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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Multiple sclerosis in island populations: prevalence in the Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey.

The aim of this study was to establish for the first time the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey, as representing the most southerly part of the British Isles. All patients with multiple sclerosis in the Channel Islands resident on prevalence day were identified by contacting all medical practices, Multiple Sclerosis, and Action Research for Multiple Sclerosis societies by letter and visits. The crude overall prevalence rates were 113/100,000 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 90.3-135.7) and 86.7/100,000 (95% CI 63.3-110.0) for the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey respectively. When standardised to the age and sex structure of a previously reported Northern Ireland population the standardised prevalence ratios were 120.2/100,000 (95% CI 96.0-144.3) for Jersey and 95.6/100,000 (95% CI 69.9-121.3) for the Bailiwick of Guernsey. When compared with recent studies in the northern United Kingdom the prevalence rates for multiple sclerosis in the Channel Islands lend some support to the proposed latitudinal gradient in the British Isles although the standardised prevalence ratio in the Bailiwick of Jersey is similar to those found in recent studies of southern Britain. The standardised prevalence rates of probable and definite multiple sclerosis for the male populations were 37.3/100,000 (95% CI 17.9-56.7) for the Bailiwick of Guernsey and 45.5/100,000 (95% CI 26.3-64.7) for the Bailiwick of Jersey whereas the standardised prevalence rates for the female populations were 97.5/100,000 (95% CI 73.9-143.5) and 139.5/100,000 (95% CI 112.6-181.2) respectively. Thus there is a striking and unexplained 43% higher prevalence of probable and definite multiple sclerosis in the female population of Jersey compared with that of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. This seems to be due to an unusually low prevalence of the disease among the female population of the Bailiwick of Guernsey compared with that of the United Kingdom mainland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations in Holstein and Guernsey cows.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the concentration of IgG in colostrum between Holstein and Guernsey cows and among cows of various lactations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Colostrum samples from 77 Holstein and 24 Guernsey cows. PROCEDURE: Colostrum samples were obtained from 101 cows. Colostral IgG concentration was determined, using a radial immunodiffusion assay. Regression analysis was used to determine the effect of breed and lactation number on colostral IgG concentration. Survival analysis and t-tests were used to compare the proportion of colostrum samples that would provide 100 g of IgG for various volumes of colostral intake. RESULTS: Guernsey cows produced 36.4 g of IgG/L of colostrum more than that of Holstein cows. Cows in the third or greater lactation produced 19.5 g of IgG/L of colostrum more than that of first-lactation cows. The IgG concentration of colostrum produced by second-lactation cows did not differ significantly from that produced by first-lactation cows. The colostral IgG concentration of these Holstein and Guernsey cows was higher than values that have been reported elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Volume of colostrum needed to meet IgG intake goals is probably lower for Guernsey cows than Holstein cows. Colostrum from first-lactation cows was adequate in IgG content. The practice of discarding colostrum from first-lactation cows on the basis of inadequate IgG content was not justified in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of herd and sire on uniform functional type trait appraisal scores for Ayrshires, Guernseys, Jerseys, and milking shorthorns.

Type appraisal data supplied by United States breed organizations for Ayrshires, Guernseys, Jerseys, and Milking Shorthorns were examined for genetic and environmental sources of variation. Repeatabilities were highest for pelvic angle, udder depth, stature, suspensory ligament, and final score (.51 to .74) and lowest for foot shape (.15 to .29). Variances and covariances were estimated from appraisals from 230 Ayrshire, 352 Guernsey, 699 Jersey, and 51 Milking Shorthorn herds and represented 117, 157, 333, and 32 sires. Herd variances by trait and breed ranged from 2 to 23%. Herd effects were large for stature and rear udder width of Ayrshires, for most traits of Jerseys, and for udder depth of Milking Shorthorns. Herd X sire variance was small but averaged 3% across all breeds and traits. Heritabilities ranged from .06 to .75. Stature had the highest heritability (.34 to .75) for all four breeds. Heritabilities also were high for chest and body (.42), rump width (.36), and pelvic angle (.34) for Guernseys; pelvic angle (.29) and udder depth (.27) for Jerseys; and chest and body (.70), rump width (.50), and final score (.44) for Milking Shorthorns. Foot shape had the lowest heritability for Ayrshires, Guernseys, and Jerseys (.06 to .07). Most of the phenotypic correlations between appraisal traits were low to moderately high. Genetic correlations were calculated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing in war-time Guernsey: a preliminary review.

The research for this article was carried out in the Channel Island of Guernsey during 1996-97 and focuses on the remarkable resilience of a small group of nurses as they strove to provide an emergency hospital service to the civilian population of Guernsey between 1940 and 1945, during which time German forces were in occupation. Insights are provided into a unique period of nursing history, giving a flavour of the harsh environment in which care was provided. Hospital records at the time described a nurse as 'someone who earns her living nursing', therefore the title 'nurse' is used collectively to describe both the qualified State Registered Nurse and the unqualified junior staff. The article is part of an ongoing oral history project representing a collaborative venture between the Department of Health Studies at the University of Lincolnshire and Humberside, and the School of Healthcare Studies at the University of Leeds. Data for this study were obtained from a series of semi-structured audio-taped interviews with 13 former nurses who worked at the States of Guernsey Emergency Hospital during the occupation. Supporting data were derived from official archives, news reports and other published literature. The article is based on the author's inaugural lecture delivered at The University of Lincoln Campus, Friday 30 May 1997.

Germany↗
PubMed1998

Do urinary oestrogen metabolites predict breast cancer? Guernsey III cohort follow-up.

This is the first prospective study of urinary measures of the two major competing pathways of oestrogen metabolism, 16alpha-hydroxyoestrone (16alpha-OHE1) and 2-hydroxyoestrone (2-OHE1), in relation to incident breast cancer risk. Experimental and case-control study results suggest that metabolism favouring the more oestrogenic 16alpha-OHE1 pathway may be linked to higher breast cancer risk. Women aged 35 and older from Guernsey (n = 5104) were surveyed in 1977-85 and have been continuously monitored for breast cancer and mortality up to the present (Guernsey III, Imperial Cancer Research Fund). Incident cases of breast cancer were matched to three control subjects for comparison of urinary oestrogen metabolite levels measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in spot urine samples collected at baseline and stored frozen for up to 19 years. Consistent with case-control study results, post-menopausal (but not premenopausal) women at baseline who went on to develop breast cancer showed about a 15% lower 2:16alpha-OHE1 ratio than matched control subjects. Further, subjects with metabolite ratios in the highest tertile of 2:16alpha-OHE1 had about a 30% lower risk than women with ratios in the lowest two-thirds, although results were not statistically significant (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.29-1.75). It is of potential importance that, in contrast to most risk factors for breast cancer, such as late age at first birth, oestrogen metabolism appears to be modifiable via diet and exercise, offering women the possibility of lowering breast cancer risk through non-pharmacological measures, although this remains to be tested.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Chromosome anomalies in Canadian Guernsey bulls.

The performance records of a group of Guernsey bulls used for artificial insemination revealed lower 60 to 90 day non-return rates as compared to that for bulls of the Holstein breed, and nine out of the 19 Guernsey bulls in this group exhibited fertility level below the average for this group. A cytogenetic survey to test whether or not the reduced fertility of these bulls was due to chromosome anomalies revealed a relatively high frequency of chromatid breaks and achromatic gaps in three out of 19 bulls while two carried 59 chromosomes each including a translocation chromosome. The 1/29 translocation heterozygote and the bulls showing achromatic gaps and chromatid breaks were among the five bulls which were consistently below the breed average in fertility as evidenced by the t test (P less than 0.01), whereas the bull with translocation 27/29 (G3) exhibited a non-return rate slightly higher than the breed average (P less than 0.01). It is possible that the chromosomally abnormal bulls contribute to increased returns to service not only because of the defective gametes they themselves might produce but also through their influence on the performance of their daughters.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women on the island of Guernsey.

The associations between serum concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women were investigated in a prospective study of breast cancer on the island of Guernsey. Sixty-two women diagnosed with breast cancer an average of 8 years subsequent to blood collection were matched for day of menstrual cycle, age and year of blood collection with 182 control subjects. Cases had a 12% higher mean oestradiol concentration over the whole menstrual cycle (P = 0.17) with a large difference at mid-cycle (75% higher, P = 0.04). Differences between cases and control subjects in progesterone (luteal phase), testosterone and SHBG were small and not statistically significant: luteal phase progesterone 9% lower in cases, P = 0.64; testosterone 4% higher, P = 0.57; SHBG 8% higher, P = 0.24. The small difference in oestradiol concentration could be aetiologically important, but larger prospective studies are needed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey.

The associations between serum concentrations of oestradiol, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women were investigated in a prospective study on the island of Guernsey. Sixty-one women who developed breast cancer an average of 7.8 years after blood collection were matched for age, year of blood collection and number of years post-menopausal with 179 control subjects. Women using exogenous hormones at the time of blood collection were excluded from the study. Women who subsequently developed breast cancer had a 29% higher geometric mean oestradiol concentration than control women (P = 0.004). The odds ratio for breast cancer in the top third compared with the lowest third of the oestradiol concentration distribution was 5.03 (95% confidence interval 2.02-12.49, P for trend < 0.001). Adjusting for testosterone and SHBG concentrations did not substantially alter the odds ratio for oestradiol. Although testosterone and SHBG concentrations were associated with breast cancer risk, the concentrations of these hormones were correlated with those of oestradiol; the associations were not statistically significant after adjusting for oestradiol concentration. These data provide evidence that serum oestradiol concentrations in post-menopausal women may have a substantial effect on breast cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Tackling the tobacco challenge: achieving 'healthy public policy' in tobacco control in Guernsey.

Scientific evidence identifying smoking as the major cause of poor health and premature death in both industrialised and increasingly in developing countries is now overwhelming. Despite this, for a variety of reasons, there has been reluctance amongst many Governments including that of Britain, to take all logical action necessary to restrict and reduce smoking, especially amongst the young. The States of Guernsey in the Channel Islands has recently agreed to introduce an integrated package of measures designed specifically to make smoking less attractive and less accessible and less affordable to young people in an attempt to reduce the number of addicted adult smokers. These measures include a total ban of all public advertising of tobacco, apart from at point of sale, a substantial price rise followed by further price rises for a minimum period of five years, a raising of the minimum age for the purchase of tobacco from 16 to 18 years, an increase in the size and content of pack health warnings, and increased funding for specific nonsmoking health promotion activities. The various barriers to achieving these reforms are described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The association of height, weight, menstrual and reproductive events with breast cancer: results from two prospective studies on the island of Guernsey (United Kingdom).

The association with breast cancer of menstrual and reproductive events, family history of breast cancer, and body size have been studied on two cohorts of 6,706 volunteers on the island of Guernsey (United Kingdom), 168 of whom had breast cancer detected during follow-up. The median follow-up time of the non-cases was 21 years in the first study and 10 years in the second. A time-dependent Cox regression model was fitted to the data with age as the time-dependent variable in order to represent the effect of changing menopausal status. Other variables examined in the model were age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, family history of breast cancer, height, weight (both directly measured), relative weight (weight [kg]/height[m]), and Quetelet's body mass index (weight[kg]/height[m]2). Interactions between age and all other covariates also were examined. Family history was found to be the most important risk factor for women aged less than 51 years (relative risk [RR] = 3.5, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-6.0), and intervals between menarche and first birth longer than 14 years were found to increase significantly the risk of breast cancer in women older than 61 years (RR = 2.4, CI = 1.3-4.4). Height was the only indicator of body size which was associated significantly with risk of breast cancer, the estimated regression coefficient indicating an increase in risk of about 70 percent for women on the 90th centile of height relative to those on the 10th centile. A survey of the literature showed that the association between risk of breast cancer and height was found in those studies which used direct measurements of height but not in others which used self-reported values.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Pheochromocytomas and ultimobranchial (C-cell) neoplasms in the bull: evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance in the Guernsey breed.

Pheochromocytomas and ultimobranchial (C-cell) neoplasms were diagnosed at a high frequency in a family of Guernsey bulls. The incidence supported the hypothesis of autosomal dominant inheritance of the neoplasms. These two neoplasms also occur in man as multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2, which has autosomal dominant inheritance.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Effects of protein and energy supplementation of Guernsey cows on the kinetics of digestion and passage of orchardgrass versus alfalfa.

Four mature, nonlactating Guernsey cows were used in a 4 x 4 latin square experiment to determine nutrient digestibility, rate of particulate passage, ruminal volume and composition of ruminal contents in cows fed diets at 80% of ad libitum intake. Diets consisted of 100% alfalfa (AL), 100% orchardgrass (OG), 85% OG plus 15% soybean meal (OG + SBM) and 70% OG plus 20% SBM plus 10% starch (OG + SBM + S) on an as-fed basis. Particulate passage rates were measured by either meal marking (Ce) or ruminal marking (La). Intake (1.6 vs 1.4% of BW) and digestibility of DM (63 vs 56%) and NDF (66 vs 39%) were greater (P less than .05) for OG than for AL. Dry matter and CP digestibility were improved 6 and 16 percentage units, respectively, when OG was supplemented with SBM + S. Nitrogen retention, higher (19 vs 3 g/d; P less than .02) in animals fed OG than in those fed AL, was reduced (P less than .05) when OG was supplemented with SBM (5 g/d), but it was improved (P less than .05) when OG + SBM was supplemented with S (39 g/d). Particulate passage (-k) measured with Ce (3.8 vs 4.6%/h) and La (4.2 vs 4.9%/h) was slower (P less than .01 and P less than .10) for AL vs OG, respectively. Supplementation of OG with SBM increased (P less than .01) -k and reduced (P less than .01) ruminal t1/2 and total t1/2. Averaged across diets, total (32.3 vs 31.1 h) and ruminal t1/2 (15.1 vs 14.0 h) of Ce were slower (P less than .10) than La. Marking techniques were not different (P greater than .05) in sensitivity for passage characteristics. Total ruminal NDF content was not different (P greater than .05) for AL vs OG (10 vs 9 g/kg BW), but it was lower for OG + SBM and OG + SBM + S (7.8 and 7.9 g/kg BW; P less than .05). Supplementation of OG with protein and starch increased total diet intake but did not decrease extent of NDF and ADF digestion.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

Frequency distribution of genetic markers in Guernsey cattle.

Ten polymorphic systems of blood antigens and blood proteins were analyzed in 6,802 Guernsey cows from 77 herds and 11 states. The numbers of alleles identified with frequencies > 1% in the A, B, C, F, J, L, M, S, and Z blood antigen systems and the alkaline phosphatase system were 3, 17, 11, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, and 2. Gene frequencies were determined by maximum likelihood, allocation, and square root methods for the dominant systems and by the gene counting method for the codominant system. Distributions varied greatly in the different systems. Comparisons among these and other blood and milk genetic marker systems revealed lack of independence of J and alkaline phosphatase phenotypes, J and milk protein beta-lactoglobulin phenotypes, and of combined phenotypes of the three systems. More cows than expected were J-negative when alkaline phosphatase A was present or when beta-lactoglobulin B was present. Phenotypes of blood antigen system A and hemoglobin were also different from independent assortment. More hemoglobin B cows had blood antigen system A phenotype A than the other phenotypes. The blood antigen locus F had more heterozygous cows than were expected for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Genetic and environmental effects influencing Guernsey type classification scores.

American Guernsey Cattle Club type classification scores from 1956 through 1977 were examined. Herd explained 7 to 15%, year 1 to 9%, and herd-year 9 to 23% of variation in type traits. Age was important for most traits, increasing variation explained beyond a herd-year model by 1 to 7%. Month of classification and classifier increased multiple correlation squared beyond the herd plus year model by .5% or less for all traits. Two-way interactions between age, month of classification, and classifier were small. Repeatabilities were 26 to 49%. Age-correction factors were developed. Heritabilities of .30 for final score, .23 for general appearance, .19 for dairy character, .30 for body capacity, and .19 for mammary system were estimated from 23,072 daughter-dam pairs. Other heritabilities ranged from .13 for suspensory ligament to .43 for stature. Genetic correlations with final score were 1.00 for general appearance, .78 for dairy character, .75 for body capacity, and .74 for mammary system and ranged from .65 to .80 for other subtraits. Phenotypic correlations with final score were .89 for general appearance, .63 for dairy character, .56 for body capacity, and .67 for mammary system and ranged from .40 to .64 for other subtraits.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Consideration of mates in ranking Guernsey sires for type.

A Chi-square test of goodness of fit indicated that many Guernsey sires had mates not representative of the population. Mates effect on sire ranking by progeny records, therefore, was examined for each of 12 traits of body conformation. Sire rankings from two models including a random sire factor and fixed age, month, and herd-year factors were compared. One model contained dam's score as a covariate. Eighty sires having 33,634 daughters with first scores were in the analysis. Addition of mate's score as a covariate did not change appreciably sire ranking when all progeny were included. For the 12 traits, Spearman's rank correlations were in excess of .99.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Effects of mild inbreeding on productive and reproductive performance of Guernsey cattle.

Production and reproduction records that spanned a 24-yr period were used to study the effects of low coefficients of inbreeding in two experiment station Guernsey herds. Inbreeding ranged from 0 to 25.3% and averaged 4.1%. Milk and fat yields were all first lactations standardized to a mature equivalent, twice daily milking, and 305 d. Intrasire regressions of production traits on percent inbreeding were -23.8 kg of milk, -1.25 kg of fat, and .002% for fat percentage. Estimates of the effect of inbreeding on reproductive traits had large standard errors but suggested that inbreeding depressed reproductive performance. Age at first calving decreased 3.7 d per 1% increase in inbreeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Genetic relationships and additive genetic variation of productive and reproductive traits in Guernsey dairy cattle.

Data were first lactation production and reproduction records initiated from 1958 to 1981 in two experiment station Guernsey herds. Heritability estimates using paternal half sib groups were .24 +/- .12 for milk yield, .27 +/- .12 for fat yield, and .77 +/- .15 for fat percentage. Heritability estimates for reproductive traits ranged from .01 to .04 for number of services, service period, conception rate, and days open, but were higher for days in milk at first breeding (.12) and age at first calving (.13). Except for age at first calving, coefficients of additive genetic variation were larger for reproductive traits than for productive traits. Genetic correlations between measures of production and reproduction were moderate to large and antagonistic, except that the relationship between production and age at first calving was favorable. Breeding value estimates for milk yield and reproduction were negatively correlated for sires with above average breeding values for milk yield. Huge phenotypic variances for reproductive traits masked substantial additive genetic variation for these traits. When all things are considered it seems unwise to ignore reproductive performance in selection programs for dairy cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Associations of bovine blood and milk polymorphisms with lactation traits: Guernseys.

First lactation milk yield and percentages of fat, solids-not-fat, and protein were analyzed in Guernsey cows to determine relationships of production traits to genetic markers at 16 polymorphic loci. The polymorphic systems examined were blood groups A, B, C, F, J, L, M, S, and Z; blood proteins transferrin, hemoglobin, and alkaline phosphatase; and milk proteins beta-lactoglobulin, alpha s1-casein, beta-casein, and kappa-casein. Different statistical models were utilized to evaluate direct genetic marker effects, linkage group effects, and heterozygosity effects. There were many indications of relationship with milk composition traits but for milk yield only for A system direct effects and for F system linkage effects. Pronounced associations between markers and component percentages were noted for the J, Z, and beta-lactoglobulin systems with fat percentage, for the M system with fat and solids-not-fat percentages, for the alkaline phosphatase system with solids-not-fat percentage and protein percentages, and for L and alpha s1-casein systems with protein percentage. Additionally, the interaction of beta-lactoglobulin and alpha s1-casein markers was significant for deviations of percent fat and percent solids-not-fat.

Animals↗