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Results for “Gonadal Hormones”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Anti-Mullerian hormone: a gonadal hormone with multiple diagnostics resources].

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a gonadal hormone synthesized by granulose cells of the ovary and Sertoli cells of the testis. Anti-Mullerian hormone is used to facilitate the evaluation of intersex disorders and as a marker in some ovarian tumors or ovarian reserve assessment in the infertility cases. Serum levels of AMH hold objective information, which is useful in the clinical practice. Therefore it is necessary to decimate the normal and the abnormal levels of AMH.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone↗
PubMed1991

[Brain development and gonadal hormones].

Gonadal steroids play an important role in exerting functional sexual differentiation of the brain. Recently there has been accumulating evidence that gonadal steroids regulate neuron number, axonal and dendritic growth and synapse formation in the neuronal system containing sex steroid receptors. These provide morphological bases for sexually dimorphic function of the brain. Other than in the developmental process, gonadal steroids are found to take care of neuronal plasticity in certain brain areas.

Androgens↗
PubMed2005

Gonadal hormones and gonadal function in type 2 diabetes model OLETF (Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty) rats.

Gonadal functions, with special reference to blood levels of sex-related markers such as 17beta-estradiol (E2), free testosterone (free Te) and lutenizing hormone (LH), were examined in male OLETF (Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty) diabetic rats, a model of human type 2 diabetes mellitus. Male rats of the OLETF strain and male rats of the LETO strain, which act as a control of OLETF, both supplied by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokushima, Japan), were periodically examined for blood levels of E2, free Te and LH at the age of 4, 5, 32, 40 and 64 weeks. The weight of the testis, the number of sperm contained within and histological findings of the testis were comparatively studied in both strains. Glucose and insulin (IRI) at fasting were examined to evaluate the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. In order to investigate any sex hormone imbalance, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was measured by a dextran- charcoal assay. All of the OLETF rats became diabetic at the age of 32 weeks. There were no significant differences between OLETF and LETO rats regarding free Te, E2, LH or SHBG during the observation period from 4 to 64 weeks. Testis weight was significantly decreased in OLETF rats at 32 and 64 weeks and sperm counts at 64 weeks of age were also significantly decreased. Histologically, there was seminiferous tubule atrophy in the OLETF rats at 64 weeks of age. A significant negative correlation between testis weight and fasting blood glucose, as well as HOMA index, was observed in OLETF rats. In male diabetic OLETF rats, with a variety of hypogonadisms such as atrophy of the testis and low sperm count, the serum levels of E2, free Te, LH and SHBG were normally preserved.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Gonadal hormones and antihormones, serotonin and mood.

Gonadal hormones influence activity of several monoaminergic neurotransmitters, and this might be one of the mechanisms by which these hormones are involved in modulation of behavior. Gonadal hormones' levels and mood fluctuate along the normal menstrual cycle; therefore, this might provide a model for the study of the interaction among hormones, mood, and other biochemical variables. The administration of gonadal hormones' antagonists ("antihormones") and the study of their central nervous system (CNS) and behavioral consequences may further elucidate hormonal-neurotransmitter interaction. We have studied several aspects of the serotonergic system along the menstrual cycle. Results show that imipramine receptor-binding in platelets is decreased in women with premenstrual dysphoric changes in the early luteal phase, 5 to 7 days before development of symptoms and shortly after the substantial periovulatory changes in gonadal hormones. The cortisol and prolactin responses to tryptophan were blunted during the late luteal phase compared with the midfollicular phase, and the cortisol, but not prolactin, responses to the serotonergic agonist 1-(m-chlorophenyl) piperazine, (mCPP) was also blunted during that period. An altered postsynaptic serotonergic responsivity might be suggested in these cases. The role of ovulation and gonadal hormones is further demonstrated by the elimination of dysphoric symptoms by the ovulation suppressant danazol.

Affect↗
PubMed1981

Modulation of reproductive hormones by suckling and exogenous gonadal hormones in young beef cows post partum.

Plasma concentrations of LH, prolactin, progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta were measured during post-partum anoestrus in 12 young beef cows (6 suckling, 6 not suckling). A progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) was inserted on Day 60 post partum for 12 days in 3 cows in each group. Two of three suckling cows exhibited oestrus within 2 days after PRID removal (Day 73) whereas none of the untreated cows showed oestrus before Day 93. Five of six non-suckling cows showed oestrus before Day 60. Intensive bleeding periods on Days 45, 58, 70 and 72 provided plasma samples for LH and prolactin measurements. Suckling did not affect the LH baseline or the number of LH spikes but did decrease the mean value of the spikes; all three of these characteristics were increased for prolactin. The number of prolactin spikes and the length of anoestrus in suckling cows were correlated (r = +0.87, P less than 0.05) as were mean basal LH level and length of anoestrus (r = -0.89, P less than 0.05). A decrease in plasma LH occurred in suckling and non-suckling cows during the period (Days 60-72) they were treated with gonadal hormones.

Anestrus↗
PubMed1993

Sex differences in anxiety behavior in rats: role of gonadal hormones.

These experiments examined the role of gonadal hormones at both the organizational and activational time periods on sex differences in plus-maze behavior. In the first experiment, adult female Long-Evans rats were found to spend more time on the open arms of the plus maze than adult males, indicating less anxious behavior. In the second experiment, male and female subjects received a neonatal treatment (chemical castration with flutamide or tamoxifen, vehicle injection, or no injection) and a prepubertal treatment (gonadectomy, sham surgery, or no surgery). Adult females receiving either neonatal tamoxifen or prepubertal ovariectomy spent less time on the open arms than control females, but females who received both treatments were the most defeminized subjects. Males were not affected by the absence of gonadal hormones at either time period. These experiment indicate that female gonadal hormones play an important role both organizationally and activationally in plus-maze behavior. The role of the GABA receptor complex in mediating this effect is discussed. Knowledge of sex differences in plus-maze behavior may help to make this maze a more useful tool in investigating anxiety behavior in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of gonadal hormones on central nitric oxide producing systems.

Nitric oxide-containing neurons are widely distributed within the CNS, including regions involved in the control of reproduction and sexual behavior. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase is influenced by testosterone in male rat, and by estrogens in female. Moreover, nitric oxide synthase may co-localize with gonadal hormones' receptors. Gonadal hormones may influence nitric oxide synthase expression in adulthood as well as during the development. In fact, in mice knockout for estrogen receptor alpha, the nitric oxide synthase-expressing population is deeply reduced in specific regions. In physiological conditions, the female in mammalian species is exposed to short-term changes of gonadal hormones levels (estrous cycle). Our recent studies, performed in the rat vomeronasal system and in mouse hypothalamic and limbic systems reveal that, in rodents, the expression of nitric oxide synthase-producing elements within regions relevant for the control of sexual behavior is under the control of gonadal hormones. The expression of nitric oxide synthase may vary according to the rapid variations of hormonal levels that take place during the estrous cycle. This seems in accordance with the hypothesis that gonadal hormone activation of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine-monophosphate pathway is important for lordosis behavior, as well as that this system is activated during mating behavior. Finally, comparative data available for other vertebrates suggest that class-specific and species-specific differences occur in the nitric oxide synthase system of hypothalamus and limbic structures. Therefore, particular caution is needed to generalize data obtained from studies in rodents.

Androgens↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral differences between male and female rats: effects of gonadal hormones on learning and memory.

The organizational, activational and reorganizational effects of gonadal hormones have been extensively investigated with respect to sexual, aggressive and maternal behavior. It has thus been established that manipulations of gonadal hormones during critical periods in development functionally affect reproductive behavior. The effects of gonadal hormones on nonreproductive behavior are not immediately obvious because of the fact that the behavioral effects of gonadal hormones on learning and memory have been investigated in a large number of unrelated experimental procedures. The present paper provides an organized overview of these different experimental procedures, summarizes the most important findings and discusses some of the variables which determine the effects of manipulations in gonadal hormones on learning and memory in male and female rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of aromatase inhibition by delta 1-testolactone on basal and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-stimulated pituitary and gonadal hormonal function in oligospermic men.

Aromatase inhibition by delta 1-testolactone (TL), 500 mg twice daily for 4 weeks, in nine patients with idiopathic oligospermia lowered circulating estradiol (E2) levels by about 30%, enhanced the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (+ 30%), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) (+ 40%), and testosterone (T) (+ 30%), but did not affect serum luteinizing hormone levels. Despite E2 lowering, there was an accumulation of 17-OHP over T, suggesting 17, 20-lyase inhibition. Unexpectedly, administration of TL almost completely deleted the T response to continuous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone infusion present before TL therapy, despite similar gonadotropin release. Because the 17-OHP response to the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone infusion was even higher during therapy, the 17,20-lyase lesion seemed aggravated despite substantial reduction of E2 levels. Although the present data suggest that estrogens play a less dominant role in the origin of the late steroidogenetic lesion than previously assumed, the suggestion also arises that TL per se, in addition to its antiestrogenic action, exerts an inhibiting effect on the 17,20-lyase locus, which may obscure the beneficial effect of reducing E2.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Variations in plasma prolactin, thyroid hormones, gonadal steroids and growth hormone in turkeys during the induction of egg laying and moult by different photoperiods.

1. Concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, testosterone, progesterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured in the blood plasma of female turkeys during successive periods of egg laying, a decline in lay, a moult induced by a short photoperiod (6 light: 18 dark) and a resumption of egg laying induced by a long photoperiod (16L:8D). 2. Concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, testosterone and progesterone were higher in laying birds than in birds which were moulting or not laying. 3. The concentration of testosterone, but not of the other hormones studied, increased significantly during the period of profuse moult. 4. Concentrations of the thyroid hormones did not change with the varying physiological condition of the birds. However, the concentration of thyroxine was depressed by the long photoperiod.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Human behavioral sex differences: a role for gonadal hormones during early development?

Evidence that gonadal hormones during prenatal and neonatal development influence behavior is reviewed. Several theoretical models of hormonal influences, derived from research in other species, are described. These models are evaluated on the basis of data from humans with either normal or abnormal hormonal exposure. It is concluded that the evidence is insufficient to determine which model best explains the data. Sexual differentiation may involve several dimensions, and different models may apply to different behaviors. Gonadal hormones appear to influence development of some human behaviors that show sex differences. The evidence is strongest for childhood play behavior and is relatively strong for sexual orientation and tendencies toward aggression. Also, high levels of hormones do not enhance intelligence, although a minimum level may be needed for optimal development of some cognitive processes. Directions for future research are proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Extrahypothalamic serotonergic modification after masculinization induced by neonatal gonadal hormones.

Exposure to gonadal steroids during the critical period exerts an organizational effect on the CNS. This hormonal effect could be mediated, at least in part, by neurotransmitters. Traditionally, the main place involved in the aminergic sexual differentiation has been the hypothalamus. The aim of this work was to examine the possible long-term effect of cerebral administration of testosterone or estradiol on sexual behavior and hypothalamic/extrahypothalamic monoaminergic systems in the adult rat. For this purpose, female Wistar rats were intraventricularly injected during the first 24 h of life with testosterone (T) or estradiol benzoate (EB) (200 micrograms/kg) (male and female control groups were vehicle treated) and sexual behavior and monoaminergic mediobasal hypothalamic, striatal, and limbic metabolism in adult rats were studied. Receptive behavior was not affected, whereas a masculinizing effect (% mounts) was observed in the animals treated with both gonadal hormones. Only testosterone-treated females showed a male-like serotonergic ratio in corpus striatum and limbic system. A possible extrahypothalamic serotonergic role could be suggested in the mechanisms of sexual differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Gonadal hormone modulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult.

Gonadal hormones modulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of adult rodents in complex ways. Estradiol, the most potent estrogen, initially enhances and subsequently suppresses cell proliferation in the dentate gryus of adult female rodents. Much less is known about how estradiol modulates neurogenesis in the adult male rodent; however, recent evidence suggests that estradiol may have a moderate effect on cell proliferation but enhances cell survival in the DG of newly synthesized cells but only when estradiol is administered during a specific stage in the cell maturation cycle in the adult male rodent. Testosterone likely plays a role in adult neurogenesis, although there have been no direct studies to address this. However, pilot studies from our laboratory suggest that testosterone up-regulates cell survival but not cell proliferation in the DG of adult male rats. Progesterone appears to attenuate the estradiol-induced enhancement of cell proliferation. Neurosteroids such as allopregnalone decrease neurogenesis in adult rodents, while pregnancy and motherhood differentially regulate adult neurogenesis in the adult female rodent. Very few studies have investigated the effects of gonadal hormones on male rodents; however, studies have indicated that there is a gender difference in the response to hormone-regulated hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult. Clearly, more work needs to be done to elucidate the effects of gonadal hormones on neurogenesis in the DG of both male and female rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Platelet serotonin levels and gonadal hormones in rats.

The role of gonadal hormones in the control of platelet serotonin levels was studied by evaluating the effect of sexual maturation in rats of both sexes and the time-course of changes following gonadectomy performed either prepubertally or on sexually mature animals. In males, platelet serotonin levels remained fairly stable during sexual maturation as well as during the whole postgonadectomy period monitored (four months). In females, somewhat higher values of platelet serotonin levels in adult than in sexually immature animals were found (9%, p less than 0.001, N = 34). A slight decrease of platelet serotonin (10-18%, p less than 0.05) was observed following ovariectomy of sexually mature females, but it was of transient nature. When females were ovariectomized prepubertally a tendency towards permanently lower platelet serotonin levels was noticed. These results suggest that gonadal hormones have no major role in the control of platelet serotonin levels in rats, although a subtle hormonal modulation of this platelet variable in females may exist.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Influence of estrous cycle and gonadal hormone depletion on nociception and opioid antinociception in female rats of four strains.

UNLABELLED: Evidence suggests that gonadal hormones can modulate sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli and opioid antinociception. However, cross-study comparisons addressing the nature of this modulation have been complicated by a number of methodologic factors, including the use of different rodent strains and opioids. The present study examined the influence of estrous cycle and gonadal hormone depletion (ovariectomy) on thermal nociception and opioid antinociception in female F344, Lewis, Long Evans, and Wistar rats. Estrous cycle-dependent differences in nociceptive sensitivity were not observed in any of the strains. Ovariectomy decreased nociceptive sensitivity relative to their intact female counterparts. In normal cycling females, morphine and buprenorphine were generally most potent in metestrus and proestrus and least potent in estrus. The magnitude of these differences was consistently larger with buprenorphine. Ovariectomy increased the antinociceptive potency of morphine and buprenorphine, with this effect also being larger with buprenorphine. These data suggest that in adult females of a number of rat strains, estrous cycle and gonadal hormone depletion modulate the antinociceptive potency of opioids, with the magnitude of this effect being dependent on the type of opioid. In contrast, depletion of gonadal hormones, but not estrous cycle, modulates thermal nociceptive sensitivity in adult female rats. PERSPECTIVE: Gonadal hormones influence opioid antinociception, and this effect is apparent across different genetic backgrounds. These results suggest that the phase of the menstrual cycle might alter the effectiveness of certain opioids administered to relieve pain in women.

Analgesics, Opioid↗