be ignored. The emergence of the Bluegrass Appliance is discussed in terms of its being a more humane appliance and the seeming reluctance of practitioners to apply it as a kinder form of appliance therapy. Information is reported on the pain and serious injuries inflicted on children by habit appliances. A comparison of the use of appliances in the USA is made with the UK, where fixed habit appliances are not popular. Concludes that fixed intraoral habit appliances are cruel and inflict pain and suffering on children out of all proportion to their necessity. Questions why these appliances continue to be used, implying that it could be a combination of financial inducement, professional insularity and the absence of concerted opposition from behavioural therapists.

Attitude↗
PubMed1999

Comparing the effectiveness of similar and dissimilar competing responses in evaluating the habit reversal treatment for oral-digital habits in children.

In the present study 26 children with chronic oral-digital habits were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions. Group 1 received habit reversal using a similar competing response. Group 2 received habit reversal using a dissimilar competing response, and Group 3 served as a wait-list control group. Three videotaped observations were taken at pretreatment and again at posttreatment. In addition, social acceptability data were collected on the treatment groups at posttreatment. Results showed that the similar and dissimilar groups were engaging in significantly less oral-digital behavior at posttreatment when compared to the control group. However, the two treatment groups did not differ from each other in terms of treatment gains or acceptability. These results suggest that habit reversal is an effective treatment for oral digital habits in children. In addition, it appears that the competing response does not function as a physically incompatible behavior. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Augmenting simplified habit reversal in the treatment of oral-digital habits exhibited by individuals with mental retardation.

We investigated whether a simplified habit reversal treatment eliminates fingernail biting and related oral-digital habits exhibited by individuals with mild to moderate mental retardation. Although simplified habit reversal did little to decrease the target behaviors for 3 of 4 participants, simplified habit reversal plus additional treatment procedures decreased the behavior to near-zero levels for all participants. These procedures included remote prompting, remote contingencies involving differential reinforcement plus response cost, and differential reinforcement of nail growth. Limitations of habit reversal for individuals with mental retardation along with directions for future research involving therapist-mediated treatment procedures, particularly those involving remote prompting and remote contingencies, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food habits and future time: an exploratory study of age-appropriate food habits among the elderly.

This exploratory research effort examines future time perspective and its association with a behavioral change, i.e., food habits, among a sample of elderly persons. Demographic and social conditions under which a positive or negative future time may be associated with changes in food habits are explored. The findings suggest that the elderly do make changes in their food habits, and there is an association of positive or negative food habit changes with a positive or negative future time perspective. The future time perspective and the food habit changes are couched in certain types of demographic and social conditions such as with whom one lives, recent widowhood, health status, and sex.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Prevalence of smoking habits of Upper Austria students of the 7th and 8th grade and effect of smoking habits of family and peers].

The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of different smoking habits in a population of Austrian pupils, 12 to 15 years old, and the relationship of familial and peer group smoking customs with these habits. In 1997 a population-based survey (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, ISAAC) was conducted of all 7th and 8th grade school children of a district of Upper Austria. Information on the smoking habits of the adolescents, the family members, and of the peer as well as smoking habits of the teacher, gender, and age of the children was collected. The overall-prevalence of having ever smoked in this population is 57.8%. The percentage of eversmokers among the 12-year-olds is 50%. This amount increases to 63.8% among the 14- to 15-year-olds. The odds ratios for smoking daily is highest among those whose best friend smokes (OR: 70.63, CI: 9.19, 542.40). The risk of daily smoking increases also if the siblings of the juvenile (OR: 4.71, CI: 1.15, 19.35) or the mother (OR: 4.95, CI: 1.67, 14.70) smoke. If the father smokes the risk to smoke monthly is increased (OR: 2.09, CI: 1.28, 3.40). These results point to the fact that smoking prevention programes should take into account the influence of peers and family of the adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A student research review of the mouthbreathing habit: discussing measurement methods, manifestations and treatment of the mouthbreathing habit.

Mouthbreathing as an oral habit is seldom discussed in detail and as a consequence has tended to be overlooked by dental professionals. This review paper is an in-depth look at the current research on the mouthbreathing habit. This report aims to inform the dental professional of the most current definition of mouthbreathing and the methods of measuring the habit, including both observational and quantitative techniques. The various factors that can cause a mouthbreathing habit, such as asthma, allergies and enlarged glandular tissue, are discussed in detail. A review of current data on the skeleto-facial, dental and gingival changes that occur in mouthbreathing individuals is given, with the intention of raising the awareness of dental professionals to the special needs of these patients.

Gingivitis↗
PubMed1982

Habit reversal vs negative practice treatment of self-destructive oral habits (biting, chewing or licking of the lips, cheeks, tongue or palate).

Ten patients with oral habits such as biting, chewing licking, or pushing of the cheeks, lips, teeth, or palate were randomly assigned to either habit reversal treatment or to negative practice treatment. Treatment was given in a single 2-hr session. The patients receiving negative practice treatment showed a mean reduction of about 65%, those receiving the habit reversal treatment showed a mean reduction of about 99% during the 22-months of follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Smoking habit at school. First habit at school. First results of a survey done in Marseille and its suburbs (author's transl)].

The authors report the first results of a transversal survey done from the end of November 1976 to the end of April 1977 in 4 secondary schools (CES, CEG) in Marseille and its suburbs. 1.795 children, between 11 and 15, in the first and fourth form, filled up a questionary inquiring into their smoking habits and consumption. Already a certain number of results can be drawn: --in this group of children, mostly girls (926 G/882 B) 181 were regular smokers (10,07%); --among these smokers, 70 smoked every day (38,6%), 60 smoked more than a packet a week (33%), finally 122 inhaled smoke; --they acquired the habit of smoking regularly between the age of 14 and 15, in the 3rd and 4th forms, as there was only 9,4% of smokers in the 3rd and 19% in the 4th form; --finally, parents seem to play a fundamental inducing part in this habit, as among smoking children 32.8% have parents both smoking, 41% a smoking mother, 71.2% a smoking father, while for non smokers the percentage were respectively of 19.9%, 24.9% and 54.3%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The Finnish Family Competence Study: the effects of living conditions on sucking habits in 3-year-old Finnish children and the association between these habits and dental occlusion.

Sucking habits and their connection with family background was investigated in 3-year-old Finnish children. The association between sucking habits and malocclusion was also studied. The study was based on a survey with stratified randomized cluster sampling, confidential questionnaires, and clinical dental examinations. Dummy (pacifier) use was often associated with a negligent attitude towards the child's toothbrushing. This may imply that these parents need more support, encouragement, and counseling from the well-baby clinic than others. Sucking habits were strongly associated with malocclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Liver cancer and life style--drinking habits and smoking habits].

Japan is one of the endemic area of liver cancer in the world with its incidence rate of more than 30 per 100,000 population for males in Osaka. It is well known that Hepatitis B virus is closely related with hepatocellular carcinoma, however, its prevalence is moderately high (2-3%) in Japan. The relationship between drinking and liver cancer is examined by 3 different type of studies. First, more than 13,000 male alcoholics were followed for 9.9 years in average. Their incidence rate of liver cancer was 1.4 times higher than that of general population. Second, the case-control study of liver cancer among HBs antigen positives revealed that drinking habit was related with liver cancer even after adjusted with smoking habits. Lastly hospital based case-control study also showed the positive relationship between drinking habit and liver cancer. The relationship between smoking and liver cancer is still unclear.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of sleep/wake habits of university students with or without a habit of self-awakening.

Several studies have reported that some people have the ability to awaken from sleep without using external means. This ability is called 'self-awakening'. The present study investigated the sleep/wake habits of university students with or without a habit of self-awakening. Of the 643 university students, 66 students (10.3%) habitually self-awakened in daily life. In comparison with those who did not self-awaken (n = 577, 89.7%), self-awakening students went to bed and woke up approximately 30 min earlier, felt better when they woke up in the morning, and dozed off less in the daytime. Moreover, self-awakening students showed a higher morningness score.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Smoking habits and changes in smoking habits as they relate to chronic conditions and respiratory symptoms.

The relation of smoking to chronic lung disease has been documented in several studies. Several conclusions have been drawn about the type of smoking associated withdisease, including inhalation, filter tip use, and reduction in smoking. These factors were examined in a community epidemiologic study of chronic obstructive lung diseases. It was found that the community population exhibited greater filter tip use and higher rates of exsmoking than often seen elsewhere. Smoking habits and the changes in smoking habits over time were related to physician-diagnosed emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis, but not asthma. Some relation was seen also with present heart trouble. There was dose-relationship to pack-years of smoking in both present and ex-smokers. There were more ex-smokers among males. Most male ex-smokers quit due to symptoms. Ex-smokers were found to have high rates of diagnosed disease but reduced rates of symptoms. The incidence of diagnosed disease was found to be associated with smoking, both in intensity and duration. Changes in smoking over time were found to be correlated with symptomatology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Dietary habits and risk of lung cancer death in a large-scale cohort study (JACC Study) in Japan by sex and smoking habit.

Lung cancer has increased and is the leading cause of cancer death among Japanese males. The associations of dietary habits with the risk of lung cancer death were evaluated by sex and smoking habits in this study. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study, a cohort established in 1988 - 90 and consisting of 42 940 males and 55 308 females was observed for lung cancer deaths up to the end of 1997. During the observation period, 446 males and 126 females died of lung cancer. A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used as the baseline survey. Hazard ratios for dietary factors were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model. Among males, a high intake of ham and sausages, cheese, green-leafy vegetables, oranges, and other fruits significantly and dose-dependently decreased the risk of lung cancer death. Among females, a high intake of miso-soup, ham and sausages, and liver significantly and almost dose-dependently increased the risk. Vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidative and carcinogenic agents reduced the risk of lung cancer deaths among male smokers more than among female nonsmokers. The results among female nonsmokers were partially consistent with the hypothesis that high fat consumption increases the risk of lung cancer, especially that of adenocarcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

What makes a planet habitable, and how to search for habitable planets in other solar systems.

The availability of liquid water is the most important factor that makes a planet habitable, because water is a very effective polar molecule and hence an excellent solvent and facilitator for the complex chemistry of life. Its presence presupposes a planet with a significant mass that guarantees the presence of a substantial atmosphere, and a reasonable spinning rate to avoid overheating. It also implies that the planet is at moderate distances from its central star, a range that is called the Ecosphere or the Habitable Zone. Since the evolution of life to high intelligence seems to take billions of years, it requires also that the central star must be neither too massive, that will produce a lot of lethal UV radiation and will have too short a life-span to allow life to evolve, nor of very small mass which will be producing too feeble a radiation to sustain life. The detection of free Oxygen in the atmosphere of a planet is a very strong evidence for the presence of life, because Oxygen is highly reactive and would rapidly disappear by combining with other elements, unless it is continuously replenished by life as the by-product of the process of photosynthesis that builds food for life (sugars) from CO2 and H2O.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed2003

Changes in tobacco habits. A prospective longitudinal study of tobacco habits among boys who play ice hockey.

The aim of the investigation was to follow up tobacco habits and actual sporting activities among the boys who participated in an earlier study by the authors, and to examine whether knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco and tobacco behaviour patterns and/or the choice of tobacco had changed amongst the participants. The study was conducted 3 years after the original study. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Of the 183 boys in the age group 15-22 years who participated in the study, 26.8% were tobacco users: 19.7% only snuff users, 6.0% both snuff users and smokers and 1.1% smokers. Compared with the original study, a further 16.4% of the boys had started to use tobacco. The use of tobacco increased in all age groups except amongst 19-year-olds where tobacco use was unchanged. The age group 17-22 years included boys who were both snuff users and smokers. An increase in tobacco use between the ages of 17 and 19 years could be shown compared with the original study, for equivalent age groups. Among the 132 boys who still played ice hockey, 25.8% were tobacco users: 18.2% only snuff users, 6.1% both snuff users and smokers and 1.5% smokers. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) could be shown between boys who used snuff and non-users depending on whether the boys participated in another sport besides ice hockey. Snuff usage was thus not as widespread among boys who participated in other sporting activities. The increase in tobacco use amongst the boys in the study showed that the various preventive initiatives which society so far has offered have been inadequate. Hence, the preventive measures need to be evaluated and developed to prevent tobacco habits from becoming established. The results of this and previous studies show that the environment in which ice hockey is practiced can, in itself, constitute a risk for tobacco usage becoming established among ice-hockey-playing adolescents.

Adolescent↗