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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Carcinogenic activity of ethylene oxide and its reaction products 2-chloroethanol, 2-bromoethanol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. III. Research on ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol for carcinogenic effects].

Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol were each administered once weekly subcutaneously to groups of 100 female NMRI mice at 3 dosages (30; 10 und 3 mg single dose per mouse). Tricaprylin was used as solvent. The mean total dosage per mouse was 2110.5; 707.0 and 196.2 mg for ethylene glycol and 2029.8; 671.7 and 213.3 mg for diethylene glycol. Neither ethylene glycol nor diethylene glycol induced tumors at the injection site or away from the point of administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Antibacterial and antifungal properties of propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, and 1,3-butylene glycol in vitro.

The antimicrobial properties of three glycols, - propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, and 1,3-butylene glycol - against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes A, Streptococcus mitis, and E. coli were studied in vitro. Within 20 h, 10% and 30% hexylene glycol in fresh tryptic soy broth were able to kill all the micro-organisms listed above. Five percent hexylene glycol showed some antimicrobial properties but the 1% agent had no effect. Thirty percent 1,3-butylene glycol and 30% propylene glycol were approximately as effective as 10% HG. The results speak in favour of using hexylene glycol in cosmetic and dermatological vehicles instead of propylene glycol and 1,3-butylene glycol.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Heat resistance of "Bacillus subtilis" and "Bacillus stearothermophilus" spores in ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and butylene glycol solutions. Criticism of the use of thermodynamic parameters (author's transl)].

Increasing concentrations of ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) or 2,3-butylene glycol (BG) lower the heat resistance of B. subtilis SJ2 and B. stearothermophilus 1518 spores, and there is a linear relationship between logarithm of decimal reduction time (D) and glycol concentration. D120 degreesc values of B. subtilis spores in 0.02M, pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 20 per cent (w/w) EG, PG and BG are respectively 1, 0.7 and 1.1 min compared to 1.5 min in buffer alone. Corresponding values for B. stearothermophilus spores are 2, 2.4 and 3 min compared to 3.2 min. The type of glycol has little effect upon temperature coefficient z for destruction of the B. subtilis spores (average 6.9 degrees C). On the contrary, in the case of B. stearothermophilus, z increases when the number of carbons increases in the glycol molecule (from 7 to 15 degrees). The thermodynamic parameters which characterize the activation of the spore destruction reaction cannot lead to a general conclusion about a possible mechanism of destruction in the presence of chemical compounds belonging to an homologous series: the two behave diversely, and there is no "isokinetic temperature".

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1990

Taste responses of dogs to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol-based antifreeze.

Although it is widely believed that ethylene glycol-based antifreeze (AF) is an attractive tastant to dogs and other animals, empirical data on this point are not available. In experiment 1, we examined the propensity of 178 adult mixed-breed dogs to approach, sniff, and lick a concentration of AF commonly used in automotive cooling systems (50%). Despite the fact that most of the dogs approached and sniffed the AF in these 5-minute tests, only 9% initiated lick responses and most of these were brief and not followed by additional licking. In experiment 2, the lick responses of five gastric-cannulated dogs to aqueous solutions of 20% sucrose, 50% ethylene glycol, 50% propylene glycol, water, and 50% AF were examined in 14-minute tests before and after periods of food and water deprivation. Under the latter conditions, 2 of the 5 dogs drank amounts of ethylene glycol that would have been lethal to uncannulated dogs. None of the five dogs drank potentially lethal amounts of AF. The preference order for these tastants was sucrose greater than water greater than ethylene glycol greater than AF = propylene glycol. Although these findings question the general belief that AF is highly palatable to most dogs, they do imply that large individual differences in responsiveness exist and that AF ingestion is likely influenced by motivational state. Furthermore, they suggest the possibility that unpleasant-tasting additives could be successfully developed to eliminate the ingestion of AF, because the initial attractiveness of AF is relatively low. Such additives would have to be stable in vehicular cooling systems and not adversely affect the functional aspects of AF performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The migration of propylene glycol, mono-, di-, and triethylene glycols from regenerated cellulose film into food.

Chocolates, boiled sweets, toffees, cakes and meat pies were wrapped in regenerated cellulose films (with or without coatings) that contained various mixtures of glycol softeners and which had been specially formulated for particular food applications. Samples were unwrapped at intervals (up to the end of the usual maximum shelf-life for the food) and analysed for their glycol content. Analysis involved homogenization of the food in hot water, removal of fats with hexane, precipitation of sugars with calcium hydroxide and analysis of the glycols by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) after trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization. Triethylene glycol was analysed by selected ion monitoring GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as interference problems occurred with the GC/FID approach. The results of the study showed that higher levels of migration occurred for propylene glycol than for triethylene glycol and the presence of a coating reduced the migration of both softeners. Generally, mono- and diethylene glycol levels in the food samples were below 10 mg/kg, although some samples wrapped in polyethylene glycol-softened films contained levels approaching the current statutory limit of 50 mg/kg.

Cellophane↗
PubMed1989

Ethylene glycol and glycolate kinetics in rats and dogs.

Ethylene glycol (EG) toxicity results from its metabolism to glycolic acid and other toxic metabolites. The accumulation of glycolate and the elimination kinetics of EG and its metabolites are not well understood, so studies with male Sprague-Dawley rats and mixed breed dogs have been carried out. EG was administered by gavage to rats and dogs, which were placed in metabolic cages for urine and blood sample collection at timed intervals. The peak plasma level of EG occurred at 2 hr after dosing and that of glycolate between 4-6 hr. The rate of EG elimination was somewhat faster in rats with a half-life of 1.7 hr compared to 3.4 hr in dogs. The maximum plasma level of glycolate was greater in rats, although the pattern of accumulation was similar to that in dogs. Glycolate disappeared from the plasma at the same time as EG, suggesting a slower rate of elimination of the metabolite than that of EG. Renal excretion of EG was an important route for its elimination, accounting for 20-30% of the dose. Renal excretion of glycolate represented about 5% of the dose. EG induced an immediate, but short-lived diuresis compared to that in control rats. Minimal clinical effects (mild acidosis with no sedation) were noted at these doses of EG (1-2 g/kg) in both rats and dogs. The results indicate that the toxicokinetics of EG and glycolate were similar in both species.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[A chromatographic method of analysis of mixtures of methylethyl ketone, n-butyl alcohol, xylene, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol acetate, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone and butyl glycol vapors in the air].

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of the mixture of organic solvents in air has been developed. The optimum conditions of the separation of the mixture were obtained in the column packed with 10% UCON HB 2000 coated on Chromosorb W AW DMCS 80-100 mesh. The components of the mixture are collected on activated charcoal and desorbed with CS2. A quantitative analysis is made using methyl isobutyl ketone as an internal standard. The lowest detectable limit under proposed air sampling and analysis conditions is 0.1 TLV (threshold limit value) for each component of the mixture.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1988

Identification and quantification of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A method for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification and quantification of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in plasma is described. Such a method is necessary in clinical and forensic toxicology to diagnose probable intoxication and to control the efficacy of detoxification. For sample preparation, the glycols were isolated using acetone after the addition of 1,3-propylene glycol as internal standard. The glycols were then esterified by pivalic acid (pivalic acid anhydride, triethylamine and methanol, 70 degrees C, 15 min) to improve their gas chromatographic characteristics. The glycols were first identified by a comparison of the full mass spectra with reference spectra and then quantified. Therefore, the peak area ratio in the total ion chromatogram (ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol/1,3-propanediol) of the sample was compared with the calibration curve in which the peak area ratios of the standards (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/l), prepared in the same way, were plotted versus their concentrations. The method was linear at least from 0.05 to 2 g/l, with a detection limit of less than 0.01 g/l. The analytical recoveries were 99.2-102.9% for the different concentrations. Precision studies show coefficients of variation of 3.0-6.3% for the different concentrations.

Ethylene Glycols↗
PubMed1986

Urinary excretion of polyethylene glycol 3350 and sulfate after gut lavage with a polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution.

Ingestion of an electrolyte lavage solution containing polyethylene glycol 3350 and sulfate is an effective method of cleansing the colon for diagnostic studies. Polyethylene glycol and sulfate are considered poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the quantities administered, concern exists about potential toxicity of absorption of even a small percentage, particularly for polyethylene glycol. We measured the urinary excretion of both polyethylene glycol and sulfate in normal subjects and inflammatory bowel patients. Absorption of polyethylene glycol can be assessed by measuring recovery in urine, as 85%-96% of an intravenous load is excreted in urine. Similarly, appreciable sulfate absorption would exceed renal tubular reabsorption and result in increased urinary excretion. Mean percent polyethylene glycol load recovered in urine was minimal and similar for normal (0.06%) and inflammatory bowel (0.09%) subjects. Urinary sulfate excretion after lavage was also similar for both groups and was not different from baseline. These results do not suggest the likelihood of toxicity due to polyethylene glycol 3350 or sulfate absorption during gut lavage with this solution.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed1979

Cardiovascular effects of intravenous administration of propylene glycol and of oxytetracycline in propylene glycol in calves.

Comparisons were made of the acute cardiovascular effects of oxytetracycline, oxytetracycline in propylene glycol, and propylene glycol alone given to conscious dairy calves. The calves were chronically instrumented with intravascular catheters and electromagnetic flowmeter transducers in and on the pulmonary and renal arteries. Injection (IV) of aqueous preparations of oxytetracycline produced no statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) cardiocirculatory changes in these calves. Oxytetracycline in propylene glycol and propylene glycol alone both produced transient (1 to 4 minute) periods of cardiovascular depression characterized by cardiac asystole, systemic hypotension, and decreased pulmonary and renal arterial blood flow. The two preparations, in equivalent doses and volumes, produced statistically similar hemodynamic changes in the calves. The data from this study support the conclusion that the monitored cardiovascular effects of the commercially available oxytetracycline in propylene glycol in the intact, awake calves were due to the solvent propylene glycol. This conclusion is consistent with reports of other injectable products containing the same solvent.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ethylene glycol poisoning. The value of glycolic acid determinations for diagnosis and treatment.

Glycolic acid is the ethylene glycol (EG) metabolite that accumulates in the highest concentrations in the blood and may be the major contributing factor to the acute toxicity of EG. Serum and urine levels of glycolic acid have been found to correlate directly with clinical symptoms and mortality in poisoning cases, making it a valuable diagnostic tool. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for quantitation of glycolic acid in serum was used in several cases of EG ingestion presented to the Louisiana Regional Poison Control Center. The data collected in this study support the value of glycolic acid determination for diagnosis and evaluation of patients poisoned by EG.

Charcoal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of 1,3-butylene glycol in whole blood or plasma and the separation of the short chain glycols.

A microanalytical method with direct on-column specimen injection for determination of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-butanediol) in whole blood or plasma using gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization is described. Whole blood or serum (minimum of 10 microL) was mixed with an equal volume of internal standard (1,2-propanediol, 50 mg/dL) and a 2-microL aliquot was injected onto the column without prior derivatization or extraction. The other short chain (C2 to C4) alkyldiols were separated by this method and did not interfere with the quantitation of 1,3-butylene glycol. The method was linear (y = 0.0206x + [-0.0073], r = 0.9990) over the range of 25 to 100 mg/dL and the coefficient of variation varied between 0.74 and 6.03%. Minimum detectable concentration of 1,3-butylene glycol was 5.0 mg/dL. The method described is suitable for the rapid detection of potentially toxic blood or plasma levels of 1,3-butylene glycol, as well as for the detection of other short chain glycols.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative structure-activity relationships involving the inhibition of glycolic acid oxidase by derivatives of glycolic and glyoxylic acids.

The enzyme glycolic acid oxidase oxidizes glycolate to glyoxylate and glyoxylate to oxalate. Three series of compounds related to the natural substrates, substituted glycolic, oxyacetic, and glyoxylic acids, have been investigated as inhibitors of this enzyme using the techniques of regression analysis and quantitative structure-activity relationships. The best overall correlation with inhibitory potencies was found with the Hansch hydrophobic parameter pi. The classical electronic parameters sigmap, sigmam, F, and R performed poorly. For the substituted glyoxylic acids, a dummy parameter relating to the presence of a nucleophilic group in close proximity to the alpha-carbonyl of the glyoxylate group was found to be highly significant. The syntheses of six novel glycolic and glyoxylic acids are described.

Acetates↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol in the rat.

1. 14C-Diethylene glycol (DEG), administered orally to rats at 1, 5, and 10 ml/kg, gave elimination half-lives of 6, 6, and 10 h, respectively, from urinary excretion data. Half-logarithmic plots of urinary 14C excretion rates versus time indicated zero-order elimination for the first 9 and 18 h after oral doses of 5 and 10 ml of 14C-DEG/kg, respectively. 14C-DEG urinary elimination kinetics changed into first-order 6, 9, and 18 h after oral doses of 1, 5, and 10 ml/kg, with a half-life of 3 h. 2. After oral doses of 3 and 5 ml ethylene glycol (EG)/kg, half-lives of 4.5 and 4.1 h were estimated from cumulative urinary excretion data for non-metabolized EG. A half-life of 2 h was determined from half-logarithmic plots of urinary excretion rates of non-metabolized EG after the same oral doses of EG. 3. The urinary concentrations of non-metabolized DEG and its metabolite, 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (2-HEAA), determined by high-resolution n.m.r. spectroscopy in the urine of rats doses with DEG were 61-68% and 16-31% dose, respectively. 4. Urinary concentrations of non-metabolized EG and its metabolite, glycolic acid (GA), determined by n.m.r., gave 62-67% for non-metabolized EG and 28.7% for GA following oral doses of EG. 5. Oxidation of DEG and EG in rats was accompanied by a change of urinary pH, reflecting metabolic acidosis. 6. Comparison of the KM for DEG oxidation in vitro by ADH with that of ethanol oxidation, showed a 680-fold difference in substrate affinity. DEG inhibited ethanol oxidation non-competitively, the Ki being 0.44 M.

Acidosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gas chromatographic determination of monoethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in chocolate packaged in regenerated cellulose film.

A method for the quantitative determination of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) in chocolate is described. The procedure involves dissolving the chocolate in hot water, defatting with hexane, removing sugars by precipitation, and analyzing as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives by capillary gas chromatography. The use of butan-1,4-diol as an internal standard corrects for recovery, which is between 50 and 60%, to give a relative standard deviation of 10-11% for the determination of both glycols at the level of 50 mg/kg. The presence of MEG and DEG in chocolate is confirmed by full scanning gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the TMS derivatives.

Cacao↗
PubMed1990

Effect of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether on hepatic metabolizing enzymes.

Glycol ethers have been extensively used in industry over the past 40-50 years. Numerous studies on the toxicity of glycol ethers have been performed, however, the effects of glycol ethers on the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes are still unknown. We studied the changes of the putative metabolic enzymes, that is, the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system and cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase, by the oral administration of diEGME and EGME. Adult male Wistar rats were used. DiEGME was administered orally; 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg for 1, 2, 5 or 20 days and EGME was 100, 300 mg/kg for 1, 2, 5 or 20 days. Decreases in liver weights were produced by highest doses of diEGME (2000 mg/kg body wt/day for 20 days) and EGME (300 mg/kg body wt/day for 20 days). DiEGME increased hepatic microsomal protein contents and induced cytochrome P-450, but not cytochrome b5 or NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The activity of cytosolic ADH was not affected by diEGME administration. On the other hand, EGME did not change cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5 or NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The activity of cytosolic ADH was increased by repeated EGME treatment. Therefore it is suspected that the enzyme which takes part in the metabolism of diEGME is different from that of EGME, although diEGME is a structural homologue of EGME.

Administration, Oral↗