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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Potential health effects of greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify potential health effects of the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion in Australia. DATA SOURCES: Data were derived from a number of sources: (i) published articles accessed from relevant databases in the disciplines of health, public health and climatology over the past 20 years; (ii) published conference proceedings, review monographs and government reports covering the topic; (iii) a survey of experts in public health and climatology/geography (150 individuals were surveyed in the first phase with a 63% response rate); and (iv) a consensus conference in which 22 invited experts reviewed the results of the literature review and survey and a second conference in which 18 senior members of the health bureaucracy and public health profession considered the implications of the findings. STUDY SELECTION: Over 200 published articles or monographs were reviewed. Criteria for selection were whether the papers contributed information to the objectives of the review. DATA EXTRACTION: Because of the nature of the problem under investigation, predictions based on reasonable scientific assumptions were the major content of the review rather than conclusions based on scientific research. DATA SYNTHESIS: The major predicted health effects of long-term climatic change in Australia are skin and eye damage from increased ultraviolet radiation exposure, increased incidence of some respiratory diseases, vector-borne and water-borne diseases, and the social and physical effects of natural hazards and social and economic restructuring. The most vulnerable groups include the aged, the very young, the chronically ill, those living in poorly designed neighbourhoods and those working in outdoor occupations or heavy industry. CONCLUSIONS: The potential effects on health of long-term climatic change cover the broad spectrum of public health concerns. Detailed predictions of likely problems in specific geographic areas are not yet possible, but progressive development of such predictive capability is a high priority. Doctors will have an increasingly important role in monitoring local health status and participating in disease prevention and surveillance programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Carbon dioxide emissions from Deccan volcanism and a K/T boundary greenhouse effect.

A greenhouse warming caused by increased emissions of carbon dioxide from the Deccan Traps volcanism has been suggested as the cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions on land and in the sea. We estimate total eruptive and noneruptive CO2 output by the Deccan eruptions (from 6 to 20 x 10(16) moles) over a period of several hundred thousand years based on best estimates of the CO2 weight fraction of the original basalts and basaltic melts, the fraction of CO2 degassed, and the volume of the Deccan Traps eruptions. Results of a model designed to estimate the effects of increased CO2 on climate and ocean chemistry suggest that increases in atmospheric pCO2 due to Deccan Traps CO2 emissions would have been less than 75 ppm, leading to a predicted global warming of less than 1 degree C over several hundred thousand years. We conclude that the direct climate effects of CO2 emissions from the Deccan eruptions would have been too weak to be an important factor in the end-Cretaceous mass extinctions.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed1991

[Anesthetic gases, the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect. How harmful are the anesthetic emissions for the global environment?].

During the last decade, world society has acknowledged the harmful effects on the environment of the greenhouse effect and of depletion of the ozone layer, caused by industrial emissions of man-made compounds. Ozone depletion is caused mainly by chlorine compounds or nitrogen oxides released by degradation in the stratosphere. The greenhouse effect is caused by increased trapping of terrestrial heat radiation. Degradation of the anaesthetic vapours halothane, enflurane and isoflurane releases chlorine, and nitrous oxide degradation produces reactive nitrogen oxides. Nitrous oxide in particular, but also the vapours, absorb terrestrial radiation. The total discharge of anaesthetic vapours contributes to less than 0.01% of the total atmospheric chlorine load, and the annual Norwegian release of approximately two tons accounts for 0.2% of the world total. It is estimated that the total amount of nitrous oxide released from anaesthetics accounts for 0.05% of the greenhouse effect, while annual Norwegian emissions of nitrous oxide (less than 160 tons) comprise 0.2-0.4% of world total. Because of their favourable clinical properties and their modest contribution to ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect, medical use of inhalational anaesthetic agents should not be banned. However, low flow anaesthetic techniques should be employed, in order to reduce their negative impacts on the atmosphere.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Is the additional greenhouse effect already evident in the current climate?

Several greenhouse gases, which are in part or entirely produced by human activities, have accumulated in the atmosphere since approximately the middle of the 19th century. They are assumed to have an additional greenhouse effect causing a further increase of atmospheric temperatures near the ground and a decrease in the layers above approximately 15 km altitude. The currently observed near-surface warming over nearly the entire globe is already considered by a large fraction of our society to be result of this additional greenhouse effect. Complete justification of this assumption is, however, not yet possible, because there are still too many unknowns in our knowledge of participating processes and in our modeling capabilities.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed1993

CO2 and the greenhouse effect: present assessment and perspectives.

Our present knowledge on the increasing greenhouse effect is based on the 1990 assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and its 1992 supplement. Model predictions suggest that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration would increase global temperature by 2-4 degrees C. Because time is needed for the upper layers of the oceans to warm up, there is a delay between the realized increase and the estimated equilibrium increase. The 0.5 degrees C increase in global temperature over the past 100 years is in accordance with model predictions but also within the range of natural variability. The IPCC's assessment suggests that if fossil fuel consumption continues according to a 'business as usual' scenario, global temperature will increase at 0.3 degrees C per decade; droughts, flooding and storms would become more frequent and more severe, and sea-level would continue to rise. Analysis of gas in ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland provides estimates of CO2 concentrations in pre-industrial ages; accurate measurement of atmospheric CO2 began in 1958. Atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased from 280 p.p.m. in AD 1800 to 355 p.p.m. at present. Between 1945 and 1973 global emissions of CO2 increased at a rate of 4.4% per year; after 1973 the rate of increase decreased to 1.6% per year. This change permits a test of the CO2 model. Reconstructed CO2 emission agrees within less than 10% with estimated fossil fuel-generated CO2 emission; contributions to CO2 emission from non-fossil fuel sources must be smaller than assumed previously. There are strong indications that in the past changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations inherent to the glacial-interglacial cycles did play an important climatic role. For example, they were probably responsible for interhemispheric coupling during the major climatic changes. Measures which might stabilize the greenhouse effect include energy conservation and improved energy efficiency, a transition to hydrogen rather than carbon as a source of fuel, and reforestation.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1997

Direct Radiometric Observations of the Water Vapor Greenhouse Effect Over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Airborne radiometric measurements were used to determine tropospheric profiles of the clear sky greenhouse effect. At sea surface temperatures (SSTs) larger than 300 kelvin, the clear sky water vapor greenhouse effect was found to increase with SST at a rate of 13 to 15 watts per square meter per kelvin. Satellite measurements of infrared radiances and SSTs indicate that almost 52 percent of the tropical oceans between 20°N and 20°S are affected during all seasons. Current general circulation models suggest that the increase in the clear sky water vapor greenhouse effect with SST may have climatic effects on a planetary scale.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Is there a connection between biodiversity and the greenhouse effect].

It was discussed the role of biodiversity in ecosystems capacity to control CO2 in atmosphere as the main reason not only of "greenhouse effect" but "greenhouse catastrophe". The necessity to perfect the preventive measures has been defined by time factor. This time may be so little for completing the evolution theory and models of biosphere management. The temps of contemporaneous species extinction exceed two orders as minimum ones how it has been known from planet history. It doesn't permit to discharge that evolutional process will be successful to create organisms which have been capable to stabilize biosphere in conditions of its changing status. It's possible that such change may be provocated with the crisis in civilization-biosphere interrelations.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed2004

Sludge thermal oxidation processes: mineral recycling, energy impact, and greenhouse effect gases release.

Different treatment routes have been studied for a mixed sludge: the conventional agricultural use is compared with the thermal oxidation processes, including incineration (in gaseous phase) and wet air oxidation (in liquid phase). The interest of a sludge digestion prior to the final treatment has been also considered according to the two major criteria, which are the fossil energy utilisation and the greenhouse effect gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) release. Thermal energy has to be recovered on thermal processes to make these processes environmentally friendly, otherwise their main interest is to extract or destroy micropollutants and pathogens from the carbon cycle. In case of continuous energy recovery, incineration can produce more energy than it consumes. Digestion is especially interesting for agriculture: according to these two schemes, the energy final balance can also be in excess. As to wet air oxidation, it is probably one of the best ways to minimize greenhouse effect gases emission.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1981

The CO2 greenhouse effect and the thermal history of the atmosphere.

The influence of the expected rise of CO2 content in our atmosphere upon terrestrial temperature is uncertain. A significant increase in temperature could be threatening to certain aspects of terrestrial biology. On the other hand, it is a general consensus among paleobiologists that the Earth possessed a CO2 atmosphere in the past billion years, without dramatic temperature variations endangering the continuity of life. In order to clarify this problem, and to contribute to the understanding of the CO2 greenhouse effect on Venus we have computed the absorption spectrum of CO2 for a wide range of atmospheric concentrations. More than 2500 spectral lines of the 15 micron band were taken into account in our line-by-line calculation. We have used an empirical exponential line-shape function at the line edges. Our results agree with the experimental data of F. W. Taylor. The estimated increase in surface temperature does not reach the boiling point of water even for CO2 concentrations thousands of times larger than the present concentrations. Higher energy (>666 cm-1) CO2 bands and/or an increase in atmospheric H2O may, however, amplify the greenhouse effect.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed1998

A model for the influence of the greenhouse effect on insect and microorganism geographical distribution and population dynamics.

A model for the influence of the greenhouse effect on insect and microorganism geographical distribution and population dynamics using cellular automata is presented. Based on this model, an algorithm has been developed and used to determine the geographical distribution and population dynamics of a hypothetical species in an scenario of global warming. The species' initial population distribution is assumed to be Gaussian. After the initiation of global warming, the population moves and after a few decades the population distribution is no longer Gaussian. Larger populations are found in the direction of population movement.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

The contribution of medical nitrous oxide to the greenhouse effect.

Nitrous oxide is now recognised as an important contributor to the 'greenhouse' effect. Each year the medical profession unwittingly adds a very small burden of this gas to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, the long lifetime of nitrous oxide means that all emissions into the atmosphere are significant. By making small changes in their practices, anaesthetists are well-placed to help reduce the potential environmental damage.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Topical humidified carbon dioxide to keep the open surgical wound warm: the greenhouse effect revisited.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative hypothermia is common in open surgery and is associated with increased rates of wound infection. This is a result of decreased wound tissue oxygenation, which can be normalized by local warming. Recently, a technique has been developed to establish a carbon dioxide atmosphere in an open surgical wound. Therefore, the authors studied the possible "greenhouse effect" of carbon dioxide insufflation and operation lamps on wound temperature. METHODS: In a fully ventilated operating room surface temperature was measured at steady state in a model of an open surgical wound containing blood agar. The wound model was randomized to either no insufflation or insufflation of dry and humidified carbon dioxide or air, respectively, at a flow of 5 l/min via a gas diffuser. The surface temperature was measured with operation lamps switched on and off, respectively. Evaporation rates were also measured. RESULTS: With the operation light off, the surface temperature in the control was 31.8 degrees C, and with the operation light on, the temperature increased by 1.5 degrees C (P < 0.001). Additional insufflation of dry carbon dioxide increased the surface temperature another 1.9 degrees C (P < 0.001). When the carbon dioxide was humidified, the evaporation rate was lowest and the surface temperature increased further to 35.6 degrees C (P = 0.002). In contrast, insufflation of dry and humidified air did not have a significant effect on the evaporation rate and only marginally increased the wound temperature in comparison with the control. CONCLUSIONS: Insufflation of humidified carbon dioxide in combination with light from the operation lamps may help to keep the open wound warm during surgery.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2006

Dust eruptions by photophoresis and solid state greenhouse effects.

We carried out experiments that show a gas pressure dependent ability of light to eject particles from a dust bed. Dust eruptions also occur upon removal of the light source. This can be attributed to a solid state greenhouse effect and photophoretic forces. This ejection mechanism works at light intensities larger than 6 kW/m2 but in extreme cases might work as low as 1 kW/m2. It can be applied to sunlit dust on Mars where it aids or triggers dust lift-off from the surface into the atmosphere. It is of importance for dusty bodies at the inner edge of protoplanetary disks where it leads to light induced erosion. The effect also offers a base for technical applications of dust removal in low pressure environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

RESEARCH: Issues Related to Greenhouse Effect, ProductivityModeling, and Nutrient Cycling: A Case Study of Indian Wetlands

/ Models available in the literature on nutrient uptake, lightavailability, and chlorophyll growth have been suitably modified andintegrated through the computer program CHLORF (written in "C"language), which has the advantage of being amenable to simulation undervarious combinations of input variables. The model has been used forsensitivity analysis in order to identify the most sensitive set ofparameters whose control can form an appropriate basis for evolving pragmaticmanagement strategies. In addition, greenhouse mitigation potential has beencomputed in terms of assimilation of carbon dioxide for a case study ofIndian wetlands.KEY WORDS: Wetland; Nutrient cycling; Modeling; Greenhouse effect

Journal Article↗